41. Orchid - Businesses By assembling a collection of these variable sites, a unique pattern of variation, In the UK, where the use of dna evidence for criminal justice is most http://www.orchid.com/forensic_dna_20th_anniversary.asp

20 Years of Transforming Criminal Justice with DNA In March 1985, British scientist Alec Jeffreys published a paper in Nature first describing the concept of a DNA “fingerprint” – the idea that the variation in DNA sequence from person to person could be used as a unique identifier similar to traditional, physical fingerprints. This paper heralded a major innovation—the use of DNA as a forensic tool. Over the past 20 years, this innovation has revolutionized criminal justice, and its potential power and utility are still being discovered. Dr. Jeffreys’ innovation two decades ago was based on a growing body of DNA data showing that while the type and organization of genes found in each individual were the same, the DNA sequence at specific sites varied from person to person (except for identical twins, who are thought to share exact copies of each other’s DNA). These variations are inherited in the same manner as genes that govern visible traits such as eye color or hair color and can be “visualized” using the latest advances in molecular biology. By assembling a collection of these variable sites, a unique pattern of variation, or genetic profile, can be determined for every person. In addition, because these patterns of variation are passed down to offspring, they can be used to determine familial and genealogical relationships using known principles of genetic inheritance. For example, individuals who were closely related to one another or whose ancestors come from similar backgrounds would have less variation in these genetic signatures, and unrelated individuals would have more variation. These relationships can be determined by DNA analysis in a systematic and quantifiable way. Although the basic concepts follow the rules of genetic inheritance that had been discovered in the 19th century, the application of 20th century technology made DNA fingerprint analysis a powerful tool for establishing identity, paternity and other familial relationships.

42. Transdisciplinary Seminars On Law, Probability And Risk Criminal criminal investigation Evidence Evaluation I. 7th9th May 2004 Is theevidential value of a dna match when a suspect is identified through database http://www.cfslr.ed.ac.uk/lprseminars/7mayabstracts.htm

Transdisciplinary Seminars on Law, Probability and Risk 7th-9th May 2004 ABSTRACTS Ivo Alberink Validation of the operating procedure for the taking of ear prints The Netherlands Forensic Institute is a participant in the EU project on Forensic Ear Identification, FearID . For this project, a large data set of ear prints is being collected from donors from several countries. For this collection, it is important that samples are representative and that the investigator, or operator, who is giving instructions and dusting the prints, has little or no “personal” effect on the resulting ear prints. We tested reproducibility and repeatability aspects of the standard operating procedure for the collection of the prints. I will talk about an experiment that we did using different operators taking several ear prints from several donors in order to do this analysis. David BERNSTEIN Expert Testimomy on Credibility: General Rule The full paper can be downloaded from here Annabel Bolck Drugs Sampling When a large consignment with possible illegal units is found, often samples are drawn to determine whether indeed the consignment contains illegal units. In many cases simple rules are used to determine the sample size. These rules include the 10% rule (take 10% of the total consignment) and the square root rule (take as many samples as the square root of the total number of units in the consignment). These rules have no statistical foundation and make it hard to explain in court why exactly that number of samples is analysed. Sample sizes based on statistical methods, however, can provide a more scientific basis for the evidence presented in court.

43. Crime Scene Investigation Books And Articles - Research Crime 2) If whose dna also would match the crime scene dna according to the Case Assignment and the Management of criminal investigation A Research Note, http://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/crime-scene-investigat

44. ParaPolitics Forum - Mark Of The Beast - Mandatory MicroChips - Measure Proposes computer spits out a match between dna from a crime scene and a criminal. PROPOSITION 69 The dna Samples, collection, Database, Funding Initiative http://www.parapolitics.info/phorum/read.php?f=30&i=108&t=108

45. Slashdot | Military DNA Registry Used In Criminal Case dna more and more, they stop performing thorough criminal investigations. Step 1 dna matching to try to find perpetrators of murders, rapes, etc. http://science.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/07/18/1456206

46. So, You Want To Be A Forensic Scientist fingerprinting and dna collection to blood spatter pattern analysis (only a Forensic Odontology – the analysis of teeth and bite marks in a criminal http://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensic_science.htm

So, you want to be a forensic scientist? Forensic science is the application of science to law. Any science can be applied into a legal situation, but some of the commonest forensic sciences include forensic biology, forensic chemistry, and forensic toxicology. In order to be a forensic scientist you must first be a scientist. You must have a strong grounding in the science you are interested in, before you can apply that science into a legal setting and become a forensic scientist. Although on television we see supposed ‘forensic scientists’ doing a multitude of jobs from crime scene analysis to shooting the bad guy, forensic science in real life is quite different. There are several career option s in the general area of forensic science. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATORS to blood spatter pattern analysis (only a select few). The Ident team handles the crime scenes and is not responsible for other aspects of the investigation. Their duty is to the scene and the analysis of some of the evidence. Other police officers are involved in such things as interviewing suspects and following up leads. The Ident team will correctly collect the evidence, and submit it to the forensic scientists at the lab, who will then perform the analyses and submit reports to the Investigating Officers. The Ident officer however, is responsible for the actual individualization of fingerprints and the analysis of blood spatter pattern. Quality control is extremely important in Ident so NO mistakes are allowed. If an Ident officer makes an incorrect individualization of a fingerprint and wrongly identifies a person, then they are immediately removed from the Ident section. This can occur from their first training exercise to the last print they individualize before they retire. If they make a mistake, they are out of the section. Therefore, every Ident specialist can state in court, that they have NEVER mis-identified anyone.

47. National Review Online (http://www.nationalreview.com) Indeed, the case for fingerprint/dna collection is stronger than the case for and dna are immutable, and thus very useful for criminal investigations. http://www.nationalreview.com/script/printpage.p?ref=/kopel/kopel102302.asp

48. The PLEA: CSI criminal investigations usually begin when someone reports something to the police While a matching dna result may point to guilt, there may be another http://www.plea.org/yas/theplea/v23n2/v23n2PrinterFriendly.htm

crime scene investigation check it out! elements of a crime evidence of a crime ... the investigation of a crime the PLEA volume 23, number 2 body, crime, suspect: word search DNA evidence word search answers ... activity crime scene investigation Our criminal justice system provides many safeguards to help ensure that innocent people are not convicted of committing a crime. One cornerstone of our criminal justice system is the presumption of innocence - an accused person is presumed innocent unless and until the prosecution proves their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt , or they plead guilty. Arriving at a verdict that is beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean that a judge or a jury must be 100% sure that the accused person is guilty. It means that there is no logical or rational reason to doubt the accused person's guilt after considering all evidence presented by both sides. Scientific and technological advances have provided invaluable resources to law enforcement personnel involved in criminal investigations as they look for clues and gather evidence to meet this burden. In this issue of

49. Ventura County Star: State Elections 2 will decide whether to greatly expand the collection of dna samples, not only from spits out a match between dna from a crime scene and a criminal. http://www.venturacountystar.com/vcs/el_state/article/0,1375,VCS_16556_3189604,0

The Ventura County Star Network: Autos Real Estate Classifieds Jobs ... Forums RELATED STORIES Major contributors to the Proposition 69 campaign Highlights of Proposition 69 PRINT THIS STORY E-MAIL THIS STORY DNA ballot initiative brings promise, abuse fears By Don Thompson, Associated Press writer September 19, 2004 RICHMOND (AP) Buried in a nondescript office park in this East Bay suburb of San Francisco lies the high-tech future of law enforcement. It's a future full of promise for catching more criminals and, civil libertarians fear, full of potential for Big Brother-like abuse. Californians this Nov. 2 will decide whether to greatly expand the collection of DNA samples, not only from convicted criminals but from anyone arrested for an alleged felony starting in 2009. Those who are never charged or are eventually found innocent would have to petition a judge to have their genetic fingerprints removed from the statewide database. Juveniles would be added to the database for any felony conviction, and their DNA would stay on record even if their file is sealed after they turn 18. Unlike some other states, California would retain the raw samples indefinitely, though the initiative would bar investigators from using the intricate life codes for any purpose other than matching criminal to crime.

50. CNW Group Legislation Governing dna collection Federal legislation governs the collectionand storage of dna as part of criminal investigations. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2005/01/c1216.html

HOME SITE MAP ABOUT CNW CONTACT US ... LOGIN September 20, 2005 QUICK SEARCH BY ORGANIZATION OTHER SEARCH OPTIONS HOT TOPICS Company Earnings Katrina Aftermath News Releases Webcasts ... Send a News Release TOOLS FOR: Media Investors RESOURCES: Free Educational Forums Partner Associations Stock Exchange Directory Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada TELL A FRIEND PRINTER FRIENDLY SUBSCRIBE TO PORTFOLIO E-MAIL Attention News Editors: Federal-Provincial-Territorial Ministers Launch Consultations on DNA Missing Persons Index http://www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca/publications/policing/mpi/index_e.asp www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca . Written submissions are requested by June 30, 2005. For further information: Alex Swann, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, (613) 991-2863; Denise Rudnicki, Office of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, (613) 992-4621 PUBLIC SAFETY AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CANADA - More on this organization News Releases Photo Archive TELL A FRIEND PRINTER FRIENDLY SUBSCRIBE TO PORTFOLIO E-MAIL CONTACT US ... SITE MAP

51. MySA.com: Public Safety Occasionally such specialists can identify bones without turning to dna. the dna is tested at the Bexar County criminal investigation Laboratory. http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/crime/stories/MYSA071705.1A.identifying_bones.2

newsletters rss myspecials direct Make Us Your Home Page Archives Celebrations Crimebase Newspaper Ads News Wires Obituaries Slideshows Stories Video Headlines Yellow Pages MAIN SECTIONS Home News Columnists Local/State News ... News Feeds MULTIMEDIA KENS 5 Video PixShare Slide Shows Web Cams OPINION Editorials / Op Ed E-N Columnists SPECIAL SECTIONS Katrina Coverage Gardening Blogs Special Reports ... Great Day S.A. DIVERSIONS Horoscope UPick'Em SPECIAL INTEREST Lottery Celebrations Crimebase Legal Resources ... E-cards MARKETPLACE Classifieds Yellow Pages Newspaper Ads Video Ads ... Great Day S.A. Store ABOUT US Express-News KENS 5 MySanAntonio.com Corrections Painstaking work with human remains can lead to IDs Web Posted: 07/17/2005 12:00 AM CDT Michelle Koidin Jaffee Express-News Staff Writer David Senn sweet-talked the skull. Web extras Interactive: Identifying John or Jane Doe "C'mon," he purred. "Tell me something. Tell me something that will help me." As mysteries go, a found human skull is haunting if not uncommon. Nationwide, there are 30,000 to 40,000 sets of unidentified skeletal remains, a community of the dead whose population, roughly that of New Braunfels, grew this month when FBI agents unearthed a skeleton on the South Side. Who were these people? How many are among the more than 100,000 children and adults who have been reported missing nationwide? Can enough clues be coaxed from their bones, or will they remain year after year in a cardboard box in a medical examiner's storage room?

52. Criminal Justice Crime Clues Art and Science of criminal investigation can be cross-referencedto find a match in the system. dna Evidence It s in Your Genes http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/aj/Forensics_Info_Page.htm

Home Why Study ADJU? Courses Certificate Requirements ... Online Education Gang Info Page Forensics Info Student Access Applying to MJC Forensics Information Page American Academy of Forensic Sciences http://www.aafs.org The American Academy of Forensic Sciences is a professional society dedicated to the application of science to the law. American Board of Criminalistics http://www.criminalistics.com/ The American Board of Criminalistics provides a peer-developed and peer-reviewed certification program, based on assessment of competency using written examinations and proficiency testing. American College of Forensic Examiners International http://www.acfei.com American College of Forensic Examiners ACFEI is an educational body that provides advanced training to its members. Basics of DNA Fingerprinting http://www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html

53. Board Of Supervisors: Legislative Analyst Report - Assessment San Francisco's DN investigation of dna evidence falls into two primary categories homicide Advances in dna typing techniques now offer the possibility of matching these http://www.sfgov.org/site/bdsupvrs_page.asp?id=17064

54. Report Of The Working Group On The Prevention Of Miscarriages Of Justice - Evalu 487.05 of the criminal Code, authorizing the collection of a bodily substance make the National dna Data Bank an even more effective investigative tool. http://canada.justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/hop/p8.html

Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page 8. DNA EVIDENCE Introduction Canadian Commissions of Inquiry MacFarlane Paper Creation of the National DNA Databank ... Summary of Recommendations FPT HEADS OF PROSECUTIONS COMMITTEE REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON THE PREVENTION OF MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICE 8. DNA EVIDENCE I. INTRODUCTION DNA evidence constitutes circumstantial evidence used to identify the perpetrator of a serious crime by comparing the DNA profile of a suspect with the DNA profile of a bodily substance found at the crime scene or on or in something associated with the crime. It can provide compelling evidence linking a suspect to the crime. It is not in itself proof of guilt. The development of DNA technology has helped to further the search for truth by assisting police and prosecutors in the fight against crime. Aided by use of DNA evidence, prosecutors are often able to establish the guilt of an accused person. At the same time, DNA has been instrumental in assisting in the search for truth by exonerating the innocent. In Canada, the wrongful conviction cases of David Milgaard and Guy Paul Morin provide powerful examples of how DNA evidence can be used to exonerate innocent people. DNA has also exonerated other people in Canada and in other countries who have been convicted of serious offences. The Innocence Project in New York has reported 143 such DNA exonerations to date, including several for people on death row. II. CANADIAN COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY

55. FindLaw For Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal And State Resources, Forms, The purpose of the dna Act is to assist in criminal investigations, suspicion prior to collecting a felon s dna because any matching dna from a crime http://caselaw.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=ar&vol=supreme/2005a/2005012

56. Catching Criminals With DNA Technology dna matching is proving to be one of the most potent weapons in our law enforcement The databank may be accessed only for criminal investigations, http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/governorlocke/protect/dna.htm

@import url("../css/index.css"); Powered by Ask George TM Contact us A 1997 MURDER IN KING COUNTY IS SOLVED when evidence from the scene matches the DNA of a sex offender convicted in 1986. A 1993 rape in Arizona is solved when evidence matches the DNA of a man convicted of assault in Washington in 1995. DNA from a Tacoma rape matches DNA from a rape in Phoenix, and both samples match the DNA of a felon convicted in Arizona. Evidence from a rape in Spokane matches to a felon convicted of robbery last year. These and other cases could not be solved using traditional investigative methods. But they have been solved in the past year, using new technology to match evidence samples from unsolved cases against DNA databanks maintained by the State Patrol Crime Laboratory and the FBI. Increasing the Reach of DNA Technology Governor Gary Locke Only violent and sex offenders must now provide DNA samples to the Crime Lab. The Governor's 2002 legislation requires additional samples from adults and juveniles convicted of any felony, plus misdemeanor stalking, harassment or communicating with a minor for immoral purposes. Correctional staff will obtain saliva swabs, instead of the blood samples now required at much higher cost. The Crime Lab will store the samples and contract to enter them into the databank as federal funding becomes available. The databank may be accessed only for criminal investigations, identifying bodies, and finding missing persons. A Powerful Weapon Against Crime

57. Forensic Sciences criminal investigation, Forensic Dentistry, Medical Examiners Background onmatching dna, creating profiles and more. See also the section on dna in the http://www.library.vcu.edu/guides/forensics.html

Quick Links E-Books E-Journals RefWorks CINAHL ERIC Factiva InfoTrac OneFile LexisNexis MEDLINE/PubMed PsycInfo Web of Science Blackboard Check your E-mail Course Reserves Explore the Web Research Guides Sitemap Forensic Sciences Books Books In the Libraries Online books Journals VCU journals Online journal collections Journal abbreviations Research Databases Selected databases Forensic Entomology Other Forensic Areas University departments VCU Research Guides Biological Sciences Criminal Justice Genetics Services My Library Create your own page of research links My Library Record Check your VCU Libraries record; renew materials ILLiad - getting items from other places - Library Catalog Search the Library Catalog to determine what books, journals and audiovisual materials the Libraries own and where they are located. Search by author or title when you have this information. When you are looking for books on a topic do a keyword anywhere search first.

58. CrimTrac - Fingerprints element in the criminal investigation process, whether the data is collected at a If NAFIS found a match , a fingerprint expert then verified the http://www.crimtrac.gov.au/fingerprints.htm

Key Dates in the History of Fingerprinting Fingerprint Analysis - The Basics The use of fingerprint data is a critical element in the criminal investigation process, whether the data is collected at a crime scene or from a suspect or from a convicted offender. In 1986 Australia led the world by establishing the first National Automated Fingerprint Identification System, known as NAFIS. Fifteen years later, that system had run out of capacity, and had been eclipsed by new technologies used by police services in Europe, the United States and New Zealand. CrimTrac's new NAFIS takes Australia's fingerprint technology into the twenty-first century. What happened previously? When police took a suspect's fingerprints, they used the same technology that their counterparts did at the start of the twentieth century - printer's ink, a roller and a slab. This process was time-consuming and could result in poor data quality, particularly if the person concerned was unwilling to cooperate with the police officer taking the prints. Having taken a charged person's fingerprints, police sent the fingerprint card to their Fingerprint Bureau. The prints were then scanned into the old NAFIS computer and searched against the 2.4 million records on the national database. If NAFIS found a 'match', a fingerprint expert then verified the identification. The relevant police officer was then notified of the match, along with the courts, where relevant.

59. DNA Diagnostics - Articles From Newsletters These dna profiles have revolutionized criminal investigations and have become A match is made when similar dna profiles are observed between an http://www.dnadiagnosticsinc.com/ArticlesFromNewsletters.html

Articles from Newsletters DC Bar Criminal Law and Individual Rights Section's Fall 2001 Newsletter Fairfax Bar Journal ... DNA Typing Evidence in Forensic Casework DC Bar Criminal Law and Individual Rights Section's Fall 2001 Newsletter The Power of DNA Typing Evidence By J. Thomas McClintock A strand of hair, a drop of blood, a trace of saliva on a bottle, semen isolated from a rape victim. These bits of evidence from a crime scene can influence criminal investigations as well as the outcome of a trial. Instead of relying on fingerprints from a crime scene to identify suspects, law enforcement officers are learning to collect evidence that may contain DNA to identify individuals with virtual certainty. Violent crimes and sexual abuse cases that once might have gone unsolved due to insufficient evidence are now being solved based on the collection and analysis of such biological material. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic molecule of life that is imparted to us by our parents. It provides the genetic makeup that dictates the specific arrangement of building blocks that determines a person's individual characteristics. Because the order of these building blocks, or nucleotides, varies from person to person, scientists can compare DNA patterns or profiles from individuals and either link or eliminate a suspect to the evidence, in a manner similar to the use of fingerprints. Thus, DNA profiles have become powerful tools in the identification of individuals in criminal and paternity cases.

60. Federal Bureau Of Investigation - Press Room - Congressional Testimony CODIS includes a Missing Person Index which can match the dna profiles of nucleardna Second, ensure that dna samples are collected from all eligible http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/dwight061201.htm

Congressional Testimony Testimony of Dwight E. Adams, Deputy Assistant Director, Laboratory Division, FBI Before the House Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations June 12, 2001 "The FBI's DNA Program" Attachment A Mr. Chairman, members of the Subcommittee, I would like to thank the members of the Subcommittee for inviting the FBI to provide an update on our activities relating to forensic DNA analysis specifically with respect to the Combined DNA Index System or CODIS, our National DNA database and our efforts to provide this technology and assistance to state and local forensic laboratories. The DNA Identification Act of 1994 [contained within the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 and hereinafter referred to as "DNA Act"] provided the statutory authority for creation of the National DNA Index System (NDIS) and specified the type of data that could be included in this national index. Only the following types of DNA data may be stored in the national index administered by the FBI Director:

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