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         Drought Soil & Water Management:     more detail
  1. Drought and Water Crises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)
  2. Management of droughts and floods in the semiarid Brazilian Northeast - the case for conservation.(Special Issue: Water Research and Management in Semiarid ... from: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation by Victor Miguel Ponce, 1995-09-01
  3. Impact of soil drought on sap flow and water status of evergreen trees in a tropical monsoon forest in northern Thailand [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by T. Kume, H. Takizawa, et all 2007-01-30
  4. Sharing the flow.(water shortages): An article from: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation by Brian Lavendel, 2002-05-01
  5. Depth-related fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica during exceptional drought [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by R. Mainiero, M. Kazda, 2006-12-15
  6. Adaptive genetic variation in water-use efficiency and gum yield in Acacia senegal provenances grown on clay soil in the Blue Nile region, Sudan [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by E.A.Y. Raddad, O. Luukkanen, 2006-05-01
  7. Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on drought responses in Eucalyptus grandis seedlings [An article from: Forest Ecology and Management] by C. Graciano, J.J. Guiamet, et all

41. The Maine Emergency Management Agency
Maine traditionally has had few drought concerns as we are a water rich state . The soil and water Conservation Commission, together with other
http://www.state.me.us/mema/hazards/drought.htm
Skip Maine state header navigation Agencies Online Services Web Policies ... Help State Search: State of Maine MEMA Home Contact Us
Maine Weather
... The Hazards We Face Drought
Drought Description:
A prolonged period without rain: A twelve month period during which precipitation is less than 85% of normal as defined by the National Weather Service (44 inches is the average precipitation level per year). The Palmer Drought Index is used for the purpose of activating the Drought Emergency Plan. The index is a composite of evapotranspiration, recharge, runoff, loss, and precipitation. The plan is activated at -2.00 on the index (moderate drought) and at -3.00 the MEMA/Drought Task Force recommends to the Governor that he issue an Emergency Proclamation. Many Maine towns and cities have multiple sources of supply; i.e., both surface and ground water supplies. Generally, ground water requires less treatment but high capacity wells with good quality water are hard to find in some regions of Maine. This is especially true of the coastal area. Those towns that have multiple sources of supply are less susceptible to drought effects. Maine traditionally has had few drought concerns as we are a water rich state. Droughts occur about every 20 years with severe 3–5 year droughts occurring about every 40 years. Due to climate patterns that appear to be changing, the frequency and severity of Maine droughts may worsen. Annual precipitation in Maine has been decreasing by .04 inches every decade since 1960.

42. Maine Emergency Management Agency / Hazards We Face / Drought
Early identification of drought threats is important in order to educate thepublic in The soil and water Conservation Commission, together with other
http://www.state.me.us/mema/haz_docs/drought.htm
Skip Maine state header navigation Agencies Online Services Web Policies ... Help State Search: Messenger
FEMA Home

MEMA Home

State Of Maine
DEPARTMENT of DEFENSE, VETERANS and EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Maine Emergency Management Agency
Description:

A twelve month period during which precipitation is less than 85% of normal as defined by the National Weather Service (44 inches is the average precipitation level per year). The Palmer Drought Index is used for the purpose of activating the Drought Emergency Plan. The index is a composite of evapotranspiration, recharge, runoff, loss, and precipitation. The plan is activated at -2.00 on the index (moderate drought) and at -3.00 an Emergency Proclamation is issued by the Governor. Secondary Effects:
Agricultural losses vary due to the crops affected and the duration of the drought. The effects of wildfires are worsened when water tables are lowered and plants are more susceptible. Lowered water tables affect individual residential wells and some public water supplies. Recreational activities may be severely impacted by substantially reduced precipitation, both in summer and winter. Erosion of the soil occurs when root systems wither. Vulnerability:
Mitigation:

Early identification of drought threats is important in order to educate the public in conservation measures and minimize damage. The Soil and Water Conservation Commission, together with other Department of Agriculture divisions, the Department of Conservation, and the Department of Environmental Protection, have programs/regulations/ policies/educational materials to assist in minimizing this hazard.

43. Alabama And Georgia Officials Are Proceeding With Water Management Plans For The
The irrigation data, which is being collected by the Georgia soil and WaterConservation The drought management plan can be viewed on the Internet at
http://southeastfarmpress.com/news/Water-management/
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Back Issues October 6, 2004 September 15, 2004 September 1, 2004 August 18, 2004 August 4, 2004 July 21, 2004 July 7, 2004 June 16, 2004 June 2, 2004 May 19, 2004 May 5, 2004 April 21, 2004 April 14, 2004 April 7, 2004 March 17, 2004 March 10, 2004 March 3, 2004 February 18, 2004 February 11, 2004 February 4, 2004 January 21, 2004 January 14, 2004 January 7, 2004 December 17, 2003 December 3, 2003 November 19, 2003 November 5, 2003 October 15, 2003 October 1, 2003 September 17, 2003 September 3, 2003 August 20, 2003 August 6, 2003 July 16, 2003 July 2, 2003 June 18, 2003 June 4, 2003 May 21, 2003 May 7, 2003 April 16, 2003 April 9, 2003 April 2, 2003 March 19, 2003 March 12, 2003 March 5, 2003 February 19, 2003 February 12, 2003 February 5, 2003 January 15, 2003 January 8, 2003 January 1, 2003 December 18, 2002 December 4, 2002

44. Library
Coping with drought options for soil and water management in semiarid Kenya Keyword(s), drought, soil management, tillage, soil and water
http://www.leisa.info/index.php?url=library-details.tpl&p[readOnly]=1&p[_id]=724

45. Natural Ecosystems
Desertification and drought Environmental monitoring and measuring Medicinalplants Protected areas and wildlife management soil and water management/
http://www.nri.org/skills/ecosystems.htm
var javascript_version = 1.0 Skills Print Version OUR WORK IN FOCUS RESEARCH WORKING WITH US STUDY AT NRI ... CONTACT US Path: Home Skills Site Search
SKILLS Introduction Staff by Name Cross-cutting Areas Crops and Livestock ... Site Map Natural Ecosystems Climate change
Desertification and drought

Environmental monitoring and measuring

Medicinal plants
...
Watershed management

Climate change Dr Peter Burt
Email: P.J.A.Burt@gre.ac.uk
Biometeorologist. Experience in: windborne dispersal of organisms and particulate material through the atmosphere; influence of topography on airflow; micrometeorological monitoring; and aspects of remote sensing applied to pest management and forecasting. Teaching aspects of biology, meteorology and airborne dispersal at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Leader of NRI's MSc and PGDip programmes in Natural Resources. Research student supervision. Desertification and drought Prof. John Morton
Email: J.F.Morton@gre.ac.uk
Professor of Development Anthropology, and Associate Research Director (Social Sciences). Over 20 years experience in applied research for rural development, particularly social, institutional and policy aspects of livestock and pastoralist development; also drought management, irrigation, and research management. Substantial field experience in Sudan, Pakistan, Kenya, Burundi, Zimbabwe and Botswana, with short-term experience elsewhere in Africa, South Asia and Mongolia. Fluent in French, with some Arabic.

46. Drought Strategies -- Residue Management For Erosion Control
Residues improve infiltration of water into the soil, reduce evaporation, Residue management provides a means for limiting both soil particle detachment
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/drought/ds-22-97.htm
North Dakota State University
NDSU Extension Service
Residue Management For Erosion Control
DS-22-97, June 1997
Vernon Hofman, Agricultural Engineer
Keeping a protective cover of crop residue on the soil surface is the simplest and surest way to control both water and wind erosion. Residues improve infiltration of water into the soil, reduce evaporation, and help maintain organic matter. Incorporating previous crop residues leaves the soil surface exposed to agricultural runoff, which causes soil erosion.
Erosion Control
Residue management provides a means for limiting both soil particle detachment and removal of soil particles from the field. Vegetative residues reduce raindrop impact and reduce the wind velocity at the soil surface. Residues also create an intricate and complex series of diversion dams that slow water runoff rates and reduce the amount of soil particle detachment. In addition, slowing the runoff rate reduces the capacity of water to transport dislodged soil particles from the field, reducing the erosion rate even more. Moisture is conserved as more time is available for water to infiltrate the soil and evaporation is reduced by the cover on the soil surface. The amount of crop residue produced and subsequently available for erosion control depends mainly on the type and yield of the crop grown and the tillage system used. Generally, higher yields mean more residues. The amount of residue present from seedbed preparation through crop establishment is critical because the greatest potential for erosion occurs from early April to mid-May. The selection and use of a tillage system largely determines the amount of residue cover during this critical period.

47. Ch20
drought, desertification, and water management in SubSaharan Africa soil watermanagement in the rain-fed farming systems of the Mediterranean region.
http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80918e/80918E0l.htm
Contents Previous Next Drought, desertification, and water management in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction
Droughts in Sub-Saharan Africa and their implications for planning and development

Desertification

Land degradation and management of soil and water
...
References
Edouard G. Bonkoungou Introduction For Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, consisting of 45 countries, gross national product per person in constant dollars fell by 20 per cent between 1977 and 1986. May (1988) reports that the average person in many of these countries is now poorer than at the time of independence about 30 years ago. Whereas Latin America and Asia have become almost self-sufficient in cereals, Africa has grown more dependent on imports and food aid. Total food production has, in fact, increased but not enough to keep pace with population growth. During the past 30 years agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa has risen by 2 per cent a year, while population is growing at the rate of about 3.2 per cent a year, faster than any other region has ever experienced (World Bank 1989). The constraints on development in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and varied, including the following: a difficult climate with frequent episodes of severe drought in the semi-arid lands; fragile soils prone to erosion and nutrient depletion; a very fast rate of population growth; a heavy external debt burden. The world economy has not favoured Africa. Declines in Africa's commodity export prices and increases in the import prices of manufactured goods and oil have deteriorated the terms of trade and worsened Africa's external debt burden. Although this is true of all third world economies, the impasse in Sub-Saharan Africa is most striking.

48. Drought - In Depth
Such examples of management decisions associated with soil moisture reserves in drought and extreme heat can cause shortages of water and food crops.
http://www.tnema.org/EP/Drought.htm
Home Media Training Mitigation ... Planning DROUGHT - IN DEPTH Drought must be defined not only in terms of below normal precipitation, but also in terms of duration. Occasional periods of below average precipitation will not seriously deplete moisture reserves, while prolonged shortages of moisture can be enough of a drain on moisture reserves to seriously affect crops, livestock, forest and range lands, as well as hydro-electric, irrigation, and urban water supplies. The effects of drought become apparent with a longer duration because more and more moisture-related activities are affected. Non-irrigated croplands are most susceptible to moisture shortages. Rangeland and irrigated agricultural lands do not feel the effects as quickly as the non-irrigated, cultivated acreage, but their yields can also be greatly reduced due to drought. Reductions in yields due to moisture shortages are often aggravated by wind induced soil erosion. In periods of severe drought, forest and range fires can destroy the economic potential of the timber and liv estock industries, and wildlife habitat in, and adjacent to, the fire areas. Under extreme drought conditions, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers can be subject to severe water shortages which greatly restrict the use of their water supplies. An additional hazard resulting from drought conditions is insect infestation.

49. Alfalfa Management During Drought
Alfalfa management During drought. For several years prior to 1998, Scald inalfalfa is caused when standing water covers the soil and direct bright
http://alfalfa.okstate.edu/webnews/variety698.htm
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK Oklahoma Alfalfa
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
Alfalfa Management During Drought For several years prior to 1998, we became used to rainy summers in most of Oklahoma, and excess water had been a bigger problem than not enough water during several summers for most of the alfalfa producers in the state. In 1998, things have changed. High temperatures, little or no rain, and little moisture reserves have combined to bring up several questions recently. How can we make high quality hay during this weather? I think alfalfa producers should change their target market for alfalfa hay during the hottest part of the summer. It is always hard to make good tonnage and high quality during hot weather because the alfalfa develops so quickly. It is hard to harvest early enough to catch it when protein and other quality factors are good. If you normally try to make hay for the dairy or horse markets, reorient your harvest timing to make hay for beef cattle. Wait to harvest until it is in full bloom or when you have at least a ton of hay per acre. What is the most drought resistant alfalfa variety?

50. AGRICULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUB-GROUP
NRCS, Ext. Service, soil and water Conservation Districts Prior to drought,emphasize irrigation water management techniques and develop emergency loan
http://weather.nmsu.edu/drought/Plans/Agricult.htm
AGRICULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUB-GROUP PLANNED MITIGATION ACTIONS SHEET NO. 1 IMPACT PLANNED ACTIONS RESPONSIBLE AGENCY Reduced livestock forage and livestock water on rangelands results in poor animal health, soil erosion and possible economic loss to ranchers 1. Prior to and during drought, use public information program and on-site visits to emphasize importance of rangeland management and planning to equalize stocking rates with available forage and the need for permanent water storage and distribution systems. 2. Prior to drought, use range management techniques such as reduced stocking rates, reserve pastures, removing competitive plants and stored feed to improve sustainability of rangelands under drought conditions. 3. During drought, initiate emergency forage program and/or permit grazing of CRP lands. 4. Special emphasis needs to be placed on problems of Economically Stressed Ranchers who now rely on Federal and State Grazing Leases to sustain their herds. In these areas, there needs to be a coordinated plan of action to be taken by land management agencies to provide grazing and/or supplemental feed assistance to lessees. This action may include changing federal and state grazing regulations during drought situations. 5. For long term drought conditions in areas with high concentrations of Economically Stressed Ranchers, develop supplemental natural resource employment oppurtunities to supplement income losses due to grazing restrictions.

51. Drought, Its After-Effects, And Management Strategies For Woody Ornamentals
The primary physical effect of drought or dry soil conditions is direct damageto the water in periods of low soil moisture Trees and shrubs require
http://www.caes.state.ct.us/FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp025f.htm
DROUGHT, ITS AFTER-EFFECTS, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WOODY ORNAMENTALS
By Dr. Sharon M. Douglas
Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
123 Huntington Street
P. O. Box 1106
New Haven, CT 06504-1106
Telephone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502
Email: Sharon.Douglas@po.state.ct.us
www.caes.state.ct.us

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of drought are manifest in many different ways depending on the plant species and the severity of the water deficit. One important aspect of drought is the fact that the symptoms are often not evident in the top of the tree or shrub until some time after the event has occurred— even as much as one to two years later! Symptoms include loss of turgor in needles and leaves, drooping, wilting, yellowing, premature leaf or needle drop, bark cracks, and twig and branch dieback. Leaves on deciduous trees often develop a marginal scorch and interveinal necrosis, whereas needles on evergreens turn brown at the tips. Trees and shrubs can also exhibit general thinning of the canopy, poor growth, and stunting. In extreme cases, drought can result in plant death. In addition to direct root damage, a significant secondary effect of drought is that it weakens plants and predisposes them to secondary invaders and opportunistic pests such as fungal tip blights, vascular wilts, root rots, and needlecasts. Among the key secondary problems are:

52. Drought Stress, Tree Health, And Management Implications
The primary physical effect of drought or dry soil conditions is direct damage The length of time required to deepwater will vary depending on soil
http://www.caes.state.ct.us/FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp026f.htm
Drought Stress, Tree Health, and Management Strategies By Dr. Sharon M. Douglas
Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
123 Huntington Street
P. O. Box 1106
New Haven, CT 06504-1106 Telephone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502
Email: Sharon.Douglas@po.state.ct.us
Connecticut has been plagued by periods of extended dry weather since 1995 and the 2001 growing season was no exception. Symptoms associated with drought and its after-effects can be seen on forest and landscape trees throughout the state. The cumulative yearly precipitation total for 2001 was 4.8 inches below the 30-year average, making it the driest year since 1995. Spring and fall were exceptionally dry. Weather records from the Experiment Station’s Lockwood Farm in Mt. Carmel also reported rainfall deficits for the growing seasons of 1999, 1998, and 1997. This trend for abnormally low levels of precipitation has been occurring since 1995, which was characterized as the worst drought in 30 years and as the driest summer since 1944. As a consequence, many woody ornamentals including drought-sensitive as well as species which are normally considered drought-tolerant exhibited symptoms of drought stress.
Drought causes primary and secondary physical damage as well as physiological changes in trees. The primary physical effect of drought or dry soil conditions is direct damage to the roots and root death. Nonwoody feeder roots, usually located in the top 15 inches of soil, are particularly sensitive and are the first ones affected. When these roots dry, shrivel, and become nonfunctional, a water deficit develops since the roots cannot provide water to the top of the plant. In addition, many metabolic changes occur which substantially alter the physiology of drought-stressed trees. Among these are changes in hormone levels and other physiological factors (e.g., factors that influence the number of leaf initials in buds for the next year or that are responsible for the closing of stomates).

53. Smart Communities Network: Communities And Drought
water management and Policy in the Great Plains Implications of drought and Climate This NOAA site includes a drought monitor, soil moisture monitoring
http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/management/drought.shtml

Overview

Green Buildings

Green Development

Land Use Planning
...
Materials

Communities and Drought This page offers a portal to current news items and events relevant to how communities deal with drought. It also provides links to online information resources that can help communities plan for and cope with drought conditions, as well as examples of programs from communities that have successfully dealt with drought. Examples of codes and ordinances that address water scarcity can also be acccessed here. For more general information, see the Water Efficiency section of this website. Links to more information on Communities and Drought appear in the following sections:
Recent News Headlines
Water Planning Past Due, Town Hall Warns (AZ) Drought shrinking jewels of the desert Proposal: No water, no rural growth

54. ICRISAT Dealing With Drought
rainfed and drought a recurring phenomenon, efficient water management Employ soil/water conservation measures such as interculturing to loosen the
http://www.icrisat.org/text/news/2002/dealing_drought.htm

55. Summer Lawn Management: Watering The Lawn
Yes, grasses differ in both their need for water and their drought tolerance . Annual core aeration can loosen compacted soil and allow water to
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/turf/430-010/430-010.html
Summer Lawn Management: Watering the Lawn
Author: Mike Goatley, Extension turf specialist; Virginia Tech.
Original authors: Marc Aveni, Extension agent, Prince William County; David Chalmers, Extension agronomist, Virginia Tech; and Richard Nunnally, Extension Agent, Chesterfield County Publication Number 430-010, Revised June 2004
Table of Contents
Why Water the Lawn?
Are Some Grasses More Drought Tolerant?

How Much Water Does my Lawn Need?

What About too Much or too Little Water?
...
Anything Else I Can Do?
Why water the lawn?
Water composes from 75 percent to 85 percent of the weight of a healthy grass plant. It is essential for seed germination, tissue formation, plant cooling, food manufacture, and nutrient absorption and transport. A grass plant loses the most water under conditions of high light intensity, high temperature, low relative humidity, and windy conditions. Without adequate water, the grass plant can't cool itself and becomes susceptible to wilting, desiccation, and death. Return to Table of Contents
Are some grasses more drought tolerant?
Yes, grasses differ in both their need for water and their drought tolerance. Also seedling or recently established lawns (less than 12 months old) have little drought tolerance. You must consider the proper planting time for the various grasses in order to successfully establish a lawn. Some mature grasses develop deep roots and require less water. However, the most drought-tolerant grasses may not be suitable for all regions of Virginia. Consult your local Extension agent for specific information for your area.

56. Executive Order No. 116: Reconstituting The State Drought Management Task Force
State drought management Task Force in order for it to properly coordinate drought surface and ground water levels, reservoir storage and soil mois
http://www.gorr.state.ny.us/gorr/EO116_fulltext.htm

George Pataki
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d

Executive Order No. 116: Reconstituting the State
Drought Management Task Force
WHEREAS, section 20, subdivision (1)(c) of the Executive Law provides that state and local natural disaster and emergency response functions be coordinated in order to bring the fullest protection and benefit to the people;
WHEREAS

57. Livestock Water Management During A Drought, EM 8588-e
Livestock water management. During A drought. MM Borman and TE Bedell Downcutting and lowering of the water table may occur if upland soils are not
http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/EdMat/html/EM/EM8588-e/EM8588-e.html
EM 8588-e
Revised April 2001 CONSERVING WATER IN AGRICULTURE
Livestock Water Management
During A Drought
M.M. Borman and T.E. Bedell If you want to print this publication, we recommend downloading the PDF version. Vegetation management
Water hauling

Need for water permits

Public assistance
When normal range livestock water supplies are reduced, the results can be (1) poor livestock performance and condition, and (2) range damage caused by both overuse and underuse. Locating additional sources of stock water becomes critical to avoid damaging both animals and range resources. The following suggestions may help make the best use of the water that is available.
Springs and seeps
Many areas still exist where springs and seeps can be developed. Any such water source, however small, is vital in a drought yearand it should prove helpful even in normal years. If possible, store the water in a larger tank, then pipe it to a trough(s); this way, you'll increase the usability of even a very slow-flowing spring or seep. A flow of only 1/2 gallon a minute amounts to 720 gallons a day, which is enough water for 48 cows with calves.
Horizontal wells
Horizontal wells have proved economical and desirable in the Southwest, but little has been done with them in Oregon. A horizontal well consists of a pipe bored at a slight angle down into a hillside to tap small, seepy flows of water. The water is controlled with appropriate valve systems. As with springs, water usually is of high quality.

58. SRBC Water Management Program
The activities of the water Resources management Division cover a wide range of drought Coordination Low Flow management Reservoir Feasibility Studies
http://www.srbc.net/wmprogram.htm
Search for:
Water Resources Management The water resources of the Susquehanna basin are abundant and renewable compared to those in many parts of the world, and even relative to other places in the U.S. However, it is not always the case that water is available in the necessary quantity or quality, or is appropriately distributed in time and place. Planning and management are needed to cope with situations when supply exceeds capacity (flooding) or when demand exceeds supply (droughts).
The activities of the Water Resources Management Division cover a wide range of categories including water supply management, flood plain management and protection, water resource monitoring, low flow management and project review. The diverse backgrounds of the division's staff provide a broad range of expertise in water resource management, engineering, hydrogeology, computer modeling and database management, biology, public outreach and field and laboratory skills. Water Resource Management Strategic Plan (PDF) Summary of SRBC Water Management Activities:
Watershed Coordination

Water Resource Monitoring And Water Withdrawal Registration

Project Review

Flood Management Activities
...
Ground-Water Management

Watershed Coordination
Water Resource Monitoring And Water Withdrawal Registration

It is the goal of SRBC to register all surface and ground-water withdrawals in the basin exceeding 10,000 gallons-per-day, as well as to monitor current water resource data to determine potential flood or developing drought conditions. Commission personnel have been gathering, processing and recording water withdrawal information and maintaining the information for planning and project review decisions. Also, staff members monitor stream flows, ground-water levels, precipitation, soil moisture, reservoir levels and other hydrologic factors throughout the basin.

59. Drought Tip 92-51
Irrigation timing depends on the irrigation method, soil water intake See drought Tip 9240 for guidelines on how to correct for fog interception.
http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/irrigation/drought_tips/dt51.htm
Author:
Richard L. Snyder
Biometeorologist
University of California, Davis
Drought Tip 92-51 is a publication series developed as a cooperative effort by the following organizations:
California Department of Water Resources - Water Conservation Office
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California
USDA Drought Response Office
USDA Soil Conservation Service If you have comments or suggestions, please email lawrweb@ucdavis.edu.
Last reviewed September 9, 2003

    Drought Tip 92-51 Irrigation Scheduling of Surface-Irrigated Crops During a Drought Knowing when to irrigate a crop and how much water to apply is crucial during a drought. Irrigation timing depends on the irrigation method, soil water intake characteristics, and the difference between the soil water content at field capacity (when the soil is full of water) and the measured or estimated (actual) soil water content. The most important consideration in setting the management allowable depletion level is optimizing application efficiency, but the MAD may have to be lowered to avoid yield-reducing water stress. Labor factors and other management considerations also affect the choice of MAD. An irrigation system evaluation is very important for efficient water management. A crop should be irrigated when the actual soil water depletion is near the management allowable depletion. The gross amount of water to apply is figured according to the following equation:

60. Drought Contents
management Strategies for droughtStressed Grain Crops Classification ofSalt-Affected Soils water Quality Effects on Plants and Crop Yield
http://agnews.tamu.edu/drought/drghtpak98/
TEXAS DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Summer 1998 (Aug. 1, 1998 Revision) Texas Agricultural Extension Service • Edward A. Hiler, Director TEXAS DROUGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

David H. Bade, Professor and Extension Forage Specialist Brent Bean, Associate Professor and Extension Agronomist Stanley Bevers, Assistant Professor and Extension Economist Management Edith A. Chenault, Associate Editor and Extension Communications Specialist Cloyce G. Coffman, Associate Professor and Extension Agronomist Gerald Cornforth, Extension Economist-Management B. Frank Craddock, Professor and Extension Sheep and Goat Specialist Frank Dainello, Professor and Extension Horticulturist James M. Davis, Bell County Extension Agent-AG(PL,COORD) James T. Davis, Professor and Extension Fisheries Specialist (Retired) Alan D. Dreesen, Associate Department Head; Associate Professor and Extension Program Leader for Forestry Richard L. Duble, Professor William A. Dugas, Jr., Professor and Agricultural Meteorology Lawrence L. Falconer, Assistant Professor and Extension Economist-Management Floron C. Faries, Jr.

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