1. Measurement Of Earthquakes New Technology to Help Measurement and Study of Earthquakes Ground Motion TheShaky Foundation of earthquake measurements http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/earthquakes_measurement.htm

Featured in October 2001 Elementary Themes Measurement of Earthquakes Earthquakes Theme Main Theme Page History of Seismology Would you believe that giant snakes, turtles, catfish, or spiders live underneath the ground, and it is their movements that create earthquakes? Maybe you wouldn't, but your ancestors did. Ancient peoples had many fanciful explanations for earthquakes, usually involving something large and restless living beneath the earth's surface. Seismometers, Seismographs, and Seismograms The mainstay of volcano monitoring is the continuous recording of seismic activity. Virtually all Hawaiian eruptions are preceded and accompanied by an increase in the number of shallow earthquakes. New Technology to Help Measurement and Study of Earthquakes Ground Motion: The Shaky Foundation of Earthquake Measurements The science of seismology was founded upon the observation of ground motion. Well before instrumental recording of earthquakes began, people learned to classify earthquakes by the strength of the shaking involved. This was, after all, the element of any earthquake that mattered most to anyone living in the vicinity. Richter Magnitude Scale Scientists have begun installing a network of 250 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that will continuously measure the constant, yet physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults throughout southern California. This information should help researchers forecast future earthquake hazards in the greater Los Angeles area.

2. How Do Scientists Measure Earthquakes? an earthquake, and you've probably heard news reports about earthquake located 100 km from the epicenter when you make the measurement; http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Earthquakes Theme Page Activity Four earthquake measurement and Prediction. earthquake measurement Thisone page activity requires students to answer five questions on the http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/earthquakes_activity.htm

Elementary Themes Online Activities on Earthquakes Support Pages for These Online Activities Featured in Oct. /01 Introductory: Earthquakes K-W-L Chart Activity One: Structure of the Earth Activity Two: Continental Drift Activity Three: Earthquakes Activity Four: Earthquake Prediction Activity Five: Famous Earthquakes Activity Six: Earthquake Preparedness Other Earth Science-related Pages From Gander Academy Solar System Hurricanes Rocks and Minerals Simple machines Introductory Activity K-W-L Chart This one page activity contains a K-W-L chart. This gives the students an opportunity to record what they already know about earthquakes. Top of Page Activity One: Structure of the Earth Layers of the Earth (easy reading) This activity requires students to label a diagram of the earth's interior and to write one or two facts about each layer. Inside the Earth This two page activity requires students to label a diagram of the earth's interior and to use a table to record facts about each layer. Top of Page Activity Two: Continental Drift The Continents This one page activity requires students to label a map of the earth with its continents.

4. California Earthquake-Measurement Field Sites California EarthquakeMeasurement Field Sites http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Measurement Of Earthquakes Earthquake Magnitude Richter Scale. earthquake measurement earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. It is hampered by many things. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. How To Map An Earthquake A Guide From Ordnance Survey How to map an earthquake. Seismologist Roger Musson of the British Geological Survey in Edinburgh, answers questions about earthquakes including http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Antony C. Fraser Smith, Research Interests The map of earthquake measurement sites shows the locations of all these measurementsites and their relation to the San Andreas fault. http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/fraser-smith-research.html

A. C. Fraser-Smith: Research Interests Note: Clicking on any one of the highlighted references below will give you a segment of Prof. Fraser-Smith's publication list with the desired reference usually at (or close to) the top of the segment.] Prof. Fraser-Smith conducts experimental and theoretical research into the origin and properties of low frequency electromagnetic field variations in the Earth's environment and in space. The specific frequencies covered by this work are the following: ultra-low frequencies ( ULF ; frequencies less than 5 Hz), extremely-low frequencies ( ELF ; frequencies in the range 5 Hz - 3 kHz), and very-low frequencies ( VLF ; frequencies in the range 3 - 30 kHz). Prof. Fraser-Smith also investigates the relation of these ULF, ELF, and VLF electromagnetic variations to other phenomena on and below the Earth's surface (including the sea surface), in the neutral atmosphere, and in the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and interplanetary space. This research included the first measurements of ULF geomagnetic field fluctuations with a superconducting magnetometer [ Fraser-Smith and Buxton,

8. Richter Magnitude Earthquake Severity. Richter Earthquake Magnitudes Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt, but recorded. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. StudyWeb: Mathematics:Weights & Measurement:Earthquake Measurement Gives step by step info on how to measure an earthquake with the Richter Scale . An actual measurement of the Kobe earthquake (May 27, 1995). http://seismo.um.ac.ir/education/StudyWeb MathematicsWeights & MeasurementEarthq

Directory Index Select Site Index Agriculture Animals Architecture Business Communications Composition Computer Science Crafts Criminal Justice Culture Education Family Finance Fine Arts Garden Geography Government Grammar Health History Home Improvement Homeschooling Literature Mathematics Medicine Mental Health Music Mysticism Nutrition Pets Philosophy Politics Prof. Development Reference Religion Science Social Studies Sports Teaching Resources Transportation Writing No Frames Site Index HomeWork Help Online Please Visit Our Sponsors to Keep StudyWeb ... Mathematics Earthquake Measurement Background Briefing - Earthquake Richter Scale Gives step by step info on how to measure an earthquake with the Richter Scale. http://www.backgroundbriefing.com/earthqke.html CVO Website - Richter Scale You can learn about the history of the Richter Magnitude Scale and other earthquake information. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/Seismicity/description_richter.html

10. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL (1855) document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy) HEAT Editors http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Int4 earthquake measurement. earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. It ishampered by many things. Few people are capable of observing carefully what is http://inst.santafe.cc.fl.us/~jklein/html/int4.htm

BACK NEXT GEOLOGY INDEX STUDY QUESTIONS Earthquake Measurement Earthquake measurement is not a simple problem. It is hampered by many things. Few people are capable of observing carefully what is happening around them when they are experiencing an earthquake. Moreover, equipment and structures often fail during severe earthquakes. Also, most quakes only last seconds or at most, minutes. Lastly, effects of the same event vary widely from location to location. Therefore it is difficult to coherently and accurately describe what happens during an earthquake based on eyewitness accounts. To measure earthquakes we use two different scales. One measures the energy of the waves, the other the resulting amount of damage The Richter Scale The first, the Richter scale , is an absolute scale that measures the amount of ground movement and the energy released by an earthquake, its magnitude . An earthquake of magnitude 1 releases approximately as much energy as that generated by the explosion of one pound of TNT. Each number on the Richter scale represents a ten-fold increase in ground motion and an associated energy release of approximately 30 times that of the previous number. This means that an earthquake of magnitude 7 will be nearly 1,000 times more powerful than a magnitude 5 event. Earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater are considered severe, and represent potentially devastating events. Unfortunately, they are not all that rare. Although the Richter scale gives a fairly accurate measurement of the amount of energy released, it does not give any information as to what happens to people and structures. For that, we use the Mercalli scale.

12. Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. Earthquake Measurements 7.07.9 - Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 or greater- Great earthquake. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. Richter Scale Richter Scale http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports - Strong-mo Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. Iwan, Wilfred D.and Moser, Michael A. and Peng, Chia-Yen (1984) Strong-motion http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu/157/

Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports Main About Browse Search ... Help Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph Iwan, Wilfred D. and Moser, Michael A. and Peng, Chia-Yen Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph. Technical Report CaltechEERL:1984.EERL-84-02 California Institute of Technology Full text available as: PDF Adobe PDF (3 MB) - Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader or other PDF viewer. Abstract This paper presents results of a study of some of the characteristics of the Kinemetrics PDR-1 digital strong-motion accelerograph. The paper gives the results of laboratory tests of the background noise level of the instrument and compares these results with previously reported observations for optical instruments. The determination of displacement from acceleration data is discussed and results of laboratory tests are presented. Certain instrument anomalies are identified, data correction algorithms proposed, and examples given. The paper also presents the results of a comparison of earthquake records obtained from side-by-side digital and optical analog instruments. Finally, some results obtained from a recent Chinese earthquake are discussed. EPrint Type: Monograph (Technical Report) Additional Information: PB-91-170191/AS Subjects: All Records Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory ID Code: Deposited By: Jim O'Donnell Deposited On: 08 October 2001 Record Number: CaltechEERL:1984.EERL-84-02

16. Aftenposten Norway, Norwegian News In English 'Earthquake' measurement was "Rocknes" impact Instruments at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen University reveal three powerful measurements in http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Parkfield CA earthquake measurement. Here are some links to the earthquakemeasurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7639/internal/prkfld.htm

Announcements and News: Click here to read the announcements with a non-Java enabled browser Site Navigation: - Page Info - Title: Page address: File created:     Apr 5, 2002 Last modified: Apr 5, 2002 Definitions: Double-click on any word Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Here are some links to the earthquake measurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video: http:// www.geophys.washington.edu/ SEIS/ PNSN/ INFO_GENERAL/ eq_prediction.html http:// www.seismo.berkeley.edu/ seismo/ annual_report/ ar97_98/ node15.html#SECTION04340000000000000000 http:// www.usgs.gov/ public/ press/ public_affairs/ press_releases/ pr447m.html http:// kilauea.stanford.edu/ jrmurray/ Parkfield.html ... http:// quake.wr.usgs.gov/ research/ parkfield/ index.html (Return to top of page) This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page Page address:

18. Insurance Information Institute - Some, like the 6.8 magnitude (see section on earthquake measurement) Northridgequake earthquake measurement The size and magnitude of an earthquake is http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/earthquake/

Earthquakes: Risk and Insurance Issues THE TOPIC SEPTEMBER 2005 An earthquake is a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. This shaking can sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires and tsunamis. Unlike other natural disasters such as hurricanes, there are no specific seasons for earthquakes. Earthquakes in the United States are not covered under standard homeowners or business insurance policies. Coverage is usually available for earthquake damage in the form of an endorsement to a home or business insurance policy. Cars and other vehicles are covered for earthquake damage under the comprehensive part of the auto insurance policy. In the United States about 5,000 quakes can be felt each year. Since 1900, earthquakes have occurred in 39 states and caused damage in all 50. One of the worst catastrophes in U.S. history, the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, caused direct quake losses of about $24 million and fire losses of about $500 million, according to the National Geophysical Data Center. That would be $10 billion in 2004 dollars, a small portion of the potential cost of damage from a similar earthquake today. The potential cost of earthquakes has been growing because of increasing urban development in seismically active areas and the vulnerability of older buildings, which may not have been built or upgraded to current building codes.

19. The South-East Asia Earthquake And Tsunami Blog Vietnam To Build and a number of earthquake measurement stations under the Vietnam GlobalPhysics Institute, they are as yet unable to forecast tsunamis. http://tsunamihelp.blogspot.com/2005/07/vietnam-to-build-tsunami-alert-center.ht

20. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results It covers basic principles, seismic waves, earthquake measurement and the These lecture notes introduce the concept of earthquake measurement and http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=Richter&subject=All&li

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