21. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - DRC OVdrc.pdf. Map of the democratic republic of the congo. history. The democraticrepublic of congo (DRC) includes several hundred ethnic groups (sometimes http://selfdetermine.irc-online.org/conflicts/drc_body.html

Self-Determination Conflict Profile The Democratic Republic of Congo By Thomas Turner OVdrc.pdf History The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) includes several hundred ethnic groups (sometimes called tribes) that were brought together at the end of the 19th century as the Congo Free State. In 1908, King Leopold II of Belgium was forced to cede his scandal-ridden private colony to Belgium, which ruled it until 1960. Since 1960 Congo as been known variously as the Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Zaire, and again, the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Belgians did little to prepare their Congolese subjects for the transition to independence. When political parties did emerge, most of them were ethnic or regional in scope. The most successful party, the Congolese National Movement of Patrice Lumumba (MNC/Lumumba) was nationalist and pan-African. However, it gained barely a third of the seats in parliament. Lumumba governed Congo only for a few months before he was overthrown and murdered. He was a victim of his Congolese rivals, including his former aide Joseph Mobutu, but the U.S. and Belgium were also involved.

22. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Congo Sassou, a Mbochi, ruled congo as a oneparty state until a democratic transition Democracy Dismantled in the congo republic. Current history 97, no. http://selfdetermine.irc-online.org/conflicts/congo_body.html

Self-Determination Conflict Profile The Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) By John F. Clark OVcongo.pdf History Colonial rule in "Middle Congo," as the state was known during the French colonial era, was harsh. The French ceded control over the territory to some forty "concessionary companies" from the 1890s to 1930 in return for annual fees. These companies employed forced labor and brutal repression to extract natural resources. Brazzaville became the capital of the French Equatorial Africa federation in 1910, and during World War II, the city was the capital of Free France for black Africa. After 1956, Thicaya was eclipsed by another southern (Lari) politician, Fulbert Youlou. Violence between southerners and northerners in the major urban centers marked the elections of 1956 and 1959. According to most modern interpretations, the ethno-political identities of the rival constituencies were newly created during the late colonial period, and did not reflect pre-colonial ethnic antagonisms. Youlou became prime minister, and then president of Congo in 1960, by mobilizing southern support, and thereafter followed conservative domestic and foreign policies. On the eve of elections in June 1997 a second, more deadly, war erupted when Lissouba sought to arrest Sassou, who was then a presidential candidate. Sassou, backed by the French, deployed a militia loyal to him against forces loyal to President Lissouba, while most Mbochi in the army defected to Sassou's side. In October 1997, the Angolan army intervened on Sassou's side, restoring him to power. The country witnessed another deadly civil war in 1998-99 as Sassou tried to extend his control firmly over the southern regions of the country. Since that time, Congo has seen relative peace, but not a return to constitutional political life.

23. History Congo (Democratic Republic) history congo (democratic republic) regional Conflict in the democraticrepublic of the congo (http//www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Cabana/8248/) http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQuery27ca.html

24. Government, Politics, Law Congo (Democratic Republic) country history, provided for the African countries of Angola, congo Ethiopia,Madagascar, regional Conflict in the democratic republic of the congo http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQuerybfec.html

25. LyricsVault: History Of Music; Cultural And Regional Genres Of Music Music of the democratic republic of the congo (kwassa kwassa, soukous, rumba)Music of the republic of the congo (makossa, soukous) http://www.lyricsvault.net/history/CulturalRegionalGenres.html

Cultural and regional genres of music Cultural genres By race or ethnicity Australian Aboriginal music (didgeridoo, Aboriginal rock) African American music (blues, gospel, soul, funk, jazz, rock 'n' roll, hip hop) Andean music (nueva cancion) Arab music (classical Arab music, rai, sout, gnawa, al-jil, chaabi) Ashkenazi music (klezmer) Basque music (trikitrixa, bersolari, shawm and drum, fasil, raks, calgia) Bedouin music (zajal) Berber music Blackfoot music Celtic music (jig, reel, strathspey, hornpipe) Garifuna music (punta, paranda, brukdown) Gypsy music (flamenco) Inuit music (katajjaq) Jewish music (piyyutim, klezmer) Kurdish music Lusophone music (fado, samba, Angolan merengue, semba, bossa nova, choro, lambada, MPB, baila, timbila, gumbe, marrabenta, morna) Maori music (kapa haka, waiata) Native American and First Nations music (chicken scratch, pow-wow, peyote song) Nordic music (pols, polska, runo, Scandinavian death metal, Finnish opera) Palestinian music (dabka, dalauna, meyjana)

26. Congo (Democratic Republic) Recreation democratic republic of The congo Recreation. Directory regional Countries congo, List of congo news sites and newspapers in English history. http://www.ezilon.com/world/countries/congo_(democratic_republic)/congo_(democra

Home Site Submit Advertise Select: Europe World News Images MP3/Music EUROPE WEB DIRECTORY AND INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE Home World Countries Congo (Democratic Republic) Congo (Democratic Republic) Recreation Sponsored Listings Search Results Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) News Sites http://www.world-newspapers.com/congo-dem.html Congo (Democratic Republic): Selected Internet Resources (Po... ... Portals Web Pages Global Gateway Pages All Library Web Pages. Congo (Democratic Republic) ... National Security. Organizations. Recreation and Travel. Religion and Philosophy ... http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/congodr/congodr.html Open Directory - Regional: Africa: Congo, Democratic Republi... the entire directory only in Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the. See also: This category in other languages: "Congo, Democratic Republic of the" search on: http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the http://directory.google.com/Top/Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Repu... http://dir.yahoo.com/regional/countries/congodemocratic_republic_of_... Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Yahoo! Directory

27. Congo (Democratic Republic) Sports congo, democratic republic of the Sports Links. Les Simba du congo News, results,history, Google Directory - regional Africa congo, Democrat http://www.ezilon.com/world/countries/congo_(democratic_republic)/congo_(democra

Home Site Submit Advertise Select: Europe World News Images MP3/Music EUROPE WEB DIRECTORY AND INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE Home World Countries Congo (Democratic Republic) Congo (Democratic Republic) Sports Sponsored Listings Search Results Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) News Sites List of Congo news sites and newspapers in English ... Religion. Science. Sports. Technology. Travel ... http://www.world-newspapers.com/congo-dem.html Open Directory - Sports: Soccer: CAF: Congo, Democratic Repu... the entire directory only in CAF/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the. See also: This category in other languages: Les Simba du Congo - News, results, history, players, photographs, links, and contacts. http://dmoz.org/Sports/Soccer/CAF/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the Congo, Democratic Republic of the ... All Infoplease Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia ... International disputes: Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a ... http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0198161.html Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Yahoo! Directory

28. Democratic Republic Of Congo: Armed Conflict Fuelled By History Of Human Rights The populations of the democratic republic of congo (DRC) and neighbouring The organization is also calling on regional and other governments to http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620341998?open&of=ENG-COD

29. Central Africa, 1600-1800 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Muse Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map Encompasses Cameroon,Central African republic, democratic republic of congo, Gabon, republic of the http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/sfc/ht09sfc.htm

Encompasses Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Cabinda, and Angola See also Eastern Africa Guinea Coast Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Deteriorating environmental conditions and the dissolution of the Kongo kingdom in the Atlantic region leads to wide-ranging and protracted violence as rival kingdoms compete for natural resources and political dominance. The European demand for slaves encourages this chronic warfare. Portugal contributes to the instability as it clashes with neighboring kingdoms to establish and expand Angola, a small colony at the northwestern tip of the present country of Angola. The eastern savanna witnesses the rise of the Kuba kingdom and the Luba and Lunda empires , three multi-ethnic states with advanced political systems and rich courtly cultures. While the more isolated Kuba kingdom does not have direct contact with European merchants at this time, Lunda rulers actively encourage trade by opening routes to the coast. Territorial expansion southward to the African Copperbelt in present-day Zambia and east toward Lake Tanganyika extends Lunda commercial control over goods and materials from the East African coast and southern interior. To the north, Luba kings consolidate their political and economic control over neighboring peoples. Luba rulers extend their political and economic influence through conquest and alliances, spreading governmental structures and chiefly emblems such as royal canes, bracelets, and axes throughout the region.

30. Central Africa, 1900 A.D.-present | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan M Timeline of Art history World Map regional Map 1880–1910 In what is todaythe democratic republic of congo, a ritual expert (nganga) and the Yombe http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/sfc/ht11sfc.htm

Encompasses Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Cabinda, and Angola See also Eastern Africa Guinea Coast Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Pablo Picasso to the British Vorticists to explore new subjects and methods of visual representation. The imposition of colonial boundaries and governmental systems gives rise to developing national consciousness among many Central Africans, inspiring movements to achieve political independence and reclaim indigenous African identity, such as Mobuto Sese Seko's "authenticity" campaign and Tshibumba Kanda Matulu's series of paintings on Congolese history. In what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo, a ritual expert ( nganga ) and the Yombe artist known today as the Chiloango River Master collaborate on the creation of a corpus of distinctive minkisi , or monumental power figures, called Mangaaka. Used by diviners to consult the spiritual realm for solutions to earthly crises, these works are characterized by their massive scale, naturalistic appearance, and intricately carved representations of knotted fiber headgear. The White Fathers, a Catholic missionary group organized to seek conversions in non-Christian areas of Africa, is established in the southeastern Congo. Originally seeking to carve out an independent "Christian Kingdom" within territory largely inhabited by Tabwa and related peoples, the White Fathers sponsor missionary schools and produce dictionaries, grammars, and a translation of the Bible in the local KiTabwa language. After 1900, as control over the Belgian Free State is consolidated and ultimately transferred to the Belgian republican government, the White Fathers abandon territorial aspirations and focus on conversion. Large numbers of indigenous religious sculpture as well as trees and stones associated with earth spirit sites are destroyed, while others are confiscated and sent to White Fathers headquarters in Belgium and Rome.

31. Military.org -- CountryWatch.com history. The area known as the democratic republic of the congo was populated asearly as A regional military force was installed in Shaba in June 1978. http://www.countrywatch.com/mi_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=40&SECTION=COVER&TOPIC=POHIS&T

32. The Sunday Mail - NEWS - SCOTLAND SAYS MAKE POVERTY HISTORY: WORLD THE G8 FORGOT democratic republic of the congo (Zaire) Requested £19.7million Received regional insecurity has meant that Guinea has hosted a million refugees over http://www.sundaymail.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=15801089&method=full&siteid=86024&h

Search The Sunday Mail HOME NEWS SPORT OPINION ... SITEMAP News news feed Sunday Mail OPINION Rosie Kane Advertisement

33. CARPE Web Page CARPE history The USAID Central African regional Program for the Environment Cameroon, democratic republic of congo, Rwanda, and Sao Tome Principe. http://carpe.umd.edu/overview2004/history_2004.asp

Central African Regional Program for the Environment Home Overview Implementation Participants ... Resources OVERVIEW What is CARPE? History Organizational Chart CARPE History The USAID Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) is a 20-year regional initiative that began in September 1995. See also: CARPE News Goals Where CARPE Works CARPE was intended to coordinate work on identifying and establishing the conditions and practices required to reduce deforestation and loss of biological diversity in Central Africa. Although CARPE has been a nine-country, thirteen-partner project, under the new Strategic Objective the number of partners has increased. Its U.S.-based partners work with African NGOs, research and education organizations, government agencies, and private-sector consultants. Through these partners CARPE has engaged a variety of African stakeholders in evaluating threats to forests in Central Africa and identifying opportunities for sustainable forest management. After seven years of operation, CARPE is shifting its strategic focus and changing the location of its management functions. In its first phase, CARPE’s partners have focused on increasing our knowledge of Central African forests and biodiversity, and building institutional and human resources capacity. In the next thirteen years, however, CARPE partners aim to apply and implement sustainable natural resources management practices in the field with an added emphasis on the US contribution to the CBFP. CARPE will also improve environmental governance in the region, and strengthen natural resources monitoring capacity.

34. International Affairs Regional Concerns - SUDAN History Kenya, Uganda, the democratic republic of the congo, Central African republic, Sudan has a long history that has been dominated in the north by Arab http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/international/regconcerns-sudan-history.html

International affairs, peace and human security Sudan - Important documents Cuba Korean Peninsula Palestine-Israel ... Zimbabwe SUDAN - HISTORY Sudan, located in northeast Africa on the Red Sea, is the largest country in Africa. It is also one of the most violent and poverty-stricken. It has known only 10 years (1972-82) without civil war and massive population displacement since it was granted independence from Britain in 1956. The wars are rooted in northern economic, political, social, and religious domination of the non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese people. It is estimated by the UN and churches that since the war resumed in 1983, more than 2 million people have died and four to five million displaced due to war- and famine-related causes. In 2003 Islamic extremists attacked black Sudanese in the western Darfur region where thousands died and more than a million more displaced in a humanitarian disaster that continued through 2004. With the discovery of oil in the south and demands by the Khartoum government that the revenues go to the national government, war broke out again in 1983 and there has been no peace since. Decades of war have led to a large refugee population, as well as millions of landmines around the country. Children have been kidnapped and forced to serve as soldiers. Slavery is another monstrous human rights violation, which has continued for more than 300 years. North African Arabs and Arab Moors buy, sell and breed black Africans for the slave trade. The country has been ravaged by drought, famine, desertification, soil erosion, poaching of endangered animal species and excessive hunting. The oil fields of southern Sudan have been developed by international corporations but are also the cause of brutal repression of southerners who are demanding a share of the lucrative royalties.

35. Regional Activities - Africa history of Interpol as organisation that regional focus was considered in order Cameroon Central African republic Chad congo congo (democratic Rep.) http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Africa/Default.asp

20 September 2005 Home Search Contact Help Recent adds - Africa 6th meeting of the Central African Police Chiefs Committee - Minutes Africa: 4th Regional Training Course Regional activities Africa Police co-operation in Africa Interpol high representative visit in Africa 2003 History of the membership Fact sheet: Africa Sub-Directorate Countries of the four sub-regions of Africa south of Sahara Nairobi Sub-Regional Bureau ... Regional Training Course History of the membership The continent's position as a crossroads between the Americas, Europe and Asia also lays it open to transnational crimes such as traffic in weapons, illicit drug trafficking, illegal immigration, traffic in stolen motor vehicles and fraud, which can only be stopped by international co-operation. Seeking and locating the criminals involved poses problems relating to information exchange, international identification and arrests with a view to extradition. This is why Interpol-in accordance with Article 2 (1) of its Constitution-ensures the closest possible co-operation between the criminal police authorities of all member countries, including those in Africa. Crime is not associated with a particular region and is certainly not a problem for Africa alone. Ever since it was established, the International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol has been seen by countries all over the world as an institution whose principles and objectives correspond to universal aspirations for human rights, public safety and the fight against ordinary law crime.

36. History Of The Democratic Republic Of The Congo The area now known as the democratic republic of the congo was populated as The country was in a very unstable state, regional tribal leaders held far http://www.fact-index.com/h/hi/history_of_the_democratic_republic_of_the_congo.h

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria The most important events in the history of the area (from the point of view of its current situation) occurred in the fifty years or so from about 1870, when European exploration and exploitation took place. The rape of the Congo stands alone as the single most brutal and greedy episode of colonisation in modern history, and is described in the entry on the Congo Free State The Belgian Congo (Account of the period 1908 to 1960 goes here) Changes in Congolese Society (brief overview) At the time the multinational concessionary companies under Leopold's auspices and the Congolese had two very different concepts of land and labor. Understanding the contrasting patters of production between the traditional Congolese tribal states and modern, industrial Belgium is essential. Capitalism revolutionized the region's traditional economies, inducing social changes and political consequences that revolutionized Congolese society to this day. Balanced, subsistence-based economies shifted to specialization and accumulation of surpluses. These changes revolutionized production patterns because maximizing production and minimizing cost (the specialization of capitalist production) did not necessarily coincide with traditional, seasonal patterns of agricultural production. Rather than specializing in a particular product according to the concept of comparative advantage, and then mass-producing surplus values of this product (rubber) for profit, traditional Congolese tribal states in the past favored balanced, self-reliant, subsistence economies, and hence followed labor patterns that reflected seasonal cycles.

37. IRIN News - Democratic Republic Of Congo News on relief, development, social, economic and political affairs, by the Integrated regional Information Network (IRIN) of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/frontpage.asp?SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry

38. The Democratic Republic Of The Congo And The Great Lakes Region Of Africa democratic republic OF THE congo. Our primary foreign policy objective in the DRC We support efforts by the regional parties to reduce tensions between http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/20245.htm

Bureau of African Affairs Releases Remarks The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Great Lakes Region of Africa Charles Snyder, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Testimony Before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs Washington, DC April 3, 2003 Chairman Royce, members of the Committee, thank you for inviting me to testify today on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and its neighbors in the Great Lakes region of Africa. This region, recently one of the most unstable and tumultuous of the continent, has shown signs of movement toward peace in recent months. In my testimony today, I intend to describe those developments in some detail and to indicate how the United States intends to support the region in its current efforts. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Our primary foreign policy objective in the DRC remains a peaceful resolution of the nearly five-year civil war in the Congo. At the same time, we strongly support democratization of Congolese governmental institutions, and an improvement in the humanitarian situation in the DRC. With respect to the war, at various times up to nine countries were involved in this conflict, including foreign armed forces introduced by Uganda, Rwanda, Angola, and Zimbabwe. Lusaka Cease-Fire Agreement: Backbone of the Process The Lusaka Agreement, signed in 1999, governs the DRC peace process, along with a number of other bilateral and multilateral agreements intended to stabilize the DRC. The Lusaka Agreement establishes a number of actions among the signatories:

39. Democratic Republic Of Congo Provides country brief and profile, Millennium Development Goals and regional Integration Assistance Strategy along with news, projects and total IDA credits. http://www.worldbank.org/cd

var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Site Map Index FAQs ... Topics Search DR of Congo All Home Countries Africa Democratic Republic of Congo Overview Public Information Center Related Links Contacts Resources For Procurement/Tender E-Subscription Client Connection Democratic Republic of Congo The World Bank is helping to fight poverty and improve living standards for the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.  As of April 2005, the World Bank had approved a total of 81 loans and credits for the Democratic Republic of Congo for a total amount of approximately US$3.37 billion The commitment value of seven ongoing IDA/IBRD-financed operations is approximately US$1.25 billion . S even active operations will impact the following sectors:    Agriculture, fishing, and forestry    Education     Health and other social services    Transportation    Law and public administration    Energy and mining    Water, sanitation and flood protection    Finance    Information and communications. For more information about World Bank assistance in the Democratic Republic of Congo, please refer to theÂÂ

40. Crisis In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Role Of The International Commun Crisis in the democratic republic of the congo Role of the International Community . Potential regional Powerhouse. More generally, said Guéhenno, http://www.usip.org/newsmedia/releases/2005/0304_nbdrc.html

USIPeace Briefing Crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Role of the International Community Media Contact Information Phone: (202) 429-3832 Fax: (202) 429-6063 E-mail: publicaffairs@usip.org Office of Congressional and Public Affairs Congressional Liaison: Anne Hingeley Program Assistant: Erin Boeke Burke Office Assistant: Kuimba Boston Web Developer: Amy Bucci Web Editor: Dida Atassi Weekly Electronic Newsletter Subscribe to the Weekly Electronic Newsletter! Keep up to date on the latest Institute events, activities, and resources avaible to the public through the Institute's e-mail weekly newsletter. March 4, 2005 WASHINGTON – The humanitarian situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (the Congo) remains among the most catastrophic in the world.  The International Rescue Committee estimates that 3.8 million people have died there since the start of the war in August 1998, and that over 1,000 people continue to perish every day.   Most of the victims are children under the age of five, and the vast majority of them die from diseases and malnutrition brought on by the disruptions of the war.  Other byproducts of the war are extreme poverty, the recruitment of child soldiers, and widespread sexual violence against women and girls.  Meanwhile the political prospects for resolving the war's intertwining conflicts remain tenuous, with unrest and ethnic conflict flaring in the east and a political dispensation tending toward paralysis prevailing in the capital.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 101    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | Next 20