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         Currency History:     more books (100)
  1. Speech of Hon. H.G. Davis, of West Virginia in the United State Senate, March 18, 1874, on the Finance and Currency Bill: Giving the history of banking ... July 12, 1862 : also favoring free banking by Henry Gassaway Davis, 1874
  2. History of the Currency in the United States by A. Barton Hepburn, 1970-12

141. TSG - Trade Solutions Group
Focuses on facilitating realtime multi-currency payment intitation, tracking and settlement.
http://www.bizcurrency.com/

Site Map

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142. Welcome To HKMA
Workings of its currency board, banking policy and supervision, debt market developments, HIBOR fixings and press releases.
http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/
All categories Press Releases Viewpoint The HKMA Currency Board System The Exchange Fund Debt Market Development Infrastructure Banking Policy and Supervision External Relations Guidelines and Circulars Statistics Publications Speeches Exchange Fund Notes Consumer Information Legislative Council Issues Research Memoranda Supervisory Policy Manual Guide to Monetary Terms HKMA Information Centre Careers@HKMA Internal Audit Useful Links Virtual Classroom Virtual Exhibition Annual Report 2003 Annual Report 2002 Annual Report 2001 Annual Report 2000
20 Sep 2005

Exchange Fund Bills Tender Results

16 Sep 2005

Monetary Authority appoints a Manager to manage the affairs of Delta Asia Credit Limited
...
HKMA News Update E-mail Service

Daily Updates:
Monetary Base

Interbank Liquidity

Exchange Fund Bills and Notes Fixings

143. International Currency Express, Inc. | Order Foreign Currency, Foreign Travelers
Provides a line of foreign exchange services that include foreign drafts, electronic transfers and travellers checks.
http://www.foreignmoney.com
List Of Currencies About us Feedback Welcome to International Currency Express, Inc International Currency Express, Inc., is a full service foreign exchange corporation. Our clients which include corporations, travel agents, tour operators, embassies, importers, law firms, accounting firms, banks, credit unions and individuals take advantage of our full line of foreign exchange services. Instead of investing in numerous expensive retail locations, International Currency Express has developed a processing center from which it efficiently services clients all across the U.S. Savings are reflected in extremely competitive rates of exchange and efficient order processing. Top 10 Reasons: To Take foreign currency with you on your trip. Click here Our Services Order foreign currency from
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144. Soft Currency Economics
Classic essay by Warren B. Mosler on why, under a fiat money system, the purpose of the tax system is to give a value to money.
http://www.warrenmosler.com/docs/docs/soft0004.htm

145. Resurgence 192 The New Alchemists By David Boyle
From Resurgence Magazine. The local currency revolution means new kinds of money which are kinder to the planet.
http://www.gn.apc.org/resurgence/issues/boyle192.htm
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Economics : David Boyle
THE NEW ALCHEMISTS The local currency revolution means new kinds of money which are kinder to the planet. from Resurgence Issue 192 THE WORLD FINANCIAL markets are delicate mechanisms, but they have the destructive power of a meteorite. There are many answers of course. Some comes from the government in coins and notes. Most comes from the banks, who conjure it into existence in the form of mortgages and loans. Some comes from us, but set in rigid interest-bearing rules: every time our credit card slices through the till, we cause money to exist.
Credit card companies in the USA now market their products by sending $5,000 cheques through the post by mailshot. If you want the money, you can cash the cheque and the card and statement follow through the post. "Like feeding lettuce to hungry rabbits," according to one American commentator.
No wonder the average American family manages to amass savings of just $2,300 after fifty years work. But who created that $5,000? Us or them?

146. CNN.com - Currency Surge Weighs On NAB - Oct. 8, 2003
CNN
http://cnn.com/2003/BUSINESS/10/08/australia.nab.biz/index.html
The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com
Currency surge weighs on NAB
The NAB will report full-year earnings next month. Story Tools SYDNEY, Australia (CNN) The Australian dollar's recent surge to six-year highs is having an impact on earnings guidance for the country's biggest bank, the National Australia Bank. The NAB said Thursday it would post earnings per share growth for 2002-03 at the bottom of its 8 to 11 percent target range. It said this was after absorbing adverse exchange rate movements and higher pension costs in Europe. Shares in NAB are down about half a percent to A$31.33 near midday. The Australian dollar is trading at 69.30 U.S. cents on Thursday its strongest against the greenback for more than six years with analysts expecting it to firm above 70 U.S. cents in the next few months. The bank said the strength of the Australian dollar was expected to reduce full year cash earnings per share growth by about 1.5 percent, compared with 2001-02. It add that higher pension costs in the United Kingdom would likely cut 1.4 percent from cash earnings per share growth.

147. The 6800 Capital Group
Investment manager specializing in risk control by alternative investments and strategies using domestic and international equity, fixed income, options, foreign currency and financial futures markets.
http://www.6800capital.com
6800 Capital Group Home Rembrandt Partners, L.P. Rembrandt Market Letter Rembrandt Investor Communications
Princeton Leveraged Fund, L.P.
... 6800 Capital Group Registration Page T H E C A P I T A L G R O U P B ACKGROUND The 6800 Capital Group, founded in 1988, is an investment manager specializing in the control of risk through the investment in alternative investments and strategies. These include domestic and international equity, fixed income, options, foreign currencies, commodity and financial futures markets. The 6800 Capital Group offers its services to wealthy individuals, families, endowments, foundations, and institutions. Rembrandt Partners, L.P. was ranked in the top ten risk-adjusted Funds of Funds for the last 60 months through November 30, 2004 by MAR/Hedge. Princeton Leveraged Fund, L.P. was ranked in the top ten performing Fund of Funds for the last 60 months through June 30, 2005 by HedgeWorld. Princeton Leveraged Fund, L.P. was also ranked in the top ten performing Funds and Pools for the last 60 months through December 31, 2004 by MAR.
We offer our investors several proprietary portfolios with specific strategic and performance objectives. These portfolios combine multiple independent investment advisors and trading methodologies allocated across a broad range of market sectors. The performance characteristics of the portfolios are usually not correlated with those of traditional, long biased equity and fixed income managers.

148. Currency Trading News, Forex Trading News, FX News, Forex News
Provides foreign exchange analysis, currency news updates, FX forum, currency forecasts and charts.
http://www.dailyfx.com/
Daily FX

149. Coin And Currency Collections At Notre Dame
Currently features 'Coins of Colonial and Early America' and 'Colonial currency', as well as 'Washington Tokens'.
http://www.coins.nd.edu/
Coin and Currency Collections
in the Department of Special Collections
University of Notre Dame Libraries
click here for a graphical title page
Coins of Colonial and Early America
A catalog and historical essay on the coins of colonial and early America from wampum and Massachusetts silver through the provisional half disme of 1792. The catalog contains over 275 coins divided by coin types. Each section contains an introductory essay reflecting recent scholarship followed by full color high-quality jpeg images and descriptions for each coin. A few highlights include: a group of Spanish American gold ingots from 1659, a well preserved Noe 1 Oak Tree shilling, a Higley copper, a Continental "dollar", a 1784 imitation British halfpenny and a 1792 half disme.
Colonial Currency
A catalog featuring hundreds of examples of colonial paper currency with supplementary sections on colonial lottery tickets and fiscal documents. Currency examples range from the New York issue of May 31, 1709 to the fractional currency privately emitted in the 1790's during the copper panic. Emissions are listed under the colony of issue followed by Continental Congress issues. There are a number of notes printed by Benjamin Franklin and several Massachusetts examples by Paul Revere. The site also includes explanatory essays on such topics as the first paper currency emission in the colonies, the relative value of local money in the colonies and land bank notes. The lottery section contains a ticket from the first government sponsored lottery in the colonies, the Massachusetts 1744-45 lottery.

150. Beyond Face Value
Online exhibit focusing on slavery depicted in money notes issued and circulated in the South during the Antebellum, Civil War, and Reconstruction Era.
http://www.lib.lsu.edu/cwc/BeyondFaceValue/index.htm
[ENTER] [ENTER]

151. Wooden Nickel Historical Museum - History Of Wooden Nickels
Wooden Nickel Historical Museum. history of Wooden Money in the US. Museum Home Page Wooden Nickel history Wooden Nickel Coin Club Contact
http://www.wooden-nickel.net/history/
History of Wooden Money in the U.S.
Museum Home Page Wooden Nickel History Wooden Nickel Coin Club Contact ...
Wooden Nickels
CLICK ANY PAGE BELOW
Museum Home Page

World's Largest

Wooden Nickel

Renaissance
...
Wooden Nickels on the Internet
On December 5, 1931, the Citizen's Bank of Tenino (pronounced 10-9-0), Washington failed and created a shortage of money. This left the merchants of the area unable to get change without traveling about 30 miles over mountainous roads in automobiles ill suited to that purpose, on roads that were built for horses and mules to traverse. The average round trip was about four hours. Much too long for merchants to be gone from their stores. A meeting of the Chamber of Commerce resulted in the local newspaper printing up the first issue of wooden money in the United States.
In 1933, Blaine, Washington issued round wooden coins when their bank failed. These were the first issues of wooden money in the U.S.
Just when the adage "Don’t take any Wooden Nickels!" was added to the American language is unclear, but the reasons are easy to understand. First of all, each wood had an expiration date and generally even a specific final redemption time. If you were in a possession of a handful of wooden nickels that expired at noon today and your best customer came through the door at five minutes to noon, it would be difficult to get to centennial headquarters to cash them in. Many Wooden Nickels also said they had to be unbroken, and the rectangular "Flats" were pretty fragile.

152. New Iraqi Currency / New Iraqi Dinar
GlobalSecurity.org provides information and links for background reading on the currency exchange.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/currency-reform.htm
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Military
Currency - Pictures
Currency - References
Currency - Links
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New Iraqi Currency
Iraq has a cash driven society where banks are seldom viewed as places to store consumer wealth and communications between branches of even the same bank are often difficult to conduct and rely mostly on face-to-face meetings to update account balances rather than the use of automated networks. The flow of funds in Iraq’s economy in general is more often than not, one of funds flowing out from banks with very little recirculation as is experienced in other societies. Why does this happen? It’s a result of “learned behavior” including consumer experiences dating back to the end of the first Iran-Iraq war. During this timeframe, the former dictator found the country nearly broke and faced with making millions in stipend payments to returning soldiers. To generate cash, he instructed all banks to stop making payments other than those needed to pay government workers. Most who stored their wealth in the banking system lost everything. Accordingly, the current distrust in the banking system will take time and consumer education to overcome.

153. ANS Drachmas, Doubloons, And Dollars The History Of Money
Individually, coins allow you to hold a piece of history in your own hand. Sometimes, we even know intriguing details about the person who used a coin or
http://www.amnumsoc.org/frbny.html
New location. New location.

154. Southern Africa Places
General travel tips, news and currency converters.
http://www.places.co.za/html/botswana_main.html
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155. CNN.com - UK Protest Over New Currency - January 3, 2002
CNN
http://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/01/02/euro.uk/index.html
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UK protest over new currency
LONDON, England British anti-euro protesters have carried a coffin to the Bank of England in protest against the introduction across Europe of the new currency. The small group from the Campaign for an Independent Britain carried the coffin bearing the message, "Death of 12 nation-states killed by the Euro," on Wednesday. Organiser Jim Reynolds, 60, told the UK Press Association: "We are bringing to the public's attention the dangers of joining the euro. We will lose control of interest rates, taxes and monetary policy. "Yesterday Romano Prodi said that the euro was not an economic project but a political project. The government have failed to give any strong economic reasons for joining." He added: "Our message is directed squarely at the British public and we are warning of the great dangers of joining the euro.

156. OCC - Office Of The Comptroller Of The Currency, Administrator Of National Banks
Charters, regulates,and supervises national banks to ensure a safe, sound and competitive banking system that supports the citizens, communities and economy of the United States
http://www.occ.treas.gov/
Skip to Main Content Search Search Tips Subject Index Site Map Directory ... Speeches
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What is BankNet?
What's New
September 20, 2005
News Release 2005-92
OCC Allows National Bank Offices Affected by Tropical Storm/Hurricane Rita to Close September 19, 2005
OCC 2005-33, Hurricane Katrina: Supervisory Guidance WORD ASCII
Guidance and new sections of the OCC's Web site and BankNet provide Katrina-related help, information, and links for national banks and their customers.
FFIEC announces
working group to address issues facing the financial industry following Hurricane Katrina and will "call upon any needed resources across our respective agencies and the FFIEC's established task forces to accomplish this goal," said Comptroller of the Currency and FFIEC Chairman John C. Dugan. Licensing Manual Update, August 2005
The " Capital and Dividends " booklet of the Licensing Manual has been revised. This update incorporates an advisory on reverse stock splits. With this issuance, AL 2002-6 is rescinded.
September 16, 2005

157. The Money Is No Good
An alternative view examining the role of money, reassessing the workmanship that goes into new larger portrait currency, and taking a closer look at the economics behind globalization.
http://www.fdungan.com/money.htm
The Money Is No Good by Fred Dungan "If you once forfeit the confidence of your fellow citizens, you can never regain their respect and esteem. It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time; you can even fool some of the people all of the time; but you can't fool all of the people all the time." - Abraham Lincoln Monopoly money is what it most closely resembles. Never have portraits been rendered so unprofessionally as on the new, larger portrait $5, $10, and $20 bills. Who did the engraving - a child with a sharp stick? And there is no sense of symmetry. Lincoln, Hamilton, and Jackson deserve better. [Note: On June 20, 2002, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing announced that $20, $50, and $100 bills will get much needed facelifts, possibly as early as 2003. Let's hope they get it right this time.]
Why would I bother to concern myself with our currency's artistic value? Because, in the final analysis, that's all it's worth. All United States coin and currency (and virtually all in the world) is fiat money. Unlike the commodity money on which our nation was built, fiat money consists of worthless coins with little or no precious metal in them (if melted down, they would not be worth their face value), and of paper currency that cannot be redeemed for gold or silver and is, in fact, backed by absolutely nothing. Fiat money is money by government decree. That it is worth anything is only because the government says it is worth something. We could just as easily be using monopoly money and arcade tokens.
The federal government's actions speak louder than its words. I've been to the building where they print currency. The Treasury is located on a public street in Washington, D.C. You don't need a security clearance to take a tour and there are only a handful of guards. Contrast this with the vault where the government stores its gold. Fort Knox is a military base with extremely tight security. Its best known installation, the United States Bullion Depository, is guarded by 70 ton tanks. Now, which do you suppose the government values most, millions of dollars in paper currency or a single bar of gold? They know they can always print more money. Gold, however, is an entirely different story.
All United States currency bears the slogan "In God We Trust" on the reverse side. God has my infinite trust, but I've learned the hard way not to trust the government completely. Neither, it seems, do most people. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coins stacked up in the Treasury's vaults and the government could only dispose of them by giving them as change in postal machines. The outlook for the new "fool's gold" dollar is much better, but, not to take any chances, the government has stooped to saturation advertising in order to promote them - clever little commercials in which the father of our country takes on a cool image. Personally, I liked George Washington just the way he was, but that only goes to show how advertising devilishly attempts to manipulate our most sacred values.
Considering that the cost of printing paper money is minimal, the federal government makes an enormous windfall profit whenever it places new bills in circulation. It has been argued that this is an unjustified source of revenue. Perhaps a fairer method (at least in the perspective of the average citizen) would be to toss the bills out the open doors of helicopters hovering over densely populated inner city neighborhoods. Ludicrous as this may sound, it makes more sense to me than most government giveaway programs.
Any nation, such as the United States, that elects to utilize "funny money" runs the risk that some brave individual, sometime, like the small boy in Hans Christian Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes , will shout that the money is no good. As I see it, that would be to no one's advantage. Discounting its many faults, our monetary system functions remarkably well. Now, imagine how much better a gold and silver bullion-backed, crash-proof, convertible currency would work! Allan Greenspan, are you listening?
The demands of economic globalization will eventually dictate that the world adopts a single currency. Something like this has already occurred in Europe with the advent of the Euro. How long will Canada maintain the fiction of a seperate stock exchange and currency uninfluenced by Wall Street and fluctuations in the U.S. dollar? I predict that the spheres of influence - U.S., European Common Market, and Japanese - will continue to expand. Once they have devoured the Third World, the only options remaining will be to war among themselves (unlikely when you consider that it would be tantamount to nuclear suicide) or merge. With each G8 summit, the developed nations take another step towards a single, unified currency. What makes our leaders think that facilitating the electronic transfer of funds is more important to Americans than our borders and national identity? Could their decision making be influenced by generous contributions from multi-national corporations?
Under U.S. campaign finance law, neither foreign corporations nor foreign nationals are permitted to make contributions to U.S. elections. However, due to a loophole in the law, U.S. companies owned by a foreign parent can - and do - make soft money campaign contributions.
But does soft money actually buy politicians? Let's go to an insider to find out. In a speech before the United States Senate on October 14, 1999, Senator John McCain had this to say: "I believe that part of the problem, indeed a 'key ingredient' of wasteful spending and special interest tax breaks is the effect of soft money on the legislative process....I have already cited ...the large amount of soft money given to both parties by various industries and the aggregate amount of tax breaks those industries received. I believe, even if some of my colleagues do not, that these amounts have impaired our integrity. I believe that as strongly as I believe anything. Unlimited amounts of money given to political campaigns have impaired our integrity as political parties and as a legislative institution....if special interests did not believe that their millions of dollars in donations buy them consideration in the legislative process, then ...those special interests - who have a fiduciary responsibility to their stockholders - wouldn't give us that money, would they? Those interests enjoy greater influence here than the working men and women who cannot afford to buy our attention but who are affected, sometimes adversely, by the laws we pass....that seems to be a good working definition of an impairment of our integrity, which is...Webster's [dictionary] definition of corruption." Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution says that "Congress shall have power to...coin money [and] regulate the value thereof ...." And Congress in its wisdom has decided that our money will be backed by our faith in the government. Only a generation ago, that was more than enough. But soft money has corrupted Congress and perverted the political process as well. Allowed to continue unabated, the practice of selling influence to the highest bidder may ultimately force us to reflect that money isn't worth anything more than the government that prints it.
The implications, however, go far deeper. Because the global economy is dependent for the most part on the integrity of United States currency, we need to at least give the appearance that our money has actual worth. The recent devaluation of the Argentine peso, which was pegged to the U.S. dollar on a one-to-one basis, gave us fair warning. Allowing the trade deficit to spiral out of control is extremely dangerous. Whether accomplished by force of arms or economic trickery, commerce that is primarily going in one direction will inevitably be labled imperialism by workers in other countries who, though they labor long hours, cannot hope to ever afford the goods they make. Paper promises of future reward will eventually have to be redeemed, i.e. the balance of payments cannot continue its negative flow devoid of consequences. Paying down the national debt is only half the battle: we need to wipe the slate clean - unburden ourselves of the entire national debt and international debts as well. Indebtedness is not the sort of legacy we want to leave our children. This article was taken from Chapter 6 of Bushwhacked by Fred Dungan. For the complete story click here. Return to Home Page This page last modified on April 18, 2003.

158. Banking Equipment - Check Signers And Encoders - Coin And Currency Counters - Ti
Sales and service of coin and currency counters, and check processing and time recording equipment. USA
http://www.checktech.com/
Home Page Checktech Best Sellers Special Offers - Updated 10/04 Company Information Contact Us Currency Counters Coin Counters ... Counterfeit Detectors - New Cash Handling Products MICR Encoders - New Check Image Systems - New Check Signers ... Technical Support Magee Company - CheckTech Division
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has the WIDEST and BEST selection of Money, Check and Banking Products available ANYWHERE . We stock all the MOST RELIABLE and POPULAR Coin Counters Currency Counters and Counterfeit Bill Detectors as well as a LARGE VARIETY of SPECIALIZED Banking Equipment Banking Supplies , and

159. Turn Math Formulas Into A Calculators With CalcExpress(tm)
Includes arithmetic, mortgage and currency exchange processing features. Uses a dialog box and icons for input.
http://www.calcexpress.com/
E.g. turn the math formula to calculate the monthly mortgage payment into a mortgage calculator Now you can calculate:
  • the monthly payment required to pay back a mortgage
    Leave the payment field empty and enter the other variables: the interest rate per year, the number of payments per year (12 in case of monthly payments), the number of years of your loan.
  • the mortgage you can get if you can afford a monthly payment
    Leave the present value field and enter your payment.
If you enter plain number for the variables , you calculate just a single number; if you enter ranges of numbers , you calculate one or two dimensional value tables. You can repeat previous input with history , and you can put your calculations into the protocol You can convert licenseable books bundle resell the executor-only version Of course you can also order a custom calcutor Product Information
$49.95 US
30 day money back guarantee
News
6/17/2004 initial release of version 2.0
now features rtf export of calculation results, conditions on variable values, xml export of formulas, and more
Sell your Formulas You can give away your formulas for free, but you can also sell them. If you specify "licenseable" the formulas only work for a limited for free on another system, after that time the user has to order a key from you.

160. XE.com - ISO 4217 Type Currency Code List
Two lists of the generally used threeletter currency codes, sorted by country and by currency. Site cautions that the codes may in some cases differ from those prescribed by ISO 4217.
http://www.xe.com/iso4217.htm
xe.com ISO 4217 Type Currency Code List
http://www.xe.com/iso4217.htm Links XE.com Home Currency Services Site Map Français Svenska Advertisement - To advertise on this page, click here About the Currency Codes
    This is a list of global currencies and the three-character currency codes that we have found are generally used to represent them. Often, but not always, this code is the same as the ISO 4217 standard. (The ISO or International Organization for Standardization is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies.) In most cases, the currency code is composed of the country's two-character Internet country code plus an extra character to denote the currency unit. For example, the code for Canadian Dollars is simply Canada's two-character Internet code ("CA") plus a one-character currency designator ("D"). We have endeavored to list the codes that, in our experience, are actually in general industry use to represent the currencies. This list no longer contains obsolete Euro-zone currencies This page is not a list of symbols used in everyday life to denote that a number is a monetary value, such as the dollar sign "$", the Pound sign "£", and the Euro sign "€". For a list of these symbols, refer to our

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