81. Thinking From Cuba : : Cuban History For nearly a decade I had been trying to teach my students here at UVa about the history of Latin American societiesplaces of conquest and convivencia, http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/projects/ThinkingFromCuba/index.php?page_id=Cuba

82. Granma.cu - The cuban history of an exceptional singer BY MIREYA CASTAÑEDA —Granma International staff writer—. TWO names have followed singer Daniel Santos throughout http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/diciembre/juev9/50daniel.html

Political Prisoners of the Empire MIAMI 5 Texto-Only Version Granma International English Edition NEWS NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL SPORTS ... C U L T U R E Havana. December 9, 2004 DANIEL SANTOS: ENJOYING HAVANA The Cuban history of an exceptional singer BY MIREYA CASTAÑEDA — Granma International staff writer— TWO names have followed singer Daniel Santos throughout his career. The first was bestowed upon him in Havana: a restless Anacobero, meaning an imp or bohemian. Either one could be used to describe him and to reflect upon his intense and difficult life. Much later, having triumphed, Colombians called him El Jefe (The Boss). Doubtless an exceptional figure of Latin American song, Daniel Santos (Puerto Rico, 1916 – United States, 1992) remains an almost unforgettable figure today. But it is not the complete story of his life and career that concerns us now. For those interested, there are several biographies, not including his fatefully prophetic autobiography

83. SOLINET | Preservation cuban history and Literature. The University of Miami microfilmed volumes from its Cuban collection, focusing on political, economic, cultural, http://www.solinet.net/preservation/preservation_templ.cfm?doc_id=2300

84. Cuba: Behind The News More cuban history, the CIA in Miami, culture links. Ultimate Cuba Website new site with hundreds Mambi cuban history and culture links from Exilio.com. http://edonovan.home.infionline.net/behind/cuba.htm

Cuba Web sites Categories: Cuba Govt Cuba Directories News from Cuba News about Cuba ... Anti-Castro Groups; Cuba travel U.S. Govt Reports Fidel Castro Special Reports ... Reference Materials (maps, stats, etc.) CUBA Government Gobierno de Cuba directories, statistics, links to news and other local information. Partido Comunista de Cuba has member biographies and photos (under Buro Politico ), history, documents, and more. Isla Grande new official portal for Cuba . Links to news, directory information, government, tourism, etc. CubaWeb another directory of Cuba websites. Includes govt link with Castro Speeches, directories. Cuba.cu (El Web de Cuba) another portal page from Cuba with links to Castro speeches , phone directories, travel and tourist info, Communist Party, news and links. Includes White pages telephone directory search Yellow Pages search National Defense (Minfar) Military organization, information (in English). Cuba Online A Cuban site devoted to entertainment and arts. ColumbusNet site devoted to computing applications. Cuba-NIC Internet services web site from Ministry of Sciences, Technology, and Environment.

85. Elian Already Part Of Cuban History / Sun-Sentinel - Cuba News / Noticias - Cuba Cuba news from independent journalist on the Island and other news sources. http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/jun00/27e7.htm

CUBAN E T CUBANEWS June 27, 2000 Elian already part of Cuban history Sun-Sentinel By Vivian Sequera, Associated Press. Web-posted: 12:17 p.m. June 27, 2000 CARDENAS, Cuba With hope that the Elian Gonzalez saga will soon be over, Cubans said Tuesday the 6-year-old has already entered into Cuba's history as a symbol of one of the few instances in four decades in which the U.S. and Cuban governments have seen eye-to-eye. Both governments said the young shipwreck survivor deserved to be with his father, who wants him returned to Cuba, and both opposed efforts by Miami relatives to keep him in the United States. "I cannot remember another time in which Washington and Havana have been in agreement," said Pedro Noda, a 59-year-old retired construction worker in Elian's hometown Cardenas, about 90 miles east of Havana. "They both said the boy belonged with his father," Noda said as he brought his two fifth-grade granddaughters to Elian's school where they were finishing up their final exams for the year. Elian's Miami relatives on Monday took their bid to keep him in America to the Supreme Court, which was expected to decide whether to review the case. A stay preventing the boy from leaving the country expires at 4 p.m. Wednesday.

86. 1998 Will Leave An Indelible Mark On Cuban History / Zenit - Cuba News / Noticia Cuba news from independent journalist on the Island and other news sources. http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y98/dec98/28e10.htm

CUBAN E T December 28, 1998 1998 Will Leave An Indelible Mark On Cuban History Zenit, December 24 Declarations of Cardinal Jaime Ortega, Archbishop of Havana HAVANA, 24 dec (ZENIT)- "It has been a very special year for us: first the Pope's visit, which is summed up in one phrase, or rather one program: that Cuba open itself to the world, and that the world open itself to Cuba. Now this Christmas, which has been restored as a national holiday." Cardinal Jaime Ortega, Archbishop of Havana, made these comments to the Italian newspaper "Avvenire" regarding the incredible year 1998 in the Caribbean island. The Cardinal stressed the importance of this feast for Cubans. "For us, in the light of our history, it is a great event. Christmas has once again become institutional in Cuba. It is one sign that is added to others. This year, we have been able to hold various processions, and authorization has been granted through normal channels. Some towns, such as San Nicolás and Tapaste have celebrated their patron saints. People have taken up again their own traditions and the Church has acquired, in a certain sense, its habitual scope of action." The Cardinal feels that the fruits of the Pope's visit are evident. "As the president of our Episcopal Conference recently said, relations between the Church and State had been 'formally' good, and now they have begun to be formally better. President Castro received the president of the Episcopal Conference and communicated to him, before announcing to the press, his decision to institutionalize Christmas. Permission has been granted for 43 priests and religious to enter the country, and among them are some Cubans who were forced into exile. Throughout this year, we have had other opportunities for meetings with civil authorities on various levels. The meetings have gone smoother, and we have been able to speak and present our demands and petitions."

87. NYPL, The Spanish-American War Research Guide essays that cover different periods in cuban history up to the recent past. Foner, Philip S. A History of Cuba and its Relations with the United States. http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/spanamerwar/Cuba.html

@import "/styles/markup-nonNS4.css"; Skip to Left Navigation Skip to Main Content get a library card? find a book? renew a book? reserve a book? research a topic? find a job at NYPL? volunteer for NYPL? support NYPL? rent space? order/license images? learn to read? learn English? find events? find exhibitions? find classes? connect with wireless? Using the Catalogs General Reference Works The Spanish-American Conflict The Countries in Conflict ... The Spanish-American War Cuba General works The War and its aftermath Further research General works Atkins, Edwin Farnsworth. Sixty Years in Cuba; reminiscences of Edwin F. Atkins . Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1926. [AN (Atkins)] Bergad, Laird W. Cuban Rural Society in the Nineteenth Century: the social and economic history of monoculture in Matanzas . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. [JLE 90-1655] Bethell, Leslie, ed. Cuba: a short history . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. [*R-HOB 93-4293] The authors include four bibliographical essays that cover different periods in Cuban history up to the recent past. Foner, Philip S.

88. Cuban Sugar In The Age Of Mass Production: Technology And The Economics Of The S If you do not know much about cuban history, you may find it odd to learn Anyone unfamiliar with the history of Cuban sugar before 1898 can read these http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0188.shtml

Cuban Sugar in the Age of Mass Production: Technology and the Economics of the Sugar Central, 1899-1929 Dye, Alan B. Published by EH.NET (September 1999) Alan B. Dye, Cuban Sugar in the Age of Mass Production: Technology and the Economics of the Sugar Central, 1899-1929 . Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. xi ii + 343, $55 (cloth), ISBN: 0-8047-2819-4 Reviewed for EH.NET by Richard Salvucci, Department of Economics, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas. Richard Salvucci teaches at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. He is writing a book on Mexico's "London Debt" in the nineteenth century and recently has written a paper with his wife Linda Salvucci on the Latin American terms of trade in the nineteenth century. Subject : A Geographic : 5 Time Period : 8 Cuba Citation : Richard Salvucci, "Review of Alan B. Dye Cuban Sugar in the Age of Mass Production: Technology and the Economics of the Sugar Central, 1899-1929 " Economic History Services, Sep 6, 1999, URL : http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0188.shtml

89. Introduction: Series Two--Cuban History And Literature, Part One: Serials And Pr Introduction Series Twocuban history and Literature, Part One Serials and Printed Materials from Harvard University http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/31200FM.htm

Introduction: Series TwoCuban History and Literature, Part One: Serials and Printed Materials from Harvard University The periodicals, books, and pamphlet publications collected here provide a unique window on Cuban culture from the early-19th century through the 1920s and 1930s. Cuba’s large population of literate crillollos or creoles supported an active publishing industry that offered almanacs, gazettes, magazines for women, literary journals, books, and more. Preserved here on microfilm are a wide variety of these publications. The serial publications include many complete or near complete runs of major magazines such as El Album , and hard-to-find short-lived periodicals such as the literary periodical La lira de apolo . These provide insights into the taste and preoccupations of the creole classes who were their target audiences. Filmed from the collections of Harvard College Library, this collection gives users access to hard-to-find materials, supporting research not only on Cuban, but on Caribbean and Latin American history in all of its aspects: from literature to economics to science to women’s issues.

90. Programs - Office For Study Abroad - International Programs - The University Of He is joined by specialists in cuban history and literature from the University of This course looks at cuban history and culture over the last century, http://www.uiowa.edu/~uiabroad/programs/cuba.htm

PROGRAMS Summer and Short Term Programs Semester and Academic Year Programs New Programs Programs open to non-UI students ... study-abroad@uiowa.edu Summer Study in Havana, Cuba The University of Iowa, in conjunction with the University of Illinois, offers students the opportunity to study in Havana, Cuba. This exciting month-long program takes place in June and is based at the Centro de Estudios Martianos. It is directed by Joseph Love, UIUC History professor. He is joined by specialists in Cuban history and literature from the University of Havana. Students are housed in double rooms at the Villa Eulalia, formerly an elegant one-family mansion, complete with gardens, spiral staircase, and stained glass windows. Breakfast and dinner are provided by the program at the Villa Eulalia. Academic Program Students take one 3 semester hour course: Cuba, the United States, and the Caribbean: A Historical Perspective

91. Siglo XXI. Publicación Del Comité Cubano Pro Derechos Humanos English language content includes history of organization, papers on development of democracy, and links to recent media articles. Additional content in Spanish. http://www.sigloxxi.org/

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92. The Chairman Smiles - Cuban Posters Propaganda art from Cuba. International Institute of Social history site. Historical context, and photos of designs from ICAIC, OSPAAAL and Editora Politica. http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman/cubintro.html

International Institute of Social History The Chairman Smiles Last updated: January 30, 2003 Go To Home IISH The Chairman Smiles Soviet Posters Cuban Posters Chinese Posters Designers Collecting and Collectors Conservation ... Sitemap Search The Chairman Whole site More Options Help Contact Services: Enquiries Cuban Posters With a small rebel army, Fidel Castro seizes power in Cuba by the end of 1958. Although he tries to take an independent line, he must deal with significant Russian influence on the new regime. The socialist realist posters from the early years attest to this influence. Around 1965, in a period of strained relations with the Soviet Union, the Cubans decide to develop styles more suitable to their own circumstances. A period of artistic freedom follows. The arts flourish, and there are lively international contacts. Talented Cuban artists start designing colourful, inventive posters of traditional subjects such as commemorations of the revolution or calls for more production. The Cuban leaders are portayed as cheerful and unconventional. Especially striking are the splendid posters issued by cultural organizations such as the ICAIC, the Cuban film institute. OSPAAAL, the organization for solidarity with the people of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, distributes its posters worldwide. Che Guevara's portrait is transformed into an international symbol for romantic rebellion. In the 1970s the liveliness becomes less marked. Artistic freedom is subordinated to the spreading of the proper revolutionary morality. Ties with the Soviet Union are tightened in the same period. A unique chapter in the history of the political poster comes to an end.

93. History Brief Cultural history Of all the collective terms used to specify Afrocuban origins, Kongo encompasses the greatest diversity of peoples brought to http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/history.htm

Links Go Key Resource Cuba Topic Brief Cultural History Yoruba Arará Abakuá Kongo U ntil the last decades of the 18th Century, Cuba was a relatively underdeveloped island with an economy based mainly on cattle raising and tobacco farms. The intensive cultivation of sugar that began at the turn of the nineteenth century transformed Cuba into a plantation society, and the demand for African "slaves", who had been introduced into Cuba from Spain at the beginning of the 16th century, increased dramatically. The slave trade with the West African coast exploded, and it is estimated that almost 400,000 Africans were brought to Cuba during the years 1835-1864. [That's roughly 1150 per month for 29 years!] In 1841, African slaves made up over 40% of the total population. The late flourishing of the Cuban sugar industry and the persistence of the slave trade into the 1860s are two important reasons for the remarkable density and variety of African cultural elements in Cuba. Fernando Ortiz Counted the presence of over one hundred different African ethnic groups in 19th century Cuba, and estimated that by the end of that century fourteen distinct "nations" had preserved their identity in the mutual aid associations and social clubs known as cabildos

94. History Of The Cuban Republic cuban government documents, Castro speeches, and history of the Revolution. http://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/

Marxist History: Cuba (1959 - present) To volunteer, ask questions, or send comments, mail Brian Basgen History Archive

95. A Brief History And Overview Of Cuba | Cuba Education Tours Cuba education travel, tours and books. See cuban life political, economic, cultural, historical and social. You get to know the real Cuba and its people. http://www.canadacuba.ca/traveltips/cubahistory.php

Nonprofit tours and travel for friendship with the people of Cuba. The most rewarding, cost effective way to experience the island. Tours to Cuba School tours Individual travel Custom tours Theme tours ... Small groups Planning and tips U.S. Cuba travel Cuba travel tips Things to do Fundraising ... Insurance Cuba resources Donate to Cuba Cuba comparison Generous Cuba Photos of Cuba ... Cuban history Cuba store Books on Cuba Stay in touch Contact us Ask a question Join update list Give tour ideas ... Volunteer Who we are Our project MOVPAZ CubaNatura Tours Details Privacy Agreements TOURS TO CUBA HOMEPAGE A Brief History and Overview of Cuba From Doing Business with Cuba THIS PAGE COVERS Geography Climate History Political System Legal System Population Language Religion Education Health Culture Geography Cuba is the largest, most varied and most beautiful of the Greater Antilles islands. It is long and narrow, extending approximately 1,260 km east-west in length; its width ranges from 193 km to 32 km. No point in the Island is more than 80 km from the sea. Cuba's territory, or the Cuban Archipelago, includes the Island of Youth (Isla de la Juventud) and several coastal islets and cays; it covers a land area of 110,861 km2. Cuba, often called the "Pearl of the Antilles," has a subtropical trade wind climate, adequate rainfall, significant mineral resources, and vast areas of level fertile land suitable for mechanized farming.

96. CUBANS-History cubanS—THEIR history AND CULTURE REFUGEE FACT SHEET NO.12 cuban colonial society at the time was divided along color and class lines Whites of Spanish http://www.culturalorientation.net/cubans/histo1.HTM

culturalorientation.net -home CUBANS THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE REFUGEE FACT SHEET NO.12 PAGE CHAPTER C ONTENTS P REFACE ... IBLIOGRAPHY PREVIOUS PAGES Soon After the Revolution (1959-early 1960s) FOLLOWING PAGES The War of Independence and U.S. Occupation: 1895-1902 The Republic: 1902-1959 Fidel Castro and the Revolution The Revolutionary Government, 1959-63 ... The 1990s Christopher Columbus landed on Cuba on October 27, 1492. Sugar became the basis of the Cuban economy toward the end of the 18th century. History European Discovery: 1492 On October 27th, 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on Cuba, called Cubanacán by the natives who lived there. He found about 50,000 of them—the Ciboney and Guanahatabey in the west and the Taíno elsewhere. Thinking he had reached India, Columbus dubbed these natives "Indians," renamed the island Juana in honor of Prince Juan of Portugal, and, leaving the island undisturbed, sailed on to Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic), where he founded the first Spanish settlement in the New World. The Colonial Period: 1511-1895 encomienda was established whereby each conquistador was granted a set number of Indians who had to pay tribute to the encomendero (grantee), while the grantee was responsible for the Indians' welfare and Christianization.

97. Jouvert 6.1 - 2: Myra Mendible, " Growing Up Cuban In Miami: History, Storytelli In the context of cuban politics and discourse, Cuba s history is often reduced On this side of the cuban divide, Cuba s history reads like an echo of http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v6i1-2/Mendib.htm

Growing Up Cuban in Miami: History, Storytelling and the Politics of Exile by Myra Mendible Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers FL Borderlands are physically present wherever two or more cultures edge each other . . . Living on borders and in margins, keeping intact one's shifting multiple identity and integrity, is like trying to swim in a new element, an "alien" element . . . not comfortable but home. For those of us accustomed to navigating the fluid borders dividing our "Cuban" and "American" cultural identities, the condition of being both and neither at the same time is indeed not comfortable but home. We are, in Gustavo Perez Firmat's catchy phrase, "born in Cuba, made in the U.S.A." We are members of that group referred to as the "one-and-a-half" generation, a designation that, like "Generation X" or "Baby Boomer," reduces some aspect of human experience to a ready sound bite. The phrase attempts to capture the "in-between" status of cubanos/as who immigrated to the States as children or adolescents and have lived, as Firmat calls it, "on the hyphen." As part of that "in-between" generation, I came to understand that how I see myself how others classify me fluctuates according to context and perspective. I am Cuban-American, exile, refugee, naturalized citizen, ethnic, immigrant, gusana To native-born Americans, I am simply Cuban; to Cubans on the island, I am too

98. Cuban Anarchism Excerpt, Cuban Anarchism Introduction The history of the cuban anarchist and labor movements from colonial times to the In reading this history of cuban anarchism, one is struck both by the http://www.seesharppress.com/cubananarchism.html

Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement by Chaz Bufe This is not a conventional history. Rather, it’s a tribute, an homage to the thousands of Cuban anarchists who worked over the course of more than a century to build a freer, juster world, and who, but for this book, would remain almost entirely forgotten. That would be a tragedy, as virtually all of them were idealistic, admirable human beings, and many were truly heroic. All are more deserving of historical remembrance than such power-hungry dictators as Gerardo Machado, Fulgencio Batista, and Fidel Castro. , for which he wrote easily half a million, and perhaps a million, words on Cuban history and politics. He is also the author of the book, , which deals with a pivotal event in Spanish and Cuban history, the assassination of the Spanish premier Cánovas del Castillo in 1897. Twenty years after this Cuban disaster, large numbers of the world’s anarchists (including many Cubans) threw their support to the Bolshevik government after the 1917 Russian revolution. Despite growing evidence of the brutal, totalitarian nature of the Communist regime, many anarchists continued to support it until well into the 1920s, when two well known and respected anarchists, Alexander Berkman (in The Russian Tragedy and The Bolshevik Myth ) and Emma Goldman (in My Disillusionment in Russia and My Further Disillusionment in Russia ) revealed the truth. Even then, some anarchists refused to surrender their illusions about the nature of the “workers’ state.”

99. Cuba Libre Resources history SpanishAmerican War When Martí arrived in New York on January 3, 1880, the issue of cuban independence was again in the news. http://www.historical-museum.org/history/war/cf.htm

H ISTORICAL M USEUM OF S OUTHERN F LORIDA Home Site Map Events Exhibits ... Spanish-American War Cuba Libre T The Apostle of Independence "Let us sing today an anthem to life before their well remembered graves. Yesterday I heard it, rising from the earth itself, as I crossed the dreary afternoon on my way to this faithful town . . . Amidst the shredded clouds, a pine tree defied the storm and thrust the stately trunk upwards. Suddenly, the sun broke through a forest clearing, and there, by a swift flash of light I saw, rising from the yellowed grass amidst the blackened trunks of the fallen pines, the joyful shoots of the new pines. That's what we are: new pines!" The expedition was unmasked by an informer and the ships confiscated by the U. S. government In the often paradoxical ways of publicity, however, the realization that Marti had, after all, managed to organize so ambitious a scheme, galvanized the separatist movement. Colonial authorities in Havana and Madrid were jolted. mambises , as the Cuban insurgents were called, was not so much the Spanish army as the island's economy. Their aim was to paralyze economic activity, thereby bringing the colony to a standstill, making it useless to Spain. As Maximo Gomez said, the mambises' best weapon was the torch.

100. Why The Cuban Trade Embargo Should Be Maintained Article by the Heritage Foundation's John Sweeney, providing an overview of the history and effects of the embargo and arguing for its extension. http://www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/BG1010.cfm

site map help contact us The Heritage Foundation ... Trade and Foreign Aid BG1010: Why the Cuban Trade Policy Archive: view by date Policy Archive: view by issue ... Return Home Why the Cuban Trade Embargo Should Be Maintained by John P. Sweeney Backgrounder #1010 Introduction With the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been a growing chorus of cries for the United States to lift the economic embargo on Cuba. This chorus has included even such responsible anti-communist voices as those of former President Richard Nixon and the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal. Such calls are curious, coming as they are just when it appears that the 32-year-old embargo may be bearing fruit. Five years after losing the financial patronage of the former Soviet Union, Fidel Castro's communist regime is facing severe shortages and growing popular discontent. Cuba's economy has shrunk by more than half since 1989, the black market is more dynamic than the formal command economy controlled by the state, and Fidel Castro's efforts to build a huge tourism industry and attract billions of dollars in new foreign investments have proved dismal failures. This economic collapse has imperiled the stability of the Castro regime. The Soviet Union's demise robbed Castro of his ideological base and about $4.5 billion a year in direct subsidies, exposing the complete failure of the communist revolution to improve the lives of the Cuban people. Moreover, as the economy's collapse has accelerated, popular discontent has increased to levels that threaten the survival of the regime. That was made clear in August, when thousands of Cubans rioted in Havana's Old Waterfront district, and by the subsequent flight to sea of more than 30,000 Cubans of all ages. Another indication that Castro's grip on power is slipping is the increased repression of organized dissident groups by Cuban security forces.

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