61. U.S. Increases Pressure On China's Currency - (United Press International) The US Department of Treasury asked China Monday to revalue its currency by 10 We have made it clear that the interim step should be of sufficient http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20050524-054701-5416r.htm

May 25, 2005 Washington D.C. Advertise Subscribe Site Map Front Page ... TWT Insider Stock Quotes Symbol Lookup Classifieds Home Guide Auto Weekend ... Arbor Ballroom U.S. increases pressure on China's currency By Donna Borak UPI Correspondent Washington, DC, May. 24 (UPI) While the United States called on China to revalue its currency by 10 percent against the dollar or suffer U.S. protectionist legislation, China fought back Tuesday retracting its agreement to increase export tariffs on textiles. "If the U.S. and the EU formally carry out restrictions on any of these categories, we will not impose tariffs on items in question," China's Commerce Ministry said, according to the BBC. On Friday the Chinese Commerce Ministry announced that it would be placing higher export tariffs on 74 of its textile and apparel products making the new duties five times higher than the original tariff in an effort to appease demands by the United States and the European Union to curb its booming textile exports. However, due to escalating tensions between the United States and China, Beijing threatened that it would not impose any export tariffs, if the United States or the EU imposed quotas on imported textile and apparel products.

62. Committee On Waterproofing The Fractional Currency its use until the Bureau was closed and work on the fractional currency stopped In the meantime, Professor Henry had made certain experiments, http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/Waterproofing_the_Fractional_Currency

Jump to Top News Jump to Science in the Headlines Search: Subscribe to our FREE e-newsletter! NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE ... A History of the First Half-Century of the National Academy of Sciences 1863-1913 , pp. 261-264.] In 1875 the Government was making use of a secret, patented process for water-proofing the paper on which the fractional currency and funded-loan bonds were printed. The principal feature of the process was that the paper was sized after having been printed upon. During the first session of the 44 th Congress, the committee of the House of Representatives on Expenditures in the Treasury Department requested the Secretary of the Treasury to submit answers to a series of questions relating to the printing of the securities of the United States. The last two questions in the series, which numbered twenty-two in all, were as follows: [House Misc. Doc. no. 163, 44 th Congress, 1

63. JS Online: China Unties Currency, American Dollar Snow vowed to monitor China s progress in loosening its currency controls. The tidal wave of cheap madein-China goods into American stores has risen to http://www.jsonline.com/bym/news/jul05/342872.asp

More Classifieds... Merchandise Rummage Sales Tickets Contests Personals Place ads online More... Subscriber Services... Get the Journal Sentinel Manage your account - Vacation holds - Make Payments Get Packer Plus Place classified ads Photo reprints PressCard discounts Celebrations Front pages online News Business Sports Entertainment ... Careers Also see: Business 411 E-newsletter News Business Sports ... Stuff Also see: Personals AdFinder Tickets Coupons ... PRINT THIS STORY China unties currency, American dollar U.S. is hopeful, but industry is wary By JOHN SCHMID jschmid@journalsentinel.com Posted: July 21, 2005 China on Thursday announced its biggest trade concession with the United States in years, uncoupling its decade-old fixed exchange rate with the dollar and switching to a looser system that should work over time to the advantage of U.S. exports into China. Foreign Trade Photo/Bloomberg News Chinese yuan notes may get stronger, but Beijing plans to control their strength. Quotable For all the wrong reasons, our exports are not going to be any more competitive. - Michael Retzer

64. Op-ed: Currency Manipulation manipulation be made in a nonpoliticized way and that the IMF take seriously its Otherwise, currency manipulation will be evaluated in a bilateral http://www.iie.com/publications/opeds/oped.cfm?ResearchID=276

65. CURRENCY COMPETITION SOME OPTIONS CONSIDERED By Antoine Clarke In 1991, M S made a profit of 11 million pounds for its financial services Members trade among one another using the currency. Settlements are made http://www.capital.demon.co.uk/LA/economic/currcomp.txt

66. In Re New York Currency Research - March 31, 1998 Respondent New York currency Research Corporation petitions us to reconsider error in the manner in which the Division made its request for documents. http://www.cftc.gov/ogc/oporders98/ogcnycrc1fop.htm

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Before the COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION In the Matter of                                                                                            CFTC DOCKET NO. 98-3 NEW YORK CURRENCY                                                     ORDER RESEARCH CORPORATION  Respondent New York Currency Research Corporation petitions us to reconsider our opinion and order of February 6, 1998, in this administrative enforcement action and stay the sanctions imposed therein. Our decision imposed a cease and desist order and a $110,000 civil monetary penalty. On March 4, 1998, the Division of Enforcement ("Division") filed an opposition to respondent’s motion for reconsideration and a stay. On March 5, 1998, we issued a temporary stay of the sanctions pending our decision on respondent’s motion for reconsideration. For the reasons set forth below, we grant respondent’s motion for reconsideration, vacate our finding that respondent violated Regulations 4.23 and 4.33, 17 C.F.R. §§ 4.23 and 4.33 (1997), and otherwise reaffirm the findings made and the sanctions imposed in our previous order. In addition, the temporary stay of sanctions entered on March 5, 1998, is lifted, and the sanctions imposed in the Commission’s order of February 6, 1998, shall take effect 15 days from today’s date. Finally, respondent’s request for a further stay pending review by the United States Court of Appeals is denied.

67. CTV.ca | China Severs Its Currency's Link To U.S. Dollar at Daiwa Institute of Research in Tokyo, said China s decision made sense . Hong Kong, a key Chinese banking centre that has its own currency, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1121947175067_25/?hub=World

68. Agreement Establishing The Asian Development - Currencies - ADB.org currencies, other than the member s own currency, received by the member from in repayment of direct loans made out of its ordinary capital resources, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Charter/chap05.asp

Home What's New e-Notification Site Map ... Help Resources Asia Recovery Information Center ADB Institute Search Home Publications Catalog Online Publications Document Table of Contents p. 5 of 12 BACK NEXT I. Purpose, Function and Membership II. Capital ... Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank Currencies Article 23 DETERMINATION OF CONVERTIBILITY Whenever it shall become necessary under this Agreement to determine whether any currency is convertible, such determination shall be made by the Bank after consultation with the International Monetary Fund. Article 24 USE OF CURRENCIES Members may not maintain or impose any restrictions on the holding or use by the Bank or by any recipient from the Bank, for payments in any country, of the following: gold or convertible currencies received by the Bank in payment of subscriptions to its capital stock, other than that paid to the Bank by members pursuant to paragraph 2(b) of Article 6 and restricted pursuant to paragraphs 2(i) and (ii) of this Article; currencies of members purchased with the gold or convertible currencies referred to in the preceding sub-paragraph; currencies obtained by the Bank by borrowing, pursuant to sub-paragraph (i) of Article 21 of this Agreement, for inclusion in its ordinary capital resources;

69. Universal Copyright Convention As Revised At Paris On 24 July 1971 transmittal in internationally convertible currency or its equivalent. (v) all uses made of the translation are without any commercial purpose. http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/copyright/html_eng/page5ter.shtml

Cultural Policy Resources Issues on Culture and Development From Diversity to Pluralism ... United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO Sitemap Glossary Links News and Events ... Search Languages English Français Español Publications Statutory Texts Write to us Frequently Asked Questions About Culture Anniversaries, Days and Decades Fellowships Funding and Patronage Prizes Recruitment and Internships Who's Who? ARTICLE V ter 1. (a) Any Contracting State to which Article V bis (1) applies may substitute for the period of seven years provided for in Article V (2) a period of three years or any longer period prescribed by its legislation. However, in the case of a translation into a language not in general use in one or more developed countries that are party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention, the period shall be one year instead of three. (b) A Contracting State to which Article V bis (1) applies may, with the unanimous agreement of the developed countries party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention and in which the same language is in general use, substitute, in the case of translation into that language, for the period of three years provided for in subparagraph (a) another period as determined by such agreement but not shorter than one year. However, this subparagraph shall not apply where the language in question is English, French or Spanish. Notification of any such agreement shall be made to the Director-General.

70. BANGLAPEDIA: Currency System Cowrie kept its dominant position in the rural areas where transactions were The Sicca Rupee coined from Calcutta Mint was made the sole currency for http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0389.htm

Currency System A coin is basically a metallic piece used as a medium of exchange having a specific metallic weight standard and a certain metallic purity. In general the weight standard and the metallic purity of a coin are authenticated and guaranteed by the sovereign political authority of a given region. The appearance of coined money certainly suggests a complex socio-economic situation, which must have witnessed a considerable growth of commerce along with a political structure. Currency system must have varied in different periods of history. Ancient period As evidenced by available ancient inscriptions and texts, Bengal in ancient times had a settled economy characterized by extensive internal and external trade and commerce. Bengal was indeed integrated to commercial hubs of South and Southeast Asia, even to those of the Middle East and Europe, according to Periplus In facilitating the market operation there must have been some device as exchange medium. In fact, we have definite evidence of the existence of currencies functioning as medium of exchange, but our knowledge about them is very limited in the absence of adequate data. Even before the Christian era, as evidenced by the mahasthan brahmi inscription , a currency denominated as Gandak and Kakanika were in operation. According to Periplus there were gold coins denominated as

71. Facts About Argentina: Currency, Language, Population, Holidays its 3800 kilometres of lengh go from 22º to 55º of Southern Latitude. currency.Constitution and goverment The National territory is made up of 23 http://www.welcomeargentina.com/datosutiles/deinteres_i.html

Introduction When and how to travel How to get Shopping Interesting data General data To bear in mind It comes from Latin "argentum", which means silver. The origin of this name goes back to the first Spanish Conquerors that came to River Plate. Shipwrecked persons of Juan Díaz de Solís expedition found in the region natives who gave them presents made of silver so, in 1524, they took to Spain news of the existence of Sierra del Plata (Silver Mountain), a mountain rich in that precious metal. Since then, Portuguese people called Solís River , River Plate. Two years later, Spanish people started using this name. The National Constitution sanctioned in 1853 included the name " Argentinean Republic " among the official names to represent the government and National territory. The sea front faces the Atlantic Ocean and is 4,725 kilometers long. The main feature of the Argentinean Relief is the huge contrast offered by great oriental plains and the imposing Andes Range to the west where the highest mountain of the occidental hemisphere is located- the Aconcagua , 6,959 meters high In its length from Jujuy to Tierra del Fuego , the Andes Range shows a marvelous variety of landscapes: from Northeast plateau, which are deserts with valleys, narrow paths and colorful hills, to the lakes, woods and glaciers of Patagonia .

72. History Of Previous European Currency Unions The LMU had a common currency but this did not guarantee its survival. The currency unions which made it have all survived because they relied on a http://samvak.tripod.com/nm032.html

Deja V-Euro The History of Previous Currency Unions By: Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. Malignant Self Love - Buy the Book - Click HERE!!! Relationships with Abusive Narcissists - Buy the e-Books - Click HERE!!! The Web Sam Vaknin Sites READ THIS: Scroll down to review a complete list of the articles - Click on the blue-coloured text! Bookmark this Page - and SHARE IT with Others! I. The History of Monetary Unions "Before long, all Europe, save England, will have one money". This was written by William Bagehot, the Editor of "The Economist", the renowned British magazine, 120 years ago when Britain, even then, was heatedly debating whether to adopt a single European Currency or not. A century later, the euro is finally here (though without British participation). Having braved numerous doomsayers and Cassandras, the currency - though much depreciated against the dollar and reviled in certain quarters (especially in Britain) - is now in use in both the eurozone and in eastern and southeastern Europe (the Balkan). In most countries in transition, it has already replaced its much sought-after predecessor, the Deutschmark. The euro still feels like a novelty - but it is not. It was preceded by quite a few monetary unions in both Europe and outside it. What lessons does history teach us? What pitfalls should we avoid and what features should we embrace?

73. MSN Money - Investing, Investment Tools, Business Market News, Financial Informa They re the stocks dreams are made of. So we looked at the traits of NEW YORK (Reuters) Sprint has closed its roughly $35 billion purchase of Nextel http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/home.asp

@import "/inc/contextual.css"; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In W eb Search: phid="MC_0"; logoImg(document.location.protocol+"//sc.msn.com"); Money S earch MSN Money: Help Home News Banking ... CNBC TV Sy m bol(s): Get Quote Chart News Research Wizard Get quotes, charts or news Dow Nasdaq Dow Nasdaq ... 10-Yr Note 2:18 PM ET. Research stocks Research funds Get stock ratings See accounts ... Try Money for Free Investing Market Dispatches 2:15 PM ET Fed sees little Katrina effect, moves rates higher But the nation's central bank says it remains concerned about inflation. Stocks drift. Oil prices move lower. Katrina warnings start up. Extra: Fed should skip sentiment, raise rates today Jubak: 5 baby blue chips you should know Fill the gaps in your portfolio Pick of the Day: Medco Market update [BRIEFING.COM] Range-bound trading persists, as stocks continue to trade sideways ahead of the Fed's upcoming decision regarding monetary policy... The FOMC's policy statement, which will be released in roughly 15 minutes, really remains the... more... Financial news center OPEC's plans will bind the West closer OPEC says it is coming to oil consumers' aid by building badly needed refineries to turn out gasoline and heating fuel, but the new plants will also increase the West's energy reliance on the volatile Middle East.

74. JRL 1-27-02 - Russia, Finance & Monetary System, Local 'Currency' Johnson s Russia List Village uses an unorthodox currency in its economy. A Russian district that has found an unorthodox solution to its social http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/6043-12.cfm

JRL Home Topics RAS Archives ... Subscribe Excerpts from the JRL E-Mail Newsletter Headlines: Call for Papers: Religion, Culture, and Conflict Invitation for Equity Fund Proposals: U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation  slund Response to Comments on "Putin Decline and U.S. Response" U.S.-Russian Relations ... YUKOS JRL 2005: Security/Foreign Policy Domestic JRL/RW - site optimized for Firefox January 27, 2002: [Second Issue of the Day] The Russia Journal January 25-31, 2002 Village uses an unorthodox currency in its economy By CHRISTOPHER KENNETH A Russian district that has found an unorthodox solution to its social issues is now facing legal problems from the regional administration, legal experts say. Ponazyrevsky district, Kostroma Oblast, located about 300 km from Moscow, has been running its daily financial and other economic affairs for over three years now without using the ruble or any other world currency – in the traditional sense of the word – in its economy, according to local media reports. Nor do the residents rely on barter for their economic transactions, as the local administration has adopted a monetary system, which replaces the national currency, the ruble, with its locally printed "money-card" as the official legal tender in the district.

75. Eschaton I ve never really read the Gothamist or its progeny but it s the kind of thing The New Jersey Republican made the remark on a radio talk show this past http://atrios.blogspot.com/2005_07_17_atrios_archive.html

Eschaton - An Online Magazine of News, Commentary, and Editorial Philly Folk: New Drinking Liberally Location: Tangier, 18th and Lombard Eschaton Approved Candidates Eschaton Homepage Eschaton Merchandise! CONTACT INFORMATION : Brief Bio RSS Feed Latest Archives Buy me presents from my Amazon Wish List! Drinking Liberally In Philadelphia, Tuesdays at Tangier, 18th and Lombard 6-9pm Check for a location in your town. Support this Site: Keyword Title Author Activism Wellstone Action Center for American Progress Move On Progressive Majority ... NDN Valuable References Failure Is Impossible E-Zines ConWebWatch Bear Left Daily Howler American Politics Journal News and Commentary Buzzflash Cursor Smirking Chimp Philly Bloggers Rittenhouse Review corrente Suburban Guerilla Upyernoz ... Will Bunch Blogs Pandagon Daily Kos TBogg First Draft ... Melissa Bean , Illinois Robert Marion Berry , Arkansas (Member of the New Democrat Coalition) Sanford Bishop , Georgia (Member of the Blue Dog Coalition) Dan Boren , Oklahoma Leonard Boswell , Iowa (Member, Blue Dog Coalition) Rick Boucher , Virginia Dennis Cardoza , CA Ben Chandler , Kentucky Jim Costa , CA Bud Cramer , Alabama Henry Cuellar , Texas Lincoln Davis , Tennessee Chet Edwards , Texas Bart Gordon , Tennessee Ruben Hinojosa , Texas Darlene Hooley , Oregon Steve Israel , New York William Jefferson , Louisiana (Co-Chair of the DCCC) Rick Larsen , Washington Jim Matheson , Utah Carolyn McCarthy , New York (member of the NDC) Mike McIntyre , North Carolina (member of the NDC) Charlie Melancon , Louisiana Collin Peterson , Minnesota (Member, Blue Dog Coalition)

76. BBC NEWS | Business | Q&A: China Revalues Its Currency China has abandoned its currency s peg to the dollar and revalued the yuan by 2.2% . China has said it will link its currency to a basket of currencies, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4703471.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch Last Updated: Thursday, 21 July, 2005, 11:52 GMT 12:52 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version US critics claimed China is kept the yuan low to boost exports China has abandoned its currency's peg to the dollar and revalued the yuan by 2.2%. It now buys more US dollars than before. With China both one of the world's largest exporters of manufactured goods and one of the largest importers of raw materials, the move's economic impact will be felt worldwide. Why has China revalued its currency? China's currency has been fixed at 8.28 yuan to the US dollar for 10 years. But since China joined the World Trade Organization it has come under increasing pressure to break that link. The US, in particular, has been worried that China's cheap currency gives it an unfair advantage as it sells its goods to Western consumers. Already China has built up a huge trade surplus with the rest of the world, and appears to be able to make things more cheaply than its developing country rivals. China may have been influenced by the fact that it is hosting the world trade talks in December, and did not want talk of its huge trade surpluses to dominate the discussion.

77. Money In North American History Wampum s use as money undoubtedly came about as an extension of its Paper currency of various kinds, particularly in the colonies later years. http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/northamerica.html

Money in North American History From Wampum to Electronic Funds Transfer See also Money in Fiction Financial Scandals How did the United States develop into the world's richest and most powerful nation from an inauspicious beginning as a collection of colonies where currency was in such chronically short supply that all sorts of substitutes, e.g. tobacco and wampum, had to be used as money? Apart from its intrinsic interest, history can often shed light on current political controversies. Many political disputes revolve around questions of economics and of all the matters that fall under the purview of economic history there is one that has had, and still has, a profound impact on many aspects of everyone's daily life, and that is money. This essay is based on a book on monetary history by Glyn Davies which contains a considerable amount of material on the financial development of the United States. The reference is: Davies, Glyn. A history of money from ancient times to the present day, 3rd ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002. 720 pages. Paperback: ISBN 7083 1717 0.

78. Fiat Money - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Fiat money or fiat currency, is money such as paper money, that is current or These, they argue, simply extend the existing military fiat and its unfair http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money

Fiat money From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Fiat money or fiat currency , is money such as paper money , that is current or legal tender as satisfaction for money debts by government fiat, that is by law not by convention ( fiat is from the Latin "let it be"). Contents Fractional Currency as Fiat Currency Central Bank Notes as Fiat Currency Debate over the term Historical summary ... edit Fractional Currency as Fiat Currency edit Central Bank Notes as Fiat Currency With the establishment of government owned or sponsored central banks, many governments made central bank notes unlimited legal tender, in addition to gold (or silver) coin, by government fiat. This is the most common use of the term fiat currency. Typically, fiat currencies have driven out the principal metallic legal tender currency via central bank default, leading to hoarding, melting or export of gold (and/or silver) coins. This breaks down a gold standard (or silver standard or bimetallic standard) and leaves a pure fiat currency, however under the gold bullion exchange standard, the currency may still be technically redeemable. Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods Gold Bullion Exchange Standard with the default of the US Federal Government in 1971, fiat currencies became entirely irredeemable. As of 2004 , most currencies in the world are fiat monies. However, the situation with major currencies, such as the

79. Texas In 1864 - Worthless Currency Congress owned the fact that the confederate currency was almost worthless, andprovided for its withdrawal from circulation. The act was bold, http://www.adena.com/adena/usa/cw/cw169.htm

Joint Committee on Reconstruction Governor Pendleton Murrah Texas in 1864 - Worthless Currency Message of Governor Pendleton Murrah to the extra session of the tenth legislature. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, AUSTIN, May THE CURRENCY Congress owned the fact that the confederate currency was almost worthless, and provided for its withdrawal from circulation. The act was bold, if not approved by wisdom and good faith. It was an act of financial destruction, if not of financial skill. They created, they destroyed. I have no comments to make. I shall deal with the legislation of Congress as it affects the finances of the State. It is necessary to look beyond a few months, or mere temporary arrangements, in referring to the financial policy of this State. The issue of treasury warrants was very properly arrested, to prevent them from being paid out in connexion with confederate notes, and at the same deprecaited rates. The question is now distincly propounded to you, and must be answered by your legislation, whether you will continue the same financial system, depend entirely upon confederate notes in all their fluctuations and rapid changes as to value and form, or adopt a diferent system. This system has been fully tried, and the results to the State are fully before you. The new currency will doubtless be better than the present, and may continue so for some time; but how long, none can tell. What value will be placed upon the new issue is for the future to determine; but the habit is established by the people, in the use of confederate money, of receiving and paying it out at its market value. The confederate government has not only proclaimed the present currency depreciated, but it long since taxed gold in proportion to its superiour value over confederate notes.

80. Factsheet - Where The IMF Gets Its Money Each member of the IMF is assigned a quota, based broadly on its relative size in The remaining threequarters is paid in the country’s own currency. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/finfac.htm

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