41. SJDC Disabilities Webpage The University of the district of columbia School of Law Juvenile Law Clinic special needs of Youth in the Juvenile Justice System Implications for http://www.childwelfare.net/SJDC/disabilities.htm

SOUTHERN JUVENILE DEFENDER CENTER Ensuring excellence in juvenile defense and promoting justice for all children. Search: Home About Research Publications ... South Carolina Effective Advocacy for Youth with Disabilities Involved with the Juvenile Justice System Procedure for Receipt of Special Education Services Definitions related to Special Education and Due Process: Items That Should Be Discussed at the IEP Meeting: Guidance for Attorneys of Disabled Youth ... Links PROCEDURE FOR RECEIPT OF SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES: By: Megan Ingle 1. IDENTIFICATION: A child may be identified as having special needs at any time during his/her educational experience. 2. REFERRAL: Often the student will be referred to Special Education by a teacher, but the referral can also come from a parent. 3. EVALUATION An initial evaluation should include testing by a psychologist and a written full report of the testing results. The reports should include information from teachers, speech and language pathologists. Performance of vision and hearing screenings is often required prior to testing. 4. ELIGIBILITY

42. IMLS: A Closer Look: Highlights Of The Month: Archives Libraries Breaking Down Barriers for special needs Patrons Awards made tofifty states, the district of columbia, and the US Territories according to a http://www.imls.gov/closer/archive/hlt_l0301.htm

Highlight for March 2001 Printer Friendly Version Libraries Breaking Down Barriers for Special Needs Patrons The life-size "Kids on the Block" puppets come with personal stories that are used to teach children about disabilities. From left to right: On the table: Eddy Franklin, Joanne Spinoza, and David Franklin (autism). On the floor: Nicholas Murphy (hemophilia) and Renaldo Rodriguez (visually impaired). Data collected by the U.S. Bureau of the Census suggest that as many as 20 percent of the American population live with some level of disability and as many as 10 percent have a severe disability. These Americans rely on libraries to provide a range of materials and services to help them meet their information needs. Traditional offerings such as adaptive technology, large print books, books on tape, and books-by-mail are a staple at many libraries. Other libraries have thoughtful programs to help the disabled and the mentally handicapped overcome more basic challenges of self-esteem and integration into everyday society. Legislative Underpinnings The Library Services and Technology Act is part of the Museum and Library Services Act of 1996 , the founding legislation for the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

43. Educational Advocacy For Youth With Disabilities IDEA mandates that the special education needs of all youth be met, The JuvenileLaw Clinic at the district of columbia Law School runs an education http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/walls/sect-03.html

var strIP = '67.18.104.18'; Educational Advocacy for Youth With Disabilities The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) mandates that States provide a free and appropriate public education for all students with disabilities if the State receives Federal support for educating students with disabilities. IDEA gives enforcement authority not only to the Federal and State Departments of Education, but also to individuals. Therefore, if a parent, youth advocate, or department of education worker finds that a detained or confined youth is not receiving adequate educational services, IDEA can be used to secure appropriate education for this youth. Previous studies emanating from litigation and professional literature in this area document the inadequate educational services received by youth in custody. IDEA serves as an ideal tool to access educational services for youth with disabilities because it requires public schools and State-operated programs, such as juvenile correctional facilities, to provide each eligible child with adequate special education and related services. The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Although nearly all States have compulsory education laws and provide educational services through local school districts, Congress recognized the special needs of students with disabilities when it passed IDEA in 1975. IDEA mandates that all eligible students receive a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive setting possible.

44. Quality Counts 2004: Disparately Disabled The measure, in fact, requires schools to break out their test scores and Yet that risk is more than three times as high in the district of columbia. http://counts.edweek.org/sreports/qc04/article.cfm?slug=17ovrvw-s1.h23

45. Lombard Elementary School District 44 schools in district Senior Links special needs Info. He knows everyspecial education child served by district 44 as well as his/her strengths and http://myschoolonline.com/page/0,1871,16836-27213-21-59257,00.html

Home Page Schools Calendar 05-06 1 Pg. Calendar ... May 2004 April, 2004 March, 2004 February, 2004 January, 2004 December, 2003 ... Nominate this site for the Showcase Lombard Elementary School District 44 April, 2004 Listing of Releases DISTRICT NAMES FOUR KATHY BENARD FRIEND OF EDUCATION AWARD WINNERS DISTRICT 44 RECEIVES SECOND INTERNATIONAL AWARD BABY MASSAGE CLASS DISTRICT NAMES FOUR KATHY BENARD FRIEND OF EDUCATION AWARD WINNERS Lombard, IL -April 24, 2004 In 1997, the District 44 Board of Education established an annual "Kathy Benard Friend of Education Award." The purpose of this award is to recognize an individual or group who has contributed significantly to the advancement of the district's educational program. This year, five individuals have been selected to receive the award. They are: Assistant Superintendent for Special Services Ed Korte, Pleasant Lane Principal Roy Kauzlarich, Manor Hill School Learning Center Assistant Mary Jo Johnson, and the "Stand Up For Children" Referendum Co-Chairs Rich Heim and Brenda Gannon. Ed Korte has dedicated his life to individuals with disabilities for 32 years. He began as a school psychologist and currently holds the position of Assistant Superintendent of Special Services. Ed is known for his ability to be compassionate when dealing with parents of special needs children yet able to present information to them in a clear and understandable manner. Ed keeps abreast of the new special education adoptions and knows how to modify current programs so that they enhance the education of our special education students.

46. Graduate School Of Education And Human Development, George Washington University You are here About GSEHD special Projects Virginia www.acps.k12.va.us/.district of columbia Public schools Washington, DC http://gsehd.gwu.edu/gsehd/Special Projects

You are here: About GSEHD Special Projects Special Projects Capital Educators Leadership Through Collaboration A Holmes Regional Partnership in the Washington, D.C. Area Partners Mission High Quality Professional Preparation Simultaneous Renewal ... Additional Enrichment/Research Opportunities for GSEHD Students THE CAPITAL EDUCATORS Partners The George Washington University Graduate School of Education partners with the following school districts and organizations to form the Capital Educators Collaborative: Alexandria City Public Schools Virginia www.acps.k12.va.us/ District of Columbia Public Schools Washington, D.C. www.k12.dc.us/dcps/home.html Fairfax County Public Schools Virginia www.fcps.k12.va.us/ National Board for Professional Teaching Standards www.nbpts.org/ The National Education Association www.nea.org/ www.pgcps.pg.k12.md.us/ Mission High Quality Professional Preparation Simultaneous Renewal Education reform is at the heart of the work of the Capital Educators. Efforts to improve student outcomes through professional development activities are underway in several school settings including Riverside Professional Academic Center, Urban Initiative at Cardozo Senior High School, and the Marshall Road Center, Fairfax, Va. In collaboration with the Fairfax County Virginia Public Schools, the National Education Association, the Fairfax Education Association, and the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, the Graduate School of Education and Human Development is engaged in an education reform project at the Riverside Professional Academic Center.

47. American School Board Journal: December 2000 School Law columbia 93 School district threatens to weaken IDEA s authorization of higher to meet the needs and maximize the capabilities of disabled students. http://www.asbj.com/2000/12/1200schoollaw.html

December 2000: Cover Story ERIC Express Lines Adviser Word of Mouth ... Links to Advertisers How Far Should an IEP Go? The case of an autistic boy raises questions about IDEA standards By Benjamin Dowling-Sendor In the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Congress required states receiving federal aid for special education to provide disabled students with a "free appropriate public education." Under the act, the standard of providing such services operates only as a floor as the minimum required quality of special education though IDEA permits state legislatures to set higher goals for their special education programs. If a state legislature sets a higher standard, then the state's schools must meet that standard in order to receive federal special education funds. However, a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in a case from Columbia, Mo. Gill v. Columbia 93 School District

48. TheWBALChannel.com - News - Educators Introduce New Plans In Special Ed. Battle Educators Introduce New Plans In special Ed. Battle is an independentTransportation Administrator for the district of columbia Public schools. http://www.thewbalchannel.com/news/4825051/detail.html

Search Local News 11 Investigates Home Local News ... News Related To Story Vote: Who Should Run Baltimore's Special Ed? Video: State Wants Special Ed Team Video: Teachers, Students Call For More Funding Video: Baltimore Educators Hire Consultants For Special Ed Educators Introduce New Plans In Special Ed. Battle State Wants Control, City Wants Consultants POSTED: 6:41 pm EDT August 8, 2005 UPDATED: 7:49 pm EDT August 8, 2005 Email This Story Print This Story BALTIMORE Baltimore's school system recently hired two high-powered consultants in an effort to win the battle for control over its own special education program. Baltimore City District Court Judge Marvin Garbis held a hearing Monday over the ongoing struggle between city and state educators over Baltimore's special education. The two entities are co-defendants in a 21-year-old class action lawsuit, in which lawyers for disabled students allege that the city schools failed to give them appropriate services and to accurately diagnose disabilities. WBAL-TV 11 News education reporter Tim Tooten reported the judge called the situation "a crisis" even before learning of the new consultants.

49. TheWBALChannel.com - Education - Educators Introduce New Plans In Special Ed. Ba But city school officials have their own, cheaper plan for special education . Transportation Administrator for the district of columbia Public schools. http://www.thewbalchannel.com/education/4825051/detail.html

Search Home Local News National News 11 Insta-Weather ... Education Related To Story Vote: Who Should Run Baltimore's Special Ed? Video: State Wants Special Ed Team Video: Teachers, Students Call For More Funding Video: Baltimore Educators Hire Consultants For Special Ed Educators Introduce New Plans In Special Ed. Battle State Wants Control, City Wants Consultants POSTED: 6:41 pm EDT August 8, 2005 UPDATED: 7:49 pm EDT August 8, 2005 Email This Story Print This Story BALTIMORE Baltimore's school system recently hired two high-powered consultants in an effort to win the battle for control over its own special education program. Baltimore City District Court Judge Marvin Garbis held a hearing Monday over the ongoing struggle between city and state educators over Baltimore's special education. The two entities are co-defendants in a 21-year-old class action lawsuit, in which lawyers for disabled students allege that the city schools failed to give them appropriate services and to accurately diagnose disabilities. WBAL-TV 11 News education reporter Tim Tooten reported the judge called the situation "a crisis" even before learning of the new consultants.

50. Trends & Issues, School Choice - Special Education Children with special needs and School Choice Five Stories. Author Harris, Sandra Geographic Source US; district of columbia http://cepm.uoregon.edu/trends_issues/choice/selected_abstracts/special.html

Clearinghouse on Educational Policy and Management "Search Help" Note that this is a web site search and will not search our databases ("Directory of Organizations", "In-Process Abstracts", the ERIC Database , "Publications"). Trends and Issues: School Choice Abstracts Discussion Links References ... Resources Special Education Journal Articles Determining Charter Schools' Responsibilities for Children with Disabilities: A Guide through the Legal Labyrinth. Author: Mead, Julie F. Availability: Web site: http://www.ehponline.org Journal Citation: Publication Date: ISSN: Language: English Document Type: Journal articles (080); Legal/Legislative/Regulatory materials (090) Journal Announcement: Abstract: Reviews legal issues pertaining to charter schools' responsibilities for children with disabilities. Examines Section 504, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Discusses what special issues attach when charter schools seek to serve only or predominately children with disabilities. Explores implications of special-education law for charter-school authorizers. (Contains 114 references.) (Author/PKP) Descriptors: *Charter Schools; *Children; Contracts; *Disabilities; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Legislation; School Districts; *School Law; *Special Education; *State Legislation

51. 2004 Washington Metropolitan Area Grants district of columbia. Maryland – Montgomery and Prince George’s Counties Toward assistance for economically disadvantaged special needs children and http://www.gannettfoundation.org/GRANT LISTS/2004dcgrants.htm

Home Back DC Metro Guidelines 2004 Grants Report Washington Metropolitan Area District of Columbia Maryland Montgomery and Prince George’s Counties Virginia - Alexandria, Falls Church, and counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Prince William, and Loudoun Amount Organization / location/ grant description Program Area Alexandria Neighborhood Health Services Alexandria , VA Support for 200 hours of Child/Family Therapist time working with mothers to give them effective parenting tools and to reduce family crisis through counseling. Also helps children resolve conflicts through developmental groups. Arlington Partnership for Children Families and Youth - Arlington, VA To fund the family community outreach program for Carlin Springs Elementary connecting families with needed information and services. ARLINGTONIANS MINISTERING TO EMERGENCY NEEDS INC - Arlington, VA Funding to purchase a new or used truck to support the Furniture Bank of Arlington providing household furnishing to needy families and residents leaving shelters. Improvement /repairs Beacon House Community Ministry Inc.

52. EJF05fn special Education Learning disabled, Mentally Handicapped, MEI operatesschools in 8 states and the district of columbia, as well as Qatar. http://www.cpp.umich.edu/events/fairsevents/edfair/EJF05fn.html

Participating Schools A - E Participating Schools F - N Participating School O - Z This information was supplied by the school district. If information is missing, please check back. We are expecting detailed information from each participating school. The list is updated weekly and is subject to change based on individual school's hiring needs. Take a tip from employers: Research is the key to successful interviewing. Visit the websites of Fair schools to learn more about their district, community, etc... Participating Schools (F-N) Falcon School District The Falcon School District is in suburban Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is the fastest growing school district in the state with an average 12% growth annually for the last decade. There are 10,000 students in the district in 2 high schools, 3 middle schools, and 8 elementary schools. Elementary Early Childhood/Pre-K, English as Second Language, Reading Secondary Business, English, English as a Second Language, Spanish, Mathematics, Reading, Biology, Earth Science, General Science, Computer Science, French

53. Washington DC City Pages: Education : Organizations Adopt a Rural School Library Education is the key to individual achievement of the district of columbia, and have a child with special education needs, http://dcpages.com/Education/Organizations/

Memorial Day Local Events Message Boards Photo Gallery ... Education > Organizations Visitors Online: 203 These non-profit organizations are committed to working with the community to advance and preserve education in the Washington DC Metropolitan area. All titles are listed in alphabetical order. Search Washington DC Change Category All of DC Pages Just This Category - click here - [ Home ] Arts Autos Business Chat Classifieds Community Computing DC Today Dining Discussions Education Employment Entertainment Events Government Health History Living Lodging Media Museums Music People Real Estate Recreation Shopping Sports Tourism Travel Weather Web Sites More Web Sites Local Sponsors Place Your Message Here Adopt a Rural School Library Education is the key to individual achievement and national strength. Illiteracy or`` semi-illiteracy breeds ignorance and leads to poverty for the individual. 314 clicks since 4-Jul-1998 American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) AACTE is a national, voluntary association of colleges and universities with`` undergraduate or graduate programs to prepare professional educators. ``WE HAVE MOVED TO: 1307 New York Ave., NW Suite 300, Washington, DC`` 20005-4701`` Tel: 202/293-2450 Fax: 202/457-8095 527 clicks since 13-Aug-1998 American Association of School Administrators AASA is the professional organization for over 16,000 education leaders.``The site includes legislative alerts, job bulletins, publications,``professional development, and more. ``1801 North Moore Street``Arlington, VA 22209``phone: (703)528-0700``fax: (703)841-1543

54. Government Innovators Network: Topic: Special Needs Health Care for LowIncome People in the district of columbia (63%) 2005 International Conference on special needs Offenders Beyond the Next http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/topic.html?c=37

55. BA In Special Education in special Education focuses on the education of disabled children from age History of district of columbia. 3. PSYC. 201. Principles of Psychology http://www.udc.edu/programs/arts_sciences/bachelors/special_education.htm

Programs Welcome Admission Home BA in Special Education The Bachelor of Arts Degree Program in Special Education focuses on the education of disabled children from age three to 21 and professional interaction with their families. Emphasis is placed on responding to the developmental and cultural uniqueness of each child, as students in the program learn to design, implement, and evaluate curricular activities and learning environments. The program is designed to meet the non-categorical teacher certification requirements for the District of Columbia and other school jurisdictions. Upon completion of the 128 semester-hour program, students will be prepared for careers as teachers in public and private schools or special educators who provide direct services to children and youth with special needs. The program of study is designed to provide courses and learning experiences that enable students to develop teaching skills and competencies required to access the academic, social, and behavioral needs of exceptional children and youth within a multiethnic urban school setting; to acquire and apply teaching methods, learning strategies, and instructional interventions that are based on sound research and best practices; to effectively manage a performance-based, behaviorally-oriented learning environment in grades K-12; and to prepare students for advanced graduate study. Students must complete practicum and field experiences, which are a part of many of the courses in the curriculum. These experiences allow for progressive application of the educational principles and practices required to meet the objectives of the program.

56. Lessons For All Of Us: Protecting The Right To Education For Persons With Disabi that those with special educational needs must have access to regular schoolswhich district of columbia Board of Education, which applied the same http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2005/lessons.htm

Contact Information: National Council on Disability 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 850 Washington, DC 20004 202-272-2004 Voice 202-272-2074 TTY 202-272-2022 Fax Comments and Feedback: info@ncd.gov Search for: Lessons for All of Us: Protecting the Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities National Council on Disability 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 850 Washington, DC 20004 202-272-2004 Voice 202-272-2074 TTY 202-272-2022 Fax Lex Frieden, Chairperson Publication date: August 2, 2005 Foreword The National Council on Disability is an independent Federal agency with 15 members appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The overall purpose of NCD is to promote policies, programs, practices, and procedures that guarantee equal opportunity for all individuals with disabilities regardless of the nature or significance of the disability and to empower individuals with disabilities to achieve economic self-sufficiency, independent living, and inclusion and integration into all aspects of society. This topic paper is part of a series of topic papers designed to provide brief background information on United States disability policy for use by the delegates in their deliberations on the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities.

57. Proposed Changes In Special Education (Gotham Gazette. May, 2003) Crime Down, Other Disturbances Rise at Tough schools columbia As in theother changes for both regular and special education, district 75 will also http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/20030515/6/389

loadCivicsImages(6); @import "/css/complex.css"; @import "/css/complex_vnav.css"; You are using an old browser: This site will look much better in a browser that supports web standards , but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device. Firefox is an excellent, free, browser for all types of operating systems. Citizens Union Foundation Gotham Gazette Topics NYC Books ... Donate THIS SITE Archives Index to Stories Corrections Site Map ... Sign Up For A Free E-mail Newsletter TOPICS Arts Children Civil Rights Community Development ... Waterfront LINKS ORGS NYC Government NYS Government US Government Advocates ... Think Tanks BOROS Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens ... Staten Island News Sites NY Times Daily News NY Post Newsday ... Education / This Month's Article Education Newsletter Sign up for the monthly Education newsletter: Full Name: Email: The Topic Education refers to the organization and performance of the public schools and public support institutions established for teaching children from pre-K-12th. The Context NYC's public education system is the nation's largest. Over a million pre-kindergarten through 12th-grade students attend its 1,100-plus schools. The head of the school system is the chancellor, who is appointed by the mayor. The chancellor is advised by the Panel for Educational Policy on which sit five parents appointed by the borough presidents and seven mayoral appointees. Under a newly reorganized Department of Education (which has replaced the long-time Board of Education), the city's elementary, middle and high schools are administered by 10 regions headed by regional superintendents. (The organization of the system is described in a Department of Education

58. Evaluation Of The District Of Columbia's Demonstration Program, "Managed Care Sy The district of columbia has implemented a demonstration that relies on an A proposal to integrate services for children with special needs thus offered http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/dc-yr1es.htm

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Evaluation of the District of Columbia's Demonstration Program, "Managed Care System for Disabled and Special Needs Children": Year One Report Executive Summary Robert Coulam, Carol Irvin, Michele Teitelbaum, Laurine Thomas and Tanisha Carino Abt Associates Inc. July 28, 1998 This report was prepared under contract 500-96-0003 between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and Abt Associates Inc. In addition to HCFA, other support for the study, Evaluation of the District of Columbia's 1115 Waiver for Children with Special Health Care Needs, has been provided by HHS's Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy. For additional information about the study, you may visit the DALTCP home page at http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/home.htm or contact the ASPE Project Officer, Gavin Kennedy, at HHS/ASPE/DALTCP, Room 424E, H.H Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201. His e-mail address is: Gavin.Kennedy@osaspe.dhhs.gov. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction to the Demonstration The District of Columbia has implemented a demonstration that relies on an innovative design of a Medicaid-financed managed care system for children in the District's Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. The operational phase of this Demonstration began on December 15, 1995 under the authority of section 1115(a) of the Social Security Act. Under this section, the District of Columbia is allowed to deviate from many standard Medicaid requirements in order to test new system designs of policy merit. In return for this greater flexibility, the District must commit to a policy experiment that can be formally evaluated.

59. Evaluation Of The District Of Columbia's Demonstration Program, "Managed Care Sy of the district of columbia s 1115 Waiver for Children with special Health Care Under the best of circumstances, children with special needs are a http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/dc-frs.htm

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Evaluation of the District of Columbia's Demonstration Program, "Managed Care System for Disabled and Special Needs Children" Final Report Summary Abt Associates Inc. June 2000 This report was prepared under contract #500-96-0003 between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and Abt Associates Inc. In addition to HCFA, other support for the study, Evaluation of the District of Columbia's 1115 Waiver for Children with Special Health Care Needs, has been provided by HHS's Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy. For additional information about the study, you may visit the DALTCP home page at http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/home.htm or contact the ASPE Project Officer, Gavin Kennedy, at HHS/ASPE/DALTCP, Room 424E, H.H Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201. His e-mail address is: Gavin.Kennedy@osaspe.dhhs.gov. BACKGROUND: The Demonstration was a unique and ambitious experiment launched in a difficult environment.

60. Special Education Advocate & Attorney Directory A-M - Search For A Special Needs special Education Advocate also understanding of Missouri Safe schools Act Practicing in the district of columbia pursuant to Rule 49(c)(5) of the Court http://www.education-a-must.com/aalistam.html

Find an advocate or attorney in your state. Parenting Support Group for parents, advocates, and attorneys. Ask your questions about special education law, IEPs, 504s... or ask about local resources here. Directory N-Z Submit an Advocate or Attorney AK ... MT AK - Alaska AL - Alabama Trecia C. Benefield Advocate PO Box 434 Jasper, AL 35502 Phone: (205) 387-0159 Fax: (205) 387-0162 www.birminghamilc.org AR - Arkansas AZ - Arizona Julianne Cartwright Advocate 3565 N. Benton Kingman, AZ 86401 Phone: (928-753-7567 CA - California Claudia Lowe 3941 Park Dr, #20, PMB114 El Dorado Hills, CA 95762 Phone: (916) 939-3905 Fax: (916) 339-2475 pages.zdnet.com/ourorhskids States Served: all areas Online resource for help and support on issues related to IDEA, IEPs, Section 504, 504 plans, behavior plans, disabilities that impact learning, advocacy, transition, and more. Kevin Ardalan Attorney 822 N. Broadway

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 94    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20