41. Forex Headlines With Refco News you get the latest currency forecasts for the Swiss Franc. In its latest pronouncements, the SNB has made it clear that it will not http://www.refconews.com/cur_chf_f_f.html

Risk Disclosure *RefcoFX is compensated for its services through the bid/ask spread. Risk Disclosure. Welcome Education Trading Ideas ... Currency Forecast Forex Headlines Currency Trading News Forex News Headlines Expert Technical Analysis 2005-09-20 16:43:38 GMT Currency Focus: Dollar Markets Teetering Ahead Of FOMC Decision Richard Lee strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-20 15:34:02 GMT Currency Focus: Euro Remains Under Pressure On Economic Pessimism Richard Lee strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-20 12:40:13 GMT Yen Crosses Push Toward New Highs Sam Shenker strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-20 11:03:14 GMT Euro and the Majors Idle Ahead of FOMC Boris Schlossberg strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-20 09:13:36 GMT Dollar Run Temporally Stalls Sam Shenker strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-19 23:12:32 GMT FOMC Preview: Looking for Hints About What May Come in November Kathy Lien strategist@dailyfx.com 2005-09-19 17:23:51 GMT Currency Focus: Dollar Gains Across The Board Richard Lee strategist@dailyfx.com Refco FX is part of the Refco Group of companies. Home Contact Us Sitemap Currency Converter ... Risk Disclosure var BlockedReferrers = Array('fxcm.com','fxcmmini.com','fxpowercourse.com','dailyfx.com','fxcm.co.uk','refcospot.com');

42. American Presidents: Life Portraits Under this Constitution our people long ago made themselves safe against danger from but such paper should depend for its value and currency upon its http://www.americanpresidents.org/inaugural/20.asp

Pick a President George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard M. Nixon Gerald R. Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush A Site to Complement C-SPAN 's 20th Anniversary Television Series, American Presidents: Life Portraits March-December 1999 Inaugural Address James A. Garfield (Friday, March 4, 1881: Washington, DC) Fellow-Citizens: We stand to-day upon an eminence which overlooks a hundred years of national life a century crowded with perils, but crowned with the triumphs of liberty and law. Before continuing the onward march let us pause on this height for a moment to strengthen our faith and renew our hope by a glance at the pathway along which our people have traveled. It is now three days more than a hundred years since the adoption of the first written constitution of the United States the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The new Republic was then beset with danger on every hand. It had not conquered a place in the family of nations. The decisive battle of the war for independence, whose centennial anniversary will soon be gratefully celebrated at Yorktown, had not yet been fought. The colonists were struggling not only against the armies of a great nation, but against the settled opinions of mankind; for the world did not then believe that the supreme authority of government could be safely intrusted to the guardianship of the people themselves.

43. Jim Puplava's Perspectives: Powershift - Oil, Money & War  Introduction 2/22/02 In the process, he forced England to devalue its currency when its Prime The spoils of the battle went to Soros who made a billion dollars in a few days http://www.financialsense.com/series3/intro.htm

FSO Home Series Cover Page Power shift TM Introduction February 22, 2002 James J. Puplava The Visible, Yet Invisible Face of Evil This war will be bloody, brutal and cruel. Lives will be lost, villages and property destroyed, commerce disrupted, and governments toppled. In many ways, it will seem like medieval times. Military and economic functions will start to merge in an effort to wage war. Glory, profit and the spoils of war will be just as important as winning the war. In fact, they may become the objective of war itself. At other times it may seem that the war doesn’t exist. Most of this war will be fought covertly. Battles, victories and skirmishes may not be reported or for that matter, even known. It will be a lot like a chess game, but with real players. It will be fought through intelligence as each side tries to determine what the other side is up to in order to predict what is unpredictable. It will be fought through action as well as words. It will be visible and at the same time, invisible.

44. The Connection.org : Changing Money In China Some in Congress are leaning on China to raise the value of its currency to about the fate of China s currency made its way into the financial news, http://www.theconnection.org/shows/2005/05/20050512_a_main.asp

How Do I Listen? Archived programs are streamed in the Real Audio Format. Click here to download Problems Listening? Try this Direct Listen Link if the "Listen to Show" button to the right does not work Hosted by: Dick Gordon Show Originally Aired: 5/12/2005 CALL 1 800-423-TALK Changing Money in China Chinese 100 Yuan notes (AP) Email to friend Some in Congress are leaning on China to raise the value of its currency to stop linking it to the U.S. Dollar. They say this move will help stop U.S. job losses. But are Americans also ready to say goodbye to cheap stuff? It is not just traders who have an interest in this story. Ordinary people here in this country have a real stake in what China decides to do with its currency. And that is why politicians of all stripes have started a campaign to try and pressure Beijing to raise the value of its currency hoping that will help stave off job losses here at home. But some warn such a move may hurt the economic future of both countries. Related Shows Free Trade vs. Fair Trade

45. Can This Union Be Saved? | Economist.com Even America is not an optimal currency zone; its regions sometimes boom or shrinkout of where a currency peg to the dollar made exports uncompetitive, http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4051116

46. China And The World Economy | From T-shirts To T-bonds | Economist.com China has long been under pressure to revalue its currency from countries that American Treasury yields rose by 12 basis points after Beijing made its http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=4221685

47. Forex Trading: Online Currency Trading From Global Forex Trading Global Forex Trading offers its currency traders pricing for more than 60 currencypairs Dollar/yen reversed its early losses, but made little progress. http://gftforex.com/

Search GFTforex.com Founded in 1997, Global Forex Trading (GFT) is a world-leading provider of real-time currency dealing, pricing and comprehensive services for retail and institutional foreign exchange traders. Serving a global customer-base in more than 100 countries through its DealBook® FX 2 trading software and 24-hour dealing operation, Global Forex Trading prides itself on adhering to the highest levels of customer service and integrity in the forex trading industry Global Forex Trading offers its currency traders pricing for more than 60 currency pairs, analytical services from forex industry experts, up-to-the-minute foreign exchange and market-moving news bundled within a completely customizable software package. From advanced forex charting to intricate tools that allow you to build your own technical indicators for the forex market, GFT’s DealBook® FX 2 is the only forex trading platform designed to serve beginners and professional forex traders. Try DealBook® FX 2, our cutting–edge technology for the forex market. DealBook® FX 2 is our powerful online currency trading software that provides you with instant access to the highly liquid forex market. With Facilitated Systems™, you subscribe to time–tested technical systems designed for trading in the forex market. We then place trades based on the system’s recommendations, so you won’t have to monitor the system 24 hours a day.

48. The Decay Of Paper Currency The pound, the currency of choice for a long stretch of time before the It could be titled and its ownership made certain unable to be copied by a http://www.gold-eagle.com/gold_digest_05/mayer032605.html

Printer Friendly Version Email this Article The Daily Reckoning PRESENTS: For anyone living in the 20th century, the rising cost of living is nothing new. Since the creation of the Federal Reserve, the dollar has lost about 95% of its purchasing power. Chris Mayer explores our other options for making sound investments... THE DECAY OF PAPER CURRENCY Christopher Mayer Inflation, as it is commonly known, has not always been the normal state of affairs. As James Grant, editor of Grant's Interest Rate Observer, has pointed out, "From George Washington to the A-bomb, prices alternately rose and fell... As Alan Greenspan himself has pointed out, the American price level registered little net change between 1800 and 1929." The basic nature of our money assures it will lose value over time. It can be created nearly at will and it is left in the hands of government officials, who routinely spend more than they have. In such a state, a nation's paper money has a shelf life like a fresh egg or a jar of mayonnaise. It doesn't last forever. Unlike these foodstuffs, paper money has no printed expiration date. According to economist Felix Somary, who experienced firsthand the devastating monetary inflations that destroyed the German mark in the 1920s, it took Rome four centuries to destroy its currency. Germany and Austria reached that point in just nine years, ending in the famous hyperinflations of the 1920s, and before that, Russia managed it in only five years. Everyone's experience is different, but our collective experiments in paper money have not created a currency that increases in value over time.

49. United Currency Group, Inc.: Lit. Rel. No. 18471 / November 19, 2003 SEC Files Injunctive Action Against United currency Group, Inc. and its CEO, In addition, Swickle made oral misrepresentations to investors while http://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/lr18471.htm

Home Previous Page U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Litigation Release No.18471 / November 19, 2003 Securities and Exchange Commission v. United Currency Group, Inc. and its CEO, Adam Swickle Civ. No. 03 9161 (JGK SEC Files Injunctive Action Against United Currency Group, Inc. and its CEO, Adam Swickle, Alleging a Fraudulent Offering of Securities.) On November 19, 2003, the Commission filed a complaint in the United States District Court of the Southern District of New York alleging that Adam Swickle conducted a fraudulent offering of United Currency Group, Inc.'s ("UCG") securities from May 2001 through December 2002. Through this offering, Swickle and UCG fraudulently raised approximately $774,000 from 21 investors. The Complaint names the following defendants: UCG, which was incorporated in New York and maintained its principal place of business at 99 Wall Street. UCG purportedly employed sales representatives to trade foreign currency for its clients. UCG also conducted an offering of its securities from May 2001 through December 2002. Swickle, age 36, is a resident of Jericho, New York, and is the founder and CEO of UCG.

50. English Weights And Measures: Money The penny has been the basic unit of currency from about 775. made in goldobtained from Guinea (Ghana) in Africa, its value being fixed at 21s in 1717 http://home.clara.net/brianp/money.html

Shillings and groats, pounds and farthings Last edited: 16th April 2004 BASICS home weights money volumes ... temperature COLLECTING collecting weights names on weights picture gallery Miscellaneous legal matters paper measures anti-metrication history ... cooking measures Reference quick reference conversion factors calculator Technology science/technology wire gauges photography Pounds, Shillings and Pence - fun with Lsd Until 15th February, 1971, Great Britain had much more interesting system of money, known as the pounds, shillings and pence system, or Lsd - the L coming from the latin word libra , the d coming from the latin word denarius (a roman coin). The penny has been the basic unit of currency from about 775. In 1971 the system was changed to follow the Russian model - the pound being divided into 100 'new' pennies. Inflation followed. The L is almost always written as a fancy or Basics 12 pennies = 1 shilling 20 shillings = 1 pound At this point, I think it is a good idea to mention how Lsd values were written and pronounced. A few examples: Amount Written as Pronounced as two and a half pennies d tuppence-ha'penny two and three quarter pennies tuppence three farthing four pennies fourpence two shillings two shillings, or two bob

51. Western Union Telephone Money Transfer Service Terms And Conditions The transfer fees and the money Western Union (or its Agents) makes when itchanges your dollars into All payments will be made in Mexican currency. http://www.westernunion.com/info/tncTMT.asp

var defaultFocus = "" var serverName = "10" var netSage = "" var s_pageName="info/tncTMT" var s_server="10" Home About Us Contact Us Help Select country fields["country"] = new fieldObj( "country", "menu", "", "", "", "", "", [] ) Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Angola Anguilla Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bonaire Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Rep Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote D'Ivoire Croatia Curacao Cyprus Cyprus (Northern) Czech Republic Dem Rep of Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrghyz Republic Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Authority Panama

52. Global Currency Speculation And Its Implications Global currency speculation and its implications So, a manager with a backgroundin production or engineering would typically be made the CEO. http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/nar-cn.htm

BACK TO MAIN ONLINE BOOKSTORE HOW TO ORDER Global currency speculation and its implications In the following excerpt from remarks at an International Forum on Globalisation (IFG) seminar, Bernard Lietaer focuses on the alarming increase in global currency speculation. The potential implications are truly explosive, threatening global power arrangements, the sovereignty of nation-states, and the abilities of ordinary people to survive. IN 1975, about 80% of foreign exchange transactions (where one national currency is exchanged for another) were to conduct business in the real economy. For instance, currencies change hands to import oil, export cars, buy corporations, invest in portfolios, or build factories. Real transactions actually produce or trade goods and services. The remaining 20% of transactions in 1975 were speculative, which means that the sole purpose was an expected profit from buying and selling currencies themselves, based on their changing values. So, even in the days when the real economy was dominant, some currency speculation was going on. There had always been that little bit of frosting on the cake. Today, the real economy in foreign exchange transactions is down to 2.5% and 97.5% is now speculative. What had been the frosting has become the cake. The real economy has become just a small percentage of total financial currency activity.

53. China's Currency Change May Ultimately Mean Little Maybe the price of Chinesemade products such as furniture and auto parts will from yesterday s announcement by China that it is allowing its currency, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101943.

var SA_Message="SACategory=" + 'business/international'; Hello Edit Profile Sign Out Sign In Register Now ... Subscribe to SEARCH: News Web var ie = document.getElementById?true:false; ie ? formSize=27 : formSize=24 ; document.write(''); Top 20 E-mailed Articles washingtonpost.com Business World Business ... E-Mail This Article Quick Quotes Tables Portfolio Index RSS News Feeds Top News Business What is RSS? All RSS Feeds E-mail Newsletters View a Sample and Sign Up TechNews Daily Report Personal Finance Personal Tech Manage Your Newsletters 1 p.m. ET: China's Currency Change May Ultimately Mean Little By Paul Blustein Washington Post Staff Writer Friday, July 22, 2005; Page D01 Maybe the price of Chinese-made products such as furniture and auto parts will rise. Perhaps the cost of other goods imported from Asia, such as cars and computer chips, will increase, too. And maybe that will provide a spot of relief for the manufacturers in countries, such as the United States, that have been battered by competition from across the Pacific. All of that could result from yesterday's announcement by China that it is allowing its currency, the yuan, to rise in value, by about 2 percent initially, with the prospect of additional small daily moves limited by a "band." The move was a bow to pressure from the United States and other countries whose officials have complained that by pegging the yuan at 8.28 per dollar, Beijing kept its currency artificially cheap, thereby giving its exporters an unfair competitive edge.

54. State S Trade Ties Mean The Money Move Matters China s decision to strengthen its currency could have a wideranging effect onCalifornia In addition, companies that have made major inroads in China, http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-trade22jul22,1,7938977.story?coll=la-headl

55. AllRefer.com - Libya - Banking, Credit, And Currency Of Libya | Libyan Informati Banking, Credit, and currency. As a result of its World War II association, The government gave the new bank sole right of currency issue and made it http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/libya/libya85.html

You are here allRefer Reference Libya History ... Libya Libya Banking, Credit, and Currency In the general revaluation of gold, which also took place in December 1971, Libya retained its existing parity with gold. As a consequence, the dollar value of the dinar rose from US$2.80 to US$3.04, where it was kept until 1974 when it moved to LD1 equal to US$3.3778. The dinar was maintained at this rate until March 1986, when the government switched from a fixed dollar rate to a floating rate linked to the SDR. This move resulted in a 10-percent decline in the value of the dinar. During the years immediately after independence, an international commission acted in lieu of a bank of issue, and the several currencies serving as legal tender in various parts of the country were replaced by the new Libyan currency. Pursuant to legislation of 1955 (amended in 1958), the National Bank of Libya was established in 1956 to replace the commission and to perform some of the functions of a central bank under the aegis of the Ministry of Finance. The commercial banks for the most part were branches of major international banking institutions. In the main, they were engaged in providing short-term international and domestic commercial credit. In 1963 the Central Bank of Libya replaced the National Bank of Libya. The government gave the new bank sole right of currency issue and made it responsible for maintaining monetary stability and the external value of the Libyan currency and for regulating currency and credit. The bank could also make advances to the central government up to 10 percent of estimated current revenues. The commercial banks were required to maintain liquidity ratios and reserves in the Central Bank against deposits as prescribed by the Central Bank. Until 1970 the Central Bank also carried out commercial operations, but in that year the National Commercial Bank was founded to take over the commercial division of the Central Bank and the operations of two small foreign banks.

56. Press Room June 23, 2005 JS-2505 Testimony Of Treasury Secretary For the past decade China has pegged its currency to the value of the US dollar . We have made it clear to China s economic leadership that reform of its http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js2505.htm

June 23, 2005 JS-2505 Testimony of Treasury Secretary John W. Snow before the Senate Committee on Finance Chairman Grassley, ranking member Baucus, members of the Committee, it is a pleasure to appear before you to testify on the matter of our economic relations with China. This hearing could not be more timely. China is playing a larger and larger role in the global economy and the Treasury Department has been intensely engaged on a broad range of Chinese financial and economic issues over the course of the last several years, particularly on the question of the yuan and flexible exchange rates. It is important that China move to a more flexible exchange rate regime, we have urged them to do so, and they have agreed that it is in their interest to adopt greater exchange rate flexibility. While it is in China's interest that they do so, it is also in the interest of the global adjustment process, which is a shared responsibility. I appreciate the chance to address the issue of our economic relations with China in the context of this shared responsibility among major economic regions for tackling imbalances in the global economy. I had the opportunity to address some of these issues when I released my report last month on the foreign exchange practices of America's major trading partners and I look forward to revisiting these issues today. China's role in the global economy and its impact on this country are receiving a great deal of attention here at home and among traders and investors in financial markets around the world.

57. ECB: The Changeover To The Euro Currency Based on the positive experience we have so far made with the common Europeancurrency and its smooth introduction, we can be confident that we will cope http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2003/html/sp031113.en.html

Skip navigation Home Site Directory Glossary ... Languages en The European Central Bank Press Events Publications ... Monetary Policy Navigation Path: Home Press By date Back to Press ... By speaker The changeover to the euro currency Eugenio Domingo Solans, Member of the Governing Council and of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, Lecture delivered at the Bank of Korea, Seoul, 13 November 2003. I am grateful for the invitation to speak to you about the introduction of a common European currency and thereby sharing my experience with you on one of the most important events in European integration. Since 1 January 2002, more than 300 million citizens in Europe pay with the same tangible currency. The euro banknotes and coins have become the legal tender in 12 of the 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) – Denmark, the United Kingdom and Sweden have not yet adopted the euro. The transition of the banking and financial community from the participating national currencies to the euro was completed, as planned, after the irrevocable fixing of the euro conversion rates. This can definitely be regarded as a remarkable success. The smooth migration of all electronic systems and procedures attested to the quality of the preparatory work that had been carried out both by the financial sector and by the central banks, under the guidance of the European Monetary Institute and, as of mid-1998, the European Central Bank (ECB). During the preparatory phase of the changeover there was of course some concern like the occurrence of a major technical failure.

58. ECB: "The Euro - A World Currency" concerning the currency are made by the political authority and backed by itspower. The use of a currency and its effectiveness are not, of course, http://www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2002/html/sp021113.en.html

Skip navigation Home Site Directory Glossary ... Languages en The European Central Bank Press Events Publications ... Monetary Policy Navigation Path: Home Press By date Back to Press ... By speaker "The euro - a world currency" Dr. Sirkka H¤m¤l¤inen, Member of the Executive Board, The Hochschule f¼r Bankwirtschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 13 November 2002 Introduction Ladies and gentlemen, First of all, I should like to thank the Hochschule f r Bankwirtschaft for the invitation to address you tonight. It is a great pleasure and honour for me to be here. The title of my presentation, "the euro - a world currency", could understandably conjure up visions of the past for the banking community and financial centre of Frankfurt am Main , of which you represent a broad cross-section. Indeed, the oldest record of financial activity in Frankfurt dates back to 794, when the Emperor Charlemagne launched a new form of money here, the denarius, which he intended to become a universal currency. The euro does not nourish such ambitions, of course. Its exclusive purpose is to be the currency of the citizens of the European Union (EU), and as such to serve them well. Whether it develops a role as an international currency is not, per se, a cause for concern or any policy objective. We at the European Central Bank have often said that we do not see - in our capacity as guardians of the integrity of money - any need to either foster or hinder the internationalisation of the euro. Whether the euro develops an international role or not has little bearing on our task and ability to maintain price stability and financial stability in the euro area.

59. InvestorPlace.com: Featured Advice: “Powerful” Profits From China’s Currency The big news last week was China’s decision to revalue its currency, the yuan, that China maintained a perpetual currency advantage that made its goods http://www.investorplace.com/free/fgsi01.htm?ak=5QK101

60. Europarl: The Euro - The Single Currency And The European Parliament Parliament has instituted detailed procedures under its own Rules (see Rule 36 the Single currency, recommendations for action can be made and sanctions http://www.europarl.eu.int/euro/2_pe/2_pe2_en.htm

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