21. 068-Seafloor Seismic Data Study The program focused on the use of the seafloor earthquake measurement System Hickerson, J., Seafloor earthquake measurement in the Southern Bering Sea http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/068.htm

Project Number Date of Summary July 31, 1997 Subject Seafloor Seismic Data Study Performing Activity Sandia National Laboratories Principal Investigator Mr. Ron Franco Contracting Agency Minerals Management Service Estimated Completion Complete Description The objective was to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for seismic active areas of southern California and the Arctic. The program focused on the use of the seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) to collect and store seafloor seismic events. Offshore ground motions may differ from onshore motion in several aspects: (1) Attenuation factors may be different in saturated soft and/or gassy seafloor soils; (2) wave reflection within the water column may alter site-specific wave column; (3) the wave reflection pattern may differ due to soil profiles; and (4) the sediment profile may cause a focusing or defocusing of the seismic waves. The results of this project will be used to evaluate the earthquake hazards of energy development and to provide data on design parameters. Progress Complete. The instruments were turned over to the State of California to continue gathering data. This data will be made available to the MMS.

22. 174-Assessment Of Seafloor Earthquake Ground Motions , The objective was to analyze existing and future recordings fromthe Seafloor earthquake measurement System (SEMS), and to perform theoretical...... http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/174.htm

Project Number Date of Summary March 31, 1995 Subject Assessment of Seafloor Earthquake Ground Motions Performing Activity U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park Principal Investigator Dr. David M. Boore Contracting Agency Minerals Management Service Estimated Completion Complete Description The objective was to analyze existing and future recordings from the Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS), and to perform theoretical calculations to improve our understanding of seafloor motions from earthquakes. The study will determine if the ground motions of the ocean bottom are fundamentally different than those recorded offshore from similar earthquakes. In addition, the investigator will use systems identification and adaptive filter techniques on the SEMS recordings and recordings from nearby platforms to identify the dynamic characteristics of the soil and the structure. Progress SEMS data from the Santa Barbara Island earthquake (September 4, 1981), the North Palm Springs earthquake (July 8, 1986), the Oceanside earthquake (September 13, 1986) and the Upland earthquake (February 28, 1990) was sent by Sandia to the U.S. Geological Survey for further analysis. The data needs to be put into a consistent format and certain `front-end` processing is required to obtain an accurate probe orientation and record start time measurements. International Oil Spill Research Projects by Category Projects by Number ... Oil Valuation Last Updated:

23. Strong-motion Earthquake Measurement Using A Digital Accelerograph Title, Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. Creator,Iwan, Wilfred D. Creator, Moser, Michael A. Creator, Peng, Chia-Yen http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/CaltechEERL.OAI/oai:caltecheerl.

24. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper earthquake measurement with moving recording poper. earthquake measurement withmoving recording poper by Karl KREIL (1855) http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/figures3/fig3-118g.htm

Earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL (1855) document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy):

25. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper Translate this page http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/figures3/fig3-118.htm

26. Earthquakes Theme Page grade 49 students learn about the history of earthquakes, the formation ofcontinents, and earthquake measurement and prediction. http://www.cln.org/themes/earthquakes.html

Earthquakes Theme Page Below are the CLN "Theme Pages" which may supplement the study of earthquakes. CLN's theme pages are collections of useful Internet educational resources within a narrow curricular topic and contain links to two types of information. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Natural Disasters Avalanches Theme Page Blizzards Theme Page Floods Theme Page Hurricanes Theme Page ... Volcanoes Theme Page General Earthquake Resources This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of earthquakes. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our [The] ABC's of Plate Tectonics "A broad analysis of the basic principles that should apply to the movements of plates, some new hypotheses about how they apply to convection and landform formation, and some expected scenarios for differing tectonic events."

27. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES magnitude scales used by seismologists to measure earthquake magnitudes. there is information about a different kind of earthquake measurement call http://www.quaketrackers.org.nz/curr/eqmag.htm

Contents for Earthquake Magnitudes N.Z. Version, 1998 Goals and Objectives Activity 1. Introduction to earthquake magnitudes Activity 2 . Powers of Ten (Orders of magnitude) ... Research Ideas for Earthquake Magnitudes Goals and Objectives To learn that there are many ways to calculate earthquake magnitudes, and to become familiar with some different scales scientists have developed to calculate magnitudes. Understand powers of ten (orders of magnitudes). Explore the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the energy released by an earthquake. Study wave properties, such as wave propagation, using magnitude determinations. Back to Table of Contents Activity 1. Introduction to Earthquake Magnitudes Objective: Use the PEPP Learning Library to become familiar with the different ways scientists calculate earthquake magnitudes. Introduction We all want to know the size of an earthquake, but what does the size of an earthquake mean and how do we measure it? We have a sense that earthquakes can be bigger or smaller, but what do we mean by big or small If a large earthquake occurs in a populated region, the people in the area will feel it. A seismic station located at the epicentre might be used to determine what the size of the earthquake is. But the intensity of ground shaking and damage diminishes the farther you move away from the epicentre. We cannot simply measure the displacement or amplitude of the P wave, as a measure of earthquake size, because this amplitude decreases as we move further from the epicentre. Thus we must also know the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer.

28. Newspaper Articles For 1975 Yellowstone National Park Earthquake An earthquake measurement device at the University of Utah measured the intensity Similarly, the predawn earthquake measuring 5.7 on the Richter scale http://www.seis.utah.edu/lqthreat/nehrp_htm/1975yell/n1975ye1.shtml

QUAKE JOLTS YELLOWSTONE WEST YELLOWSTONE, Mont. (AP) Yellowstone National Park absorbed without damage or harm to humans on Monday the most severe earthquake since a killer quake of 1959. The 1959 earthquake killed 19 persons and dammed the Madison River into a new body of water now called Quake Lake. The 1959 tragedy measured 7.1 on the Richter Scale while the National Earthquake Information Center of Golden, Colo., put the strength of Monday's quake at 6.0. The focal points of earth movement, called epicenters, of the two earthquakes were in the same general area, a portion of southern Montana just to the northwest of Yellowstone's border. Acting Yellowstone Supt. Robert Haraden said crews worked Monday night to clear one park road that was closed when the earthquake shook down boulders in the fragile beauty of the country between Norris and Madison Junction. Haraden said all Yellowstone campgrounds and facilities remained open. Earth movement is constant at Yellowstone. Haraden noted that a small seismograph stationed at the visitor center near the Old Faithful geyser has recorded more than 2,000 earth movements so far this year. Most are so tiny that humans cannot feel them but Monday's earthquake rumbled with a force that shook buildings and rattled windows 200 miles away. Citizens in Great Falls and Billings reported feeling the earthquake.

29. The Need For Early Warning coast of Sumatra unleashed a mother of an earthquake, magnitude 9.0, the fourthlargest recorded in the history of earthquake measurement since 1900. http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2005/june/earlywarning.htm

June 2005 Feature Home Events Jobs Funding ... Archives The need for early warning Epicentre: Professors Geoff Brundrit (back) and Frank Shillington, contributors to a paper outlining the feasibility of an early warning system of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean. Though tsunamis are rare in the Indian Ocean - the biggest is thought to have followed the eruption of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait in 1883 - early warning systems akin to those in the Pacific are vital, as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami has showed. There was no tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean in the early hours of December 26 when the 900km-long fault off the west coast of Sumatra unleashed a mother of an earthquake, magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest recorded in the history of earthquake measurement since 1900. Massive volumes of sea-water were displaced, shooting towards the surface like a cork. Satellite sensors imaged the resulting pattern of crests and troughs into the series of tsunami waves that devastated coastal areas throughout parts of the Indian Ocean. When the news broke here, and even before the magnitude of the quake was known (over 300 000 people were killed in Indonesia), UCT's head of oceanography, Professor Frank Shillington, wondered fleetingly if signs of the tsunami would show up along our coastlines.

30. Earthquakes - A Seismograph Measures Earthquakes History of the seismograph and earthquake measurement. Measuring the Big OneWhat is the biggest earthquake? That is not such a simple question, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljohnmilne.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Business ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors Famous Seismologists and Earthquake Detection Who Invented the Modern Seismograph For Earthquake Detection? John Milne was the English seismologist and geologist who invented the first modern seismograph and promoted the building of seismological stations. In 1880, Sir James Alfred Ewing, Thomas Gray and John Milne, all British scientists working in Japan, began to study earthquakes. They founded the Seismological Society of Japan and the society funded the invention of seismographs to detect and measure earthquakes. John Milne invented the horizontal pendulum seismograph in 1880. The horizontal pendulum seismograph was improved after World War II with the Press-Ewing seismograph, developed in the United States for recording long-period waves. It is widely used throughout the world today. The Press-Ewing seismograph uses a Milne pendulum, but the pivot supporting the pendulum is replaced by an elastic wire to avoid friction. John Milne (1850-1913) John Milne - Biographical Sketch John Milne was, perhaps, the greatest individual contributor to observational earthquake investigations of all time. He was an English geologist and mining engineer, but his earthquake investigations were largely, especially in early years, carried out in Japan. In the early 1890s, John Milne developed with colleagues the first accurate seismograph, an instrument used to record ground shaking, a frequent and sometimes devastating occurrence in Japan

31. Another Earthquake Prediction Tool? Fineberg, have relevance for the issue of earthquake measurement and predictions, An earthquake is felt (and is measured seismically) as a sudden, http://www.primidi.com/2004/10/04.html

How new technologies are modifying our way of life lundi 4 octobre 2004 Another Earthquake Prediction Tool? I've always been skeptical about earthquake predictions, but this new Israeli study, which focuses on friction movement , says it could improve these predictions. The researchers looked at the waves (or fronts) of detachment between two surfaces. And they found that even if the two traditional fronts, which propagate at sonic and supersonic velocities, are present at the time of rupture, a recently discovered much slower wave is the dominant force leading to the rupture. These slow waves are not felt before or during an earthquake, but can be measured and used to prevent future ones. However, this implies that their method of microscale measurements in the lab can successfully be adapted at the macroscale of earth subsurface. So even if this study is interesting, I doubt it will be used for accurate earthquake prediction before a long time. Read more... Here is the introduction of this news release of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. A new study on "waves (or fronts) of detachment" involved in the process of friction offers a new perspective on an old scientific puzzle and could provide a key to improving predictions of future earthquakes, say scientists [of the

32. GEsource: Natural Disasters And Hazards - Earthquakes Section devoted to natural hazards, including tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, earthquake measurement, earthquake prediction and effects, rock types, http://www.gesource.ac.uk/hazards/Earthquakes-Lecture.html

Droughts Earthquakes Flooding Mass Movements ... Wildfires Natural Hazards Information Hazards Home Historical Events Satellite Images All Articles ... Current US Weather Earthquakes Resources Earthquakes Home Earthquakes Images Historical Earthquakes Events Earthquakes Articles ... Earthquake Database Earthquakes Websites Academic departments Case studies Databases Field studies ... Research Projects Other areas of GEsource Home World Guide Subject Packs Navigate: Earthquakes Home This page contains a selection of GEsource resources. There are 33 records in this section 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami : Lecture Notes : GSC 350 : Natural Disasters Full GEsource record This lecture forms part of the course entitled GSC 350: Natural Disasters provided by Dr. Jeff Marshall of the Geological Sciences Department, Cal Poly Pomona University. The notes for this specific lecture provide an overview the Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami; why it was such a tremendous disaster; the earthquake itself; and Internet links to further Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami resources. Keywords : natural disaster, natural hazards, earthquake, tsunamis, floods, storms, Sumatra, Indonesia, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, warning systems

33. Earthquake Safety Initiatives Nepal (SouthAsia) was hit by two earthquakes measuring 4.1 rector scales were April 4th 2005, according to National earthquake measurement Center. http://www.esi.com.np/news.php?nid=35

34. Page 3 -- Measuring Earthquakes Ground Motion The Shaky Foundation of earthquake measurements Even thosetypes of earthquake monitoring that do not directly measure ground motion http://www.data.scec.org/Module/sec3pg03.html

Ground Motion: The Shaky Foundation of Earthquake Measurements Ground motion, including (but not limited to) the shaking that we associate with earthquakes, is the basis for almost every type of modern measurement associated with earthquakes. Even those types of earthquake monitoring that do not directly measure ground motion measure effects related to movement in the Earth's crust disturbances in electromagnetic fields, changes in water levels, and so on. This dependency upon ground motion only makes sense; earthquakes are essentially defined as the sudden movement of one part of the Earth's brittle crust past another. They are also the direct result of the grandest kind of motion on the planet: the slow but continuous movement of Earth's tectonic plates. The science of seismology was founded upon the observation of ground motion. Well before instrumental recording of earthquakes began, people learned to classify earthquakes by the strength of the shaking involved. This was, after all, the element of any earthquake that mattered most to anyone living in the vicinity. Would living quarters still be standing? Would public works like aqueducts need repair or rebuilding? Or was the shaking simply enough to startle residents, but cause no damage? Though the first efforts to describe the relative severity of earthquake effects were very informal, gradually the language was refined. The drive toward labelling and categorization of the natural world that swept other fields of knowledge (e.g. botany, astronomy, etc.) after the European Renaissance was eventually applied to earthquakes. This led to the concept of earthquake

35. MoDNR- Relationship Between Richter Magnitude And Modified Mercalli Intensity and Modified Mercalli Intensity. Methods Of earthquake measurement Explained Magnitude is a measure of the total energy released during an earthquake. http://www.dnr.mo.gov/geology/geosrv/gdam/richt_mercali_relation.htm

Divisions and Programs Administrative Support Air and Land Protection Air Pollution Control Environmental Services Hazardous Waste Land Reclamation Solid Waste Mgmt. Administration Geological Survey Land Survey Water Resources Energy Center Environmental Assistance State Historic Preservation State Parks and Historic Sites Regional and Satellite Offices Water Protection Home Page Site Map Help Forms and Permits ... Wells The Relationship Between Richter Magnitude and Modified Mercalli Intensity Methods Of Earthquake Measurement Explained Magnitude is a measure of the total energy released during an earthquake. It is determined from a seismogram, which plots the ground motion produced by seismic waves. As devised by C.F. Richter in 1935, the magnitude scale allows us to compare earthquakes in relative terms. Though the term is used somewhat indiscriminately, magnitude is a highly technical calculation. Magnitude is defined as the logarithm (1 micron=.0001 centimeter), as would be recorded by a standard short-period seismograph with specific constants, at an epicentral distance of 100 kilometers (62 miles). The important thing to remember about magnitude is that the scale is logarithmic, which means that each step in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in amplitude of wave motion. Therefore, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 has ten times the wave amplitude of an earthquake of magnitude 5.0, a hundred times the wave amplitude of a magnitude 4.0 earthquake, and one thousand times the wave amplitude of a magnitude 3.0 earthquake.

36. Subject: For PD earthquake measurement is usually done using an instrument called a The mostpopularly used measurement is of the magnitude of earthquakes using the http://pd.cpim.org/2001/feb11/feb11_snd.htm

People's Democracy Weekly Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) Vol. XXV No. 06 February 11, 2001 Earthquake Raghu WHAT AND WHY OF EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural events on earth, and a severe quake such as the one that rocked Gujarat can release 10,000 times or more energy than the atomic bomb which destroyed Hiroshima. Worldwide powerful quakes occur about every alternative year but at least 40 moderate quakes cause damage each year somewhere or the other. About 40,000-50,000 mild quakes occur every year, large enough to be felt but not cause damage. Some quakes cannot be felt as tremors by human beings but can only be noticed on seismometers, instruments which monitor and measure earthquakes, or by sensitive burrowing animals. The city of Delhi routinely experiences a quake or two, usually mild, every year and Tokyo registers at least one mild earthquake every day. All these remind us that the earth is still a dynamic, changing body. Most of the solid mass of the earth, as compared to its stormy oceans and skies, appears to be passive. However, the outermost layer of the earth known as the crust, which goes down to about 80 km in depth, is quite active and liable to movements. Indeed, movements also occur far deeper down inside the next layer called the mantle (especially in its upper portion) which consists of hot rock and metals going down to about 3000 km below the surface. These movements, as they affect the rocky crust by subjecting it to severe stresses, cause earthquakes.

37. ExploreLearning.com earthquake measurement. Earthquake Recording Station Earthquake - Determinationof Epicenter. Chapter 9. Volcanoes. Section 1. Volcanic Eruptions http://www.explorelearning.com/View/correlations/Textbooks/Holt/HO_EAR_2004.html

Correlation by Textbook ExploreLearning Homepage Correlations Index Page My Homepage Browse the Catalog (Holt, 2004) This content correlation lists the recommended Gizmos for the textbook title above, grouped by chapter and unit. Click any of the Gizmo names below to see the corresponding Gizmo Details page. If you are currently logged in to ExploreLearning.com as a teacher, you will be able to add the Gizmos to your classes from their Gizmo Details pages. Content correlation last revised: 10/27/04 Unit 1. Introduction to Earth Science Chapter 1. The World of Earth Science Section 1. Branches of Earth Science Ocean Mapping Hurricane Motion Weather Maps Solar System Explorer Section 3. Life in a Warmer World - An Earth Science Model Greenhouse Effect Section 4. Measurement and Safety Triple Beam Balance Determining Density via Water Displacement Min/Max Thermometer Chapter 2. Maps as Models of the Earth Section 1. You Are Here

38. Fathom :: The Source For Online Learning While these developments in earthquake measurement were taking place, seismologistsalso made considerable progress in mapping the interior of the earth by http://www.fathom.com/feature/122149/

Media Index By Learning Center Jewish Studies Exploring Biodiversity Locating the Victorians Shakespeare Women's Studies African American Studies September 11 The World of the Pyramids Exploring the Deep Ocean Discovering Mammals By Institution American Film Institute British Library British Museum Cambridge University Press Columbia University London School of Economics Natural History Museum New York Public Library RAND Science Museum University of Chicago University of Michigan Museum Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution A Brief History of Seismology EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION Perils of a Restless Planet , Ernest Zebrowski, Jr., outlines the evolution of our understanding of earthquakes and looks to the future of seismology. Charles F. Richter devised an enthusiastically accepted procedure and numerical scale for assigning earthquake magnitudes. With the invention of the telegraph in 1840, it became possible to communicate reports of earthquakes much more efficiently, and information (along with misinformation) mushroomed. Alexis Perry catalogued more than 21,000 earthquakes for the years 1843-71; Robert Mallet (more discriminating in his criteria) described 6,831 events for the period 1606 B.C. to A.D. 1850; Guiseppe Mercalli (1883) listed more than 5,000 earthquakes from 1450 B.C. to A.D. 1881 in Italy alone; Carl Fuchs (1886) developed a monumental list containing nearly 10,000 entries; and John Milne (1895) described 8,331 earthquakes recorded just in Japan. Jean Baptiste Bernard, however, seems to hold the one-man endurance record for this type of research; working for twenty-one years on the project, by 1906 he'd accumulated a list of earthquakes from throughout the world that included 171,434 entries!

39. Insurance Information Institute - earthquake measurement The size and magnitude of an earthquake is measured This allows the magnitude of earthquakes measured on these new scales to be http://iiidev.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/earthquake/

Earthquakes: Risk and Insurance Issues THE TOPIC SEPTEMBER 2005 An earthquake is a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. This shaking can sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires and tsunamis. Unlike other natural disasters such as hurricanes, there are no specific seasons for earthquakes. Earthquakes in the United States are not covered under standard homeowners or business insurance policies. Coverage is usually available for earthquake damage in the form of an endorsement to a home or business insurance policy. Cars and other vehicles are covered for earthquake damage under the comprehensive part of the auto insurance policy. In the United States about 5,000 quakes can be felt each year. Since 1900, earthquakes have occurred in 39 states and caused damage in all 50. One of the worst catastrophes in U.S. history, the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, caused direct quake losses of about $24 million and fire losses of about $500 million, according to the National Geophysical Data Center. That would be $10 billion in 2004 dollars, a small portion of the potential cost of damage from a similar earthquake today. The potential cost of earthquakes has been growing because of increasing urban development in seismically active areas and the vulnerability of older buildings, which may not have been built or upgraded to current building codes.

40. FINANCIAL SERVICES FACT BOOK - An earthquake is a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and Some, like the 6.8 magnitude (see section on earthquake measurement) http://iiidev.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/earthquake/?table_sort_656800=7&

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