Geometry.Net - the online learning center
Home  - Basic_D - Drought Natural Disasters
e99.com Bookstore
  
Images 
Newsgroups
Page 5     81-99 of 99    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5 
A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  

         Drought Natural Disasters:     more books (46)
  1. Drought (Natural Disasters) by Terry Jennings, 1999-11-19
  2. Droughts (Natural Disasters) by Anne Ylvisaker, 2000-08
  3. Droughts (Natural Disasters) by Louise Park, 2008-02-28
  4. Floods and Droughts (Natural Disaster (Good Apple)) by Mary Micallef, 1985-06
  5. Famine, Drought and Plagues (Natural Disasters) by Jane Walker, 2002-02-14
  6. Famine and Drought (Natural Disasters) by Jane Walker, 2002-11-14
  7. The Politics of Natural Disaster: The Case of the Sahel Drought (Praeger special studies in international economics and development)
  8. International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences (Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research)
  9. A Period of High-Risk Weather.(string of natural disasters in U.S.): An article from: Farm Journal by Gale Reference Team, 2006-09-01
  10. Dangerous Planet: The Science of Natural Disasters (Avalanche to Earthquake, Volume 1) by Engelbert Phillis, 2001
  11. From Disaster Response to Risk Management: Australia's National Drought Policy (Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research)
  12. Drought (Disasters in Nature) by Catherine Chambers, 2000-11
  13. Disaster! Droughts by Dennis B. Fradin, 1985-01
  14. Drought (Disasters in Nature) by Catherine Chambers, 2001-08-22

81. WFP - Central America Drought
The drought is the latest in a long line of natural and manmade disasters tohit the In response to Central America s latest natural disaster,
http://www.wfp.org/newsroom/in_depth/central_america14_12_01.html
In Depth WFP SEEKS LONG-TERM RESPONSE TO CENTRAL AMERICA HUNGER
Central America's subsistence farmers are struggling to cope with the consequences of a serious drought - the latest in a long line of natural disasters that have exhausted their food reserves.
Local WFP officials are calling for a long-term plan that looks beyond emergency aid and helps reduce the vulnerability of poor farming communities in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador.

December 12, 2001 - With hundreds of thousands of subsistence farmers still relying on food aid to survive Central America's latest drought, WFP has called for long-term planning to help vulnerable community's better cope with the region's frequent natural disasters.
The failure of rains in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador has left corn and bean harvests in ruins and triggered food shortages among an estimated 1.5 million peasants.
An emergency response alone is just not sufficient because, in Central America, there's usually another disaster around the corner

82. Publications On Natural Disasters
Disaster Infromation. Any Disaster. natural disasters. General; Storms; Tornado;Winter Storms; Flood; drought/Heat; Wildfire; Earthquake
http://cfaes.osu.edu/facultystaff/healthsafety/PublicationsonNaturalDisasters.ht

Disaster Homepage
Disaster Infromation: Any Disaster Natural Disasters

83. Powers Of Nature
Junior high school students present information about natural disasters involving geology and weather. Earthquakes, volcanos, blizzards and droughts are explained and illustrated with diagrams, animation and photographs.
http://www.germantown.k12.il.us/Nature/title.html

84. About Natural Hazards Causes And Effects: University Of Wisconsin Disaster Manag
Distinguish between natural hazard and natural disaster; Identify the causes orpreconditions Explain the natural and humaninduced causes of drought
http://dmc.engr.wisc.edu/courses/hazards/BB02-intro.html
Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
About
English Courses
PAHO Scholars
Spanish Courses
UNHCR Courses ... Graphics
Introduction
This course is an introduction to the topic of natural hazards, their causes and their consequences. The subject is so vast that this course cannot begin to provide a definitive treatment of all aspects of these hazards. Instead, it seeks to present an overview of the general subject.
There are extensive libraries covering all the aspects that are touched on in this course, and it is not possible to give a definitive treatment to each topic within the context of an introductory text. Consequently, the editors of this course have sought to identify and utilize the most current and authoritative information and resources on the issues addressed here. In some cases, this has meant not using the most scholarly or in-depth resource, but rather the most useful to a professional disaster manager who is probably a lay person in terms of the earth sciences.
Disaster management as an identifiable profession is relatively new. The tasks of a disaster manager, however, have been around for a long time. They have typically been thought of as disaster relief assistance, or as specific ad hoc activities during and after a disaster emergency. Many people have been disaster managers without thinking of themselves in that term.
There has been a growing awareness in recent years that all of these activities, in fact, comprise the process of disaster management. By understanding this as an identifiable role, we can describe a coherent and cohesive direction for people who are involved in the field of disasters. This, of course, includes the spectrum of activities from administration to project implementation: disaster prevention, disaster mitigation, disaster preparedness, and disaster response.

85. Queensland Rural Adjustment Authority
drought natural Disaster Assistance. Climatic events often occur when we areleast prepared. QRAA provides a range of programs to assist producers through
http://www.qraa.qld.gov.au/productitem.jsp?product=52

86. EO Natural Hazards: Natural Hazards Main Page
The icons on the above map show the locations of natural hazards observed by The drought that has been plaguing farmers in Australia since 2002 finally
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/
Natural Hazards
The icons on the above map show the locations of natural hazards observed by NASA satellites. Choose one to see the latest image associated with that natural hazard event, or select one of the sections from our topic list to learn more about these extreme events.
Earth scientists around the world use NASA satellite imagery to better understand the causes and effects of natural hazards. The goal in sharing these images is to help people visualize where and when natural hazards occur, and to help mitigate their effects. All images in this section are freely available to the public for re-use or re-publication (please use credits as indicated for each image). More images can be found in our archive of older events . Check out our related links This Week's Events
Severe Storms: Hurricane Kenneth

Hurricane Kenneth is one of a series of eastern Pacific hurricanes to form in mid-September. Kenneth and its bretheren are all heading away from land and are unlike to directly influence weather on the mainland. 1 Image, Posted: September 20, 2005

87. WHO | DROUGHT - Technical Hazard Sheet - Natural Disaster Profiles
drought Technical Hazard Sheet - natural Disaster Profiles. The hazard.drought is a prolonged dry period in natural climate cycle.
http://www.who.int/entity/hac/techguidance/ems/drought/en/
All WHO
This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Latest updates Health action in crises WHO WHO sites Health action in crises Technical guidelines for health action in crises ...
printable version

DROUGHT - Technical Hazard Sheet - Natural Disaster Profiles The hazard Drought is a prolonged dry period in natural climate cycle. It is a slow-onset phenomenon caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors. Drought often results in mass displacements of population. Drought leads to water and food shortages and is likely to have a long-term environmental, economic and health impact on the population. Droughts are often predictable: periods of unusual dryness are normal in all weather systems. Advance warning is possible. Factors affecting vulnerability Factors influencing the impact of drought are:
  • Demographic pressure on the environment; Food insecurity; Economic systems strictly dependent on agriculture; Poor infrastructure e.g. irrigation and water supply and sanitation systems; Poor health status of the population before the disaster;

88. Environment Writer Drought
The costliest weather disaster in US history, purely in terms of economic damage, potential drought hazards and the natural limits of water resources?
http://www.nsc.org/ehc/ew/disaster/drought.htm
Environmental Health Center
Natural Disaster ...
Drought: Background on a Hot Issue ... That Needn't Be Dry
  • ITEM: A withering drought this year is tightening its grip on large parts of the U.S. South and Midwest. The personal tragedies and billions of dollars in economic loss will likely keep making headlines through the summer.
  • ITEM: A congressionally mandated National Drought Policy Commission in May recommended ways the government could better prevent or mitigate drought disasters.
  • ITEM: In the same month, Great Lakes water levels stood at a record low, and wildfire pushed by high winds through dry underbrush destroyed scores of houses in Los Alamos, N.M. The vivid TV footage presented by the Los Alamos fire — resulting from what had started as a “prescribed fire” — obscured the hundreds of thousands of other acres incinerated by wildfire, all before the hottest and driest part of the year 2000 had even begun.
  • ITEM: Heavy rainfall does not mean an end to drought. In early June, five people were killed when massive storms dumped as much as 15 inches of rain in north and central Texas, including the Dallas/Fort Worth area. Three days later, after a brief spike, USGS real-time groundwater monitoring wells showed that water levels were lower than before the storms. Often, heavy rains mean devastating runoff, but little relief from droughts.
  • ITEM: Weather and climate forecasts have been issued in the past, but this spring marks the first time the federal government has offered a “Drought Forecast.” But even though improved data and understanding allowed improved predictions, farmers and others can not always escape drought impacts.

89. Disasters - Natural Disasters - Avalanche
Civil Protection What Disaster? Emergency Kit natural disasters. Choose adisaster, Avalanche, Wildfire, Flood, Winter Storm, Thunderstorm, Hail
http://www.msp.gouv.qc.ca/jeunesse/catastrophe/toutsecuritecivile/avalanche_en.h

Disasters!

Let's Play !

Download

Your Opinion
... Natural Disasters
Choose a disaster Avalanche Wildfire Flood Winter Storm Thunderstorm Hail Tornado Hurricane Earthquake Volcano Tsunami Rockslide and Landslide

Avalanche
An avalanche occurs when a mass of snow falls down a mountainside. That is because new snow (which is not wet) accumulates on a more heavy snow layer. Since the new snow layer is not compact, it could slide down toward the base of the mountain. Avalanches could be triggered by loud noise (yells, firearm shots, etc.). Skiers, snowboarders and climbers could also cause an avalanche. There are two ways to reduce avalanche risks: by installing snowsheds or by triggering controlled avalanches. These protection fences are made of rocks, soil and other materials. They prevent avalanches to fill trails used by humans. Controlled avalanches cause the accumulated snow to fall down before it could trigger avalanches by itself. When nobody is in danger, explosives are used to produce a loud noise that causes an avalanche.

90. Natural Disaster: Information From Answers.com
natural disaster (DOD) An emergency situation posing significant danger to life A drought is a longlasting weather pattern consisting of dry conditions
http://www.answers.com/topic/natural-disaster
showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Military Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping natural disaster Military natural disaster (DOD) An emergency situation posing significant danger to life and property that results from a natural cause.
Wikipedia
natural disaster A natural disaster is the consequence or effect of a hazardous event, occurring when human activities and natural phenomenon (a physical event, such as a volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide etc. that does not affect human beings) become enmeshed. The resulting fatalities, or property damages depend on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster (Bankoff et al.2004). A disaster is a social disruption that can occur at any level of the individual, the community, or the State (Kreps 1986). In areas where there are no human interests, natural phenomena do not constitute hazards, nor do they result in natural disasters. This understanding is crystallized in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability " (Blaikie, 1994).

91. World Natural Disaster
World natural Disaster provides latest Weather World News from the most comprehensiveglobal news Spain suffers through punishing drought The State
http://www.globaldisasters.com/
Search the World News Network Any Language Afrikaans Czech Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Hausa Hungarian Indonesian Italian Malay Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Spanish Swahili Swedish Tagalog Turkish Advanced Search Science Wildlife Nuclear ...
Sitemap
REGIONAL WN Africa
WN Asia

WN Australia

WN Caribbean
...
WN Politics
LANGUAGE WN Languages SCIENCE AIDS
Astronomer
...
Middle East

RELATED SITES AirDisaster.Com BBC - Natural Disasters Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance Disasters.com site ... BOOKMARK THIS PAGE! MAKE THIS PAGE YOUR HOMEPAGE! WN TOOLBAR! Breaking News Tue, 20 Sep 2005
Disaster
Hurricane New Orleans Photos ... US CNN
Mayor halts return to New Orleans
Caribbean Cuba Hurricane ... US The Guardian Castro: Cuba Could Have Saved U.S. Victims Scoop Rice Urges UN Stand Up to Iran on Nuclear Weapons Iran Nuclear Photos ... US East African Standard Should genetically modified food be labelled? Food GM Kenya ... Headlines The Guardian George Bush's address on hurricane relief Good evening. I'm speaking to you from the city of New Orleans - nearly empty, still partly under water, and waiting for life and hope to return. Eastward from Lake Pontc... (photo: White House) Disaster New Orleans Photos USA ... Weather Mail Guardian South Africa Angolan families threatened with famine Africa Aid Economy ... Photos Hindustan Times Focus on expansion of Indo-US ties: PM to Indian-Americans Paying glowing tributes to the Indian-American community, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked it to focus its energies on expansion and further development of Indo-US tie... (photo: PIB)

92. The Earth Institute At Columbia University
“natural Disaster Hotspots A Global Risk Analysis,” that presents a globalview of disaster risks associated with some major natural hazards—drought,
http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/2005/story03-29-05.html

HOME
ABOUT US NEWS EVENTS ...
Themes

Earth Institute News posted 03/29/05 Contact: Mary Tobin, Columbia University
845-365-8607 or mtobin@ldeo.columbia.edu Contact: Richard Uku, The World Bank
202-473-3432 or ruku@worldbank.org Risk Analysis Reports Over Half of World’s Population Exposed to One or More Major Natural Hazards The report indicates that 3.4 billion people, more than half the world’s population, live in areas where at least one hazard could significantly impact them. Above: Three of eighteen disaster hotspots maps for Bangladesh. View more maps Image credit: The Center for Hazards and Risk Research New York, March 29, 2005—The World Bank has published a report entitled, “Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis,” that presents a global view of disaster risks associated with some major natural hazards—drought, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides. The report identifies high-risk geographic regions so that development efforts can be better informed and designed to reduce disaster-related losses in the future. The report was produced by researchers from Columbia University, the World Bank, the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and other partners. It indicates that 3.4 billion people, more than half the world’s population, live in areas where at least one hazard could significantly impact them. Other key findings include:

93. CBC News Indepth: Forces Of Nature
Some major Canadian natural disasters in the last 10 years. June 2005 An Assessment of natural Hazards and disasters in Canada
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/forcesofnature/
CBCCat = "Sports,News,Arts,Kids,Interactive"; Sports = "Hockey,Baseball,Football"; News = "Canada,World,SciTech,Local,Consumers,SpecialReports,Business"; Arts = "ArtsNews,Infoculture,Music,Books,ArtsFeatures"; Kids = "CBC4Kids,PreSchool,Teachers"; Interactive = "MessageBoards,Forums,Games,Media"; 09:59 PM EDT Sep 20
CBC is currently experiencing a labour disruption. INDEPTH: FORCES OF NATURE
Introduction
As a people, Canadians are obsessed with their natural surroundings and the natural events that affect their day-to-day lives. And it should come as no surprise: Canada spans an enormous landmass from sea to sea to sea, and has been moulded over time by an impressive array of weather and geological events, from rampaging tornadoes to searing forest fires and icy avalanches. Navigate the right-hand menu to find out more about the forces of nature affecting you. Some major Canadian natural disasters in the last 10 years: June 2005
Manitoba and Alberta see severe flooding. Costs and insurance estimates not yet known.

94. The Academy Of Natural Sciences :Education: School Programs: Online Registration
drought disastersthe extended lack of the water needed to support a region and its Because some elements of drought are natural and unavoidable,
http://www.acnatsci.org/education/kye/nr/kye3_15_2005web.htm
S E A R C H
Drought - The Silent Crisis
Part 1: Definitions and Causes
By Roland Wall
Science Writer, Environmental Associates
Droughts occur around the world, but in recent years they have been particularly relentless in Africa. Shown here are the results of a 1995 drought in the Sol-Dior region of Senegal. Photo: Ch. Errath, Courtesy FAO. I. Introduction
II. Types of Drought
III. The Hydrological Cycle
IV. Biological and Social
Demands For Water

V. Measuring Drought
VI. Conclusion
I. Introduction
Return to top II. Types of Drought Return to top NDMC ) defines drought as "a shortfall in precipitation that creates a shortage of water, whether it's for crops, utilities, municipal water supplies, recreation, wildlife, or other purposes."( Box 1: Perspectives on Drought There are many different ways of describing drought, depending on its causes and effects. Here are some of the most common terms:

95. World Natural Disaster
World natural Disaster provides latest Weather World News from the most MADRID, Spain — Spain is suffering its worst drought in more than half a century
http://archive.wn.com/2005/08/09/1400/worldnaturaldisaster/
Archived Page from Tuesday 09 August, 2005
Click here to read today's edition
Search the World News Network Any Language Afrikaans Czech Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Hausa Hungarian Indonesian Italian Malay Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Spanish Swahili Swedish Tagalog Turkish Advanced Search Science Wildlife Nuclear ...
Sitemap
REGIONAL WN Africa
WN Asia

WN Australia

WN Caribbean
...
WN Politics
LANGUAGE WN Languages SCIENCE AIDS
Astronomer
...
Middle East

RELATED SITES AirDisaster.Com BBC - Natural Disasters Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance Disasters.com site ... BOOKMARK THIS PAGE! MAKE THIS PAGE YOUR HOMEPAGE! WN TOOLBAR! Breaking News Tue, 9 Aug 2005
Asia
Food Photos Pyongyang ... UN Swissinfo English North Korea food shortage growing serious -WFP chief Agriculture Environment Photos ... Weather The State Spain suffers through punishing drought East African Standard Over 80,000 faced with hunger as food runs out Africa Aid Food ... Population The Observer This is not just another act of God - this is ingrained poverty It's a brave, or possibly ill-informed, man who attempts to sell lawnmowers in times of drought, yet there he is by the side of the road, standing proudly next to 15 such machines, each one looking as... (photo: USAID file) Africa Aid Nigeria Photos ... Headlines Scotsman Talks over tsunami alert system Disaster Indian Ocean ... Tsunami BBC News Hunger fears for Burmese children Aid Burma Human Rights ... UN Gulf Daily News Rains wreak havoc in south India BOMBAY: Rains which pummelled western India for a week have changed course and are now causing havoc in the southern state of Karnataka where 90 people have died and vast... (photo: PIB)

96. World Natural Disaster
World natural Disaster provides latest Weather World News from the most comprehensive Barges lighten load, hope for rain as drought lowers river l
http://archive.wn.com/2005/08/11/1400/worldnaturaldisaster/
Archived Page from Thursday 11 August, 2005
Click here to read today's edition
Search the World News Network Any Language Afrikaans Czech Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Hausa Hungarian Indonesian Italian Malay Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Spanish Swahili Swedish Tagalog Turkish Advanced Search Science Wildlife Nuclear ...
Sitemap
REGIONAL WN Africa
WN Asia

WN Australia

WN Caribbean
...
WN Politics
LANGUAGE WN Languages SCIENCE AIDS
Astronomer
...
Middle East

RELATED SITES AirDisaster.Com BBC - Natural Disasters Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance Disasters.com site ... BOOKMARK THIS PAGE! MAKE THIS PAGE YOUR HOMEPAGE! WN TOOLBAR! Breaking News Thu, 11 Aug 2005
Economy
Finance India Mumbai ... Photos Hindustan Times Who's to blame as Mumbai weeps? Africa Mozambique Niger ... UN Swissinfo English Southern Africa fears famine, U.N. lacks funds The Times Starvation threatens millions as aid to North Korea dries up Aid Asia N Korea ... Seoul IRINnews Africa UGANDA-SUDAN: Garang death could affect refugee repatriation plans - aid workers Africa Photos Refugee ... Headlines The State Spain suffers through punishing drought Agriculture Environment Photos ... Weather China Daily Typhoon-hit areas picking up pieces China Nature Photos ... Weather Bahrain Tribune Bombay demands money to revamp drainage New Delhi: India’s rain-ravaged financial capital Bombay yesterday asked for 20 billion rupees ($460 million) from the Central Indian government to renovate its century-o... (photo: PIB Photo)

97. Law & Society Review: Fate, Responsibility, And "natural" Disaster Relief: Narra
Full text of the article, Fate, responsibility, and natural disaster relief Today, Hoover s stand against drought and unemployment relief is
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_199901/ai_n8833546
@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home
Advanced Search

IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles var if_Site_ID = "looksmart"; var if_sid="9"; var if_protocol=window.location.protocol; var if_tag = ""; var mep1="&pagename=art_articleqa3757_199901_n8833546_Fate_responsibility_and_"_natural"disaster_reliefNarrating_the_American_welfare_state&cmcat=magid_qa3757_1&domain=www_findarticles_com&article=n8833546&pub=qa3757&source=proquest"; document.write(if_tag);
Content provided in partnership with
10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for
ASA News
ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Fate, responsibility, and "natural" disaster relief: Narrating the American welfare state by Landis, Michele L
Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it.

98. Information Technology And Natural Disaster Management In India
Information Technology and natural Disaster Management in India. Long termdrought proofing programmes on the natural resources of the district have
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2000/ts8/hami0001pf.htm
Information Technology and Natural Disaster Management in India
Dr. Alok Gupta

Research Associate
National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM)
Indian Institute of Public Administration
I.P. Estate, Ring Road, New Delhi-110002 ( INDIA)
Tel.: 91-11-3317309, 3716509, FAX: 91-11- 3358629, 3319954,
E-mail: alokncdm@usa.net
Keywords
GIS, Remote Sensing, Warning and Forecasting, Financial and Administrative Arrangements.
Abstract 1. Introduction It is a well known fact that natural disasters strikes countries, both developed and developing, causing enormous destruction and creating human sufferings and producing negative impacts on national economies. Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, volcanoes, etc. strikes according to the vulnerability of the area. India is considered as the world's most disaster prone country. It has witnessed devastating natural disasters in recent past like droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, etc. 2. Natural Disasters in India

99. American Red Cross
In some communities where drought conditions exist, officials may recommend For general disaster preparedness information, please see our Be Prepared
http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_501_,00.html
For News, Safety Tips and Disaster Updates Blackouts Chemical Emergencies Drought Earthquakes ... Winter Storms Find Your Local
Red Cross Enter Zip Code Here:
Or Browse Through

A List of Chapters!
Circle of Humanitarians Look Who's Helping ... Disaster Services Blackouts

Usually, rolling blackouts occur when power usage increases, especially during hot weather when many people are using air conditioning to keep cool. Power companies try to give a warning when they will turn off power to an area, but they can not always do that.
more
Chemical Emergencies
Under certain conditions, chemicals can be poisonous or have a harmful effect on your health. Some chemicals which are safe, and even helpful in small amounts, can be harmful in larger quantities or under certain conditions.
more
Drought
In some communities where drought conditions exist, officials may recommend measures to restrict use of water. You should check with your local authorities or water utility for information on water restrictions.
more
Earthquakes
Prepare a home earthquake plan. Choose a safe place in every roomunder a sturdy table or desk or against an inside wall where nothing can fall on you.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  

Page 5     81-99 of 99    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5 

free hit counter