21. Fingerprints And Trace Evidence These are ordinarily processed by the same methods used for fingerprints. The first criminal trial to result in a conviction based primarily on http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/315/315lect05.htm

FINGERPRINTS AND TRACE EVIDENCE Fingerprints are used to identify an unknown victim, witness, or suspect, to verify records, and most importantly, as links and matches between a suspect and a crime. Even when you have no suspect, prints can develop leads , and sometimes provide clues about the criminal's size, sex, and occupation. Small prints tend to be made by small people, and prints on a wall indicate the suspect's height. Construction workers tend to have rough hands, and musicians tend to develop calluses on the tips of their fingers. It's important not to rely too heavily on these clues as they are not facts. Prints can substantiate or disprove the story of a victim or witness by locating their prints where they said they where. Even the absence of prints may be a key factor. Suicide scenes, for example, should never show any attempt at wiping prints away. Occasionally, a print is found that is made with the palm of the hand or a bare foot. These are ordinarily processed by the same methods used for fingerprints. Several months before a baby is born, ridges develop on the skin of its fingers and thumbs. These ridges arrange themselves in more or less regular patterns. For purposes of classification, experts divide these ridge patterns into three basic classes: ARCHES, LOOPS, AND WHORLS. Each class can be further divided into numerous sub-categories. See this other site on the Internet

22. BCCLA Position Paper: DNA Matching For Criminal Identification Purposes, 1994 It is clear that DNA matching is a powerful criminal investigation tool. The first two methods are currently used, and the third (if it has not been http://www.bccla.org/positions/privacy/94dna.html

DNA Matching for criminal identification purposes BCCLA Supports obtaining and banking DNA information The BCCLA recognizes and supports the aim of amending the Criminal Code and the Identification of Criminals Act to allow law enforcement authorities to obtain a warrant to collect DNA samples from suspects in serious crimes, to demand DNA from those arrested for serious crimes, and to bank DNA information for legitimate law enforcement purposes. Framing policies and procedures to institute these practices and to identify their limits is a matter of some urgency, both because of the potential value of DNA printing as a law enforcement tool and because of the civil liberties issues that these practices raise. This brief is an attempt to put these issues in perspective and to make recommendations for policy that will put law enforcement and civil liberties interests in balance. Background DNA samples are now most frequently analyzed in North America by a technique called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). For each sample, a DNA sequence from the same chromosomal region is cut, and a stain or picture of it is produced, which is called an autoradiograph. Autoradiographs look like bar codes. These are visually compared to discover if the patterns of DNA are identical. This process is typically repeated four other times for different chromosomal regions of the DNA molecule. If the DNA patterns for each of the five chromosomal regions are identical, a match has been found. The confidence that the two samples have been correctly matched (that they came from the same person) depends on the quality of the samples and the stringency with which the tests were applied. If there is a discrepancy in any of the five samples, the tissue samples did not come from the same person.

23. Welcome To RIT's Department Of Criminal Justice investigation of the crime scene and related innovations to the criminal Students will learn the primary methods used in crime scene, evaluation, http://www.rit.edu/~crimjust/descriptions.html

Advising Checklist Course Sequence Course Descriptions Schedule for the Year Professional Electives CJ Concentration Requirements CJ Minor Requirements Course Descriptions 0501-201 Seminar in Criminal Justice Covers the principles of the criminal justice system, including the relationship between system components, their effectiveness, and theories of operation and reform. Consideration is also given to specific problems within the branches of the criminal justice system. This seminar course involves extensive reading, writing and discussion. It acquaints students with key resources for criminal justice research. Required course for criminal justice majors. Class 4, Credit 4 (offered annually) 0501-307 Investigative Techniques To familiarize the student with the different types and forms of physical evidence that a technician is likely to encounter in the investigation of the crime scene and related innovations to the criminal justice system. Students will learn the primary methods used in crime scene, evaluation, search, recording and collection of physical evidence. Basic techniques of crime scene management, photography, drawing and reporting will be instructed. Fingerprint and firearms identification as well as serology and trace evidence will be studied. Class 4, Credit 4 (offered annually)

24. Law And Police Practice: Restrictions In The Law Of Interrogation And Confession of the evidence may be affected by the methods used to secure it. The artof criminal investigation has not developed to a point where the search http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001887581

25. Dr. Gail Anderson evaluate the major forensic sciences used in criminal investigation today, A review of the current status of methods used in the later postmortem http://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/

DR. GAIL S. ANDERSON Associate Professor Associate Director B. Sc. Honours Zoology (Manchester University); M.P.M., Ph.D. ( Simon Fraser University What is Forensic Science? Forensic Entomology Current Research Interests ... Publications Photo by Marianne Meadahl, Current Research Interests forensic science, forensic entomology with particular emphasis on carrion ecology, medical and veterinary entomology To Contact me Dr. Gail Anderson School of Criminology Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby, B.C. Phone: (604) 291-3589 or Fax: Email: ganderso@sfu.ca COURSES THAT I TEACH CRIM 355 THE FORENSIC SCIENCES This course will examine the use and interpretation of physical forensic evidence in court. It will critically examine and evaluate the major forensic sciences used in criminal investigation today, as well as look at the crime scene. Subjects examined will include victim identification, mode, manner cause of death, crime scene analysis, forensic biology, DNA evidence, firearms evidence, toxicology, chemistry and questioned documents. CRIM 370 DIRECTED READINGS Independent readings in a selected field of study usually in forensic science, police work, crime scenes, psychological profiling, ViCLAS, serial crime analysis

26. JAG CENTRAL When he met with an Army criminal investigation Division agent in January, The Washington Post Kerry Says He Would Add 40000 to Army, methods used on 2 http://www.jagcentral.org/2004_05_30_archive.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=6916382"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/3.css); BlogThis! JAG CENTRAL NOTE: Revenue from these ads goes directly into website expenses. Archives Back to Main Page var site="sm1petedungan" setTimeout('document.parentWindow.document.body.disabled = true;document.parentWindow.document.body.disabled = false;',100); The world's first weblog devoted to military justice and military law issues. Saturday, June 05, 2004 "U.S. JUSTICES NOT BLIND TO PHOTOS OF PRISON ABUSE" In this Bloomberg News column , Amy Woolner argues that some Supreme Court justices may be swayed by the recent Abu Ghraib prison scandal when writing their opinions in the Padilla and Guantanomo Bay prisoner cases. Posted by: Centrist / 11:30 AM (Cosmos) postCount('108646023714264903'); postCountTB('108646023714264903'); SATURDAY'S NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS Lots of military justice-related stories today to digest.

27. Who Killed Leanne Preview analysis and other scientific methods of criminal investigation appear to have We believe that the conviction of Graham Stafford for the murder of http://www.zeus-publications.com/who_killed_leanne.htm

PAPERBACK BOOKS WHO KILLED LEANNE? WHO KILLED LEANNE? The savage murder of 12 year old Leanne Holland in Goodna in September 1991 was one of the most brutal child killings in Australia’s criminal history. Sadly, very few people remember it. Leanne was battered to death, and possibly tortured and sexually assaulted. There were no witnesses to the crime and police were unable to establish a motive. Flimsy and since discredited forensic evidence plus a hasty police investigation led to Graham Stafford — the boyfriend of Leanne’s older sister — being convicted of the murder. Despite two appeals, two High Court challenges, and an appeal to the Queensland Governor, Stafford’s conviction has been upheld, and he remains incarcerated in prison. Yet, by being the first person to have gone as far as the High Court twice for the same criminal matter, Stafford created Australian legal history. Now, ten years of painstaking research by former police officer and private investigator Graeme Crowley and criminologist Paul Wilson reveals that it is highly unlikely that Stafford could have committed the murder. Crowley and Wilson believe their investigation and analysis of this case raises enormous doubt and provides evidence that, properly put before the trial jury, would have presented no alternative to a verdict of ‘not guilty’. And, they go further by providing clues that could lead to the real killer. Just as in Australia’s famous baby-dingo case in which Lindy Chamberlain was convicted of murdering her daughter Azaria, the police investigation into the murder of Leanne Holland shows the danger of obtaining convictions for murder based on inconclusive and questionable forensic science evidence. The case against Graham Stafford failed to establish motive and opportunity, and lacked alternative evidence to support the forensic findings.

28. InTERRORgation: KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Document Lie Detection and criminal investigation , Williams and Wilkin Co., 1953. This study is an analysis of the methods used by Communist State police in http://www.parascope.com/articles/0397/kub_xi.htm

XI. Descriptive Bibliography This bibliography is selective; most of the books and articles consulted during the preparation of this study have not been included here. Those that have no real bearing on the counterintelligence interrogation of resistant sources have been left out. Also omitted are some sources considered elementary, inferior, or unsound. It is not claimed that what remains is comprehensive as well as selective, for the number of published works having some relevance even to the restricted subject is over a thousand. But it is believed that all the items listed here merit reading by KUBARK personnel concerned with interrogation. 1. Anonymous [approx. 1/3 line deleted], Interrogation , undated. This paper is a one-hour lecture on the subject. It is thoughtful, forthright, and based on extensive experience. It deals only with interrogation following arrest and detention. Because the scope is nevertheless broad, the discussion is brisk but necessarily less than profound. 2. Barioux, Max, "A Method for the Selection, Training, and Evaluation of Interviewers," Public Opinion Quarterly , Spring 1952, Vol. 16, No. 1. This article deals with the problems of interviewers conducting public opinion polls. It is of only slight value for interrogators, although it does suggest pitfalls produced by asking questions that suggest their own answers.

29. Picturing DNA - Chapter 2 In 1966, after the Supreme Court overturned his conviction on the of DNAtesting to be used in criminal cases, although the methods of collecting http://www.genomicart.org/genome-chap2.htm

Picturing DNA Chapter 2: Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 ... Epilogue I n December 1954, after a trial that captured the attention of the entire country, Dr. Sam Sheppard, a Cleveland osteopath, was convicted of the brutal murder of his pregnant wife, Marilyn, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Throughout the trial and for years afterward, Sheppard repeatedly insisted that the crime actually was committed by a bushy-haired intruder. In 1966, after the Supreme Court overturned his conviction on the grounds of prejudicial pretrial publicity, Sheppard was released, retried and acquitted. A free but haunted man, he died four years later at the age of 46. Over the years, several different scenarios for the murder were advanced. F. Lee Bailey, who was Sheppard's lawyer at his 1966 retrial, believed that Mrs. Sheppard was killed by the jealous wife of a man with whom she may have been having an affair. The case was never forgotten, and in 1992, a book was published that accused Richard Eberling, a neighborhood handyman who had been convicted in the murder of a woman who had lived near the Sheppard family. After Eberling's death in prison in 1998, fellow inmates reported that he had confessed to killing Mrs. Sheppard. In 1997, the Sheppards' son, who had been working to clear his father's name, petitioned the courts to have his father's body exhumed for a DNA sample. His petition was granted, and the analyzing lab found that the sample did not match evidence taken at the crime scene. In late 1999, the son, Sam Reese Sheppard, sued the state of Ohio for damages based on the wrongful imprisonment of his father.

30. Abusive Trust Schemes IRS criminal investigation (CI) has developed a nationally coordinated program to There are several methods used to get the funds back to the taxpayer, http://www.treas.gov/irs/ci/tax_fraud/docabusivetrustschemes.htm

HOME Tax Fraud Alerts Abusive Tax Schemes This page was changed on December 17, 2003 Abusive Tax Schemes (formerly Abusive Trust Schemes) What Is an Abusive Tax Scheme? What are some of the Most Common Abusive Tax Schemes? How Does the Taxpayer Access the Funds in Offshore Accounts? In Partnership - IRS Criminal and Civil Enforcement and Department of Justice ... Significant Case Summaries Since the mid-1990s, the IRS has witnessed a proliferation of abusive tax schemes, particularly those with offshore components. Originally those schemes took the structure of abusive domestic and foreign trust arrangements. However, abusive schemes are evolving into sophisticated arrangements that take advantage of the financial secrecy laws of some foreign jurisdictions and the availability of credit/debit cards issued from offshore financial institutions. IRS Criminal Investigation (CI) has developed a nationally coordinated program to combat these abusive tax schemes. CI's primary focus is on the identification and investigation of the tax scheme promoters as well as those who play a substantial or integral role in facilitating, aiding, assisting, or furthering the abusive tax scheme (e.g., accountants, lawyers). Secondarily, but equally important, is the investigation of investors who knowingly participate in abusive tax schemes.

31. US Dept Of State - Efforts To Fight Money Laundering Face Challenges, U.S. Says This will press intelligence collection and criminal investigation skills to Money Movements of criminal and Terrorist Funds. The methods used to move http://usinfo.state.gov/ei/Archive/2004/Mar/02-833390.html

Advanced Search/Archive You Are In: USINFO Topics Economic Issues Terrorist Financing ... Money Laundering Efforts To Fight Money Laundering Face Challenges, U.S. Says U.S. to bolster work in E. Africa, new regional bodies possible The United States and its international partners continue working to identify, block and freeze terrorist assets, but the pace of the work slowed in 2003 as more challenging targets were pursued and as terrorists maneuvered to further protect their funds, according to a new State Department report. The department's annual International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), published March 1, devotes an entire volume to money laundering and financial crimes and to the intensified crackdown on global crime networks following the September 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States. As of December 2003, $140 million in terrorist assets had been blocked since September 2001, about a 12 percent increase over the $125 million total at the end of 2002, the report said. The INCSR attributed the slower pace in 2003 to a number of factors, including the possibility that the most vulnerable criminal financial networks were dismantled with relative ease immediately following September 11, 2001, and that terrorist organizations have access to non-bank money channels including trade, charities and remittance services that are far more difficult for authorities to trace. "Identifying and tracking funds through these alternative networks a tough enough assignment even for countries with sophisticated anti-money laundering regimes is a staggering challenge for many of the key terrorist financing countries who are only now beginning to develop competent anti-money laundering institutions," the report said.

32. 8782 Welfare Fraud Investigator criminal investigation techniques and procedures;. Appropriate methods of skip tracing methods and knowledge of other sources of information used in http://www.co.stanislaus.ca.us/hr/jobnetwk/8782 Special Investigator I & II Flye

WELFARE FRAUD INVESTIGATOR (SPECIAL INVESTIGATOR I/II) Salary Range: $20.44 - $27.38 Hourly FINAL FILING DATE.........August 17, 2005 GENERAL INFORMATION This recruitment is being conducted to fill a full-time vacancy at Community Services Agency. Under general supervision, Special Investigators investigate the existence of fraudulent receipt of aid and are responsible for follow-up on referrals of suspected fraud. Special Investigators will also refer cases for criminal prosecution and perform related work as required. The incumbent in this classification is also subject to overtime, standby, and callback assignments. This is an unarmed peace officer position. Unless otherwise provided, this position is part of the Classified Service of the County and is assigned to the Community Services Bargaining Unit for labor relations purposes. Background / POST Training To be considered for employment as a Special Investigator I/II each candidate must pass a Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) background screening by a law enforcement officer. Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) Requirements: Be of good moral character as determined by successful completion of a Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) background screening by a law enforcement agency for peace officer status, and successfully passing a physical and psychological examination required for peace officer certification.

33. CDPP - Speeches - DPP Partnerships With The ATO - D. Bugg pursue it to completion, while the criminal investigation is still in process . There have, of course, been cases where we have used the conviction http://www.cdpp.gov.au/Media/Speeches/20010515db.aspx

CDPP Home Contact Us Links Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions About Us The Office Organisation Corporate Plan Annual Reports ... Budget Prosecutions Policy Disclosure Media Media Releases The Director Speeches Employment Vacancies Applications Reporting FOI Requests File List Contract List Tenders / Quotes Open Requests Client Agencies Documents Logon Speeches DPP Partnership with the ATO Author: Bugg, D. Date: Venue: ATO Serious Non-Compliance Conference As many, if not all of you know, the DPP was established on 5 March 1984 when the Director of Public Prosecutions Ac t 1983 came into force. The primary role of the DPP was then, and remains, to prosecute offences against Commonwealth laws, and to recover the proceeds of crimes against Commonwealth laws. Taxation Administration Act all offences relating to taxation matters. The responsibility for investigating tax offences rests with the ATO and AFP with the DPP role at the investigation stage limited to providing legal advice; The primary responsibility for prosecuting such offences rests with the DPP, with the DPP agreeing that ATO officers may conduct certain prosecutions for offences against taxation laws;

34. Unit 4 - Capstone - 2nd Draft The Importance of Forensic Science in criminal Investigations This book tellsthe methods that should be used to collect evidence at a crime scene or http://www.louisville.edu/~mlside01/unit4capstone2.html

click to view power point presentation The Importance of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations By: Meg Sidebottom Forensic Science History Manson "Tate" Murders Manson - Mishandled Evidence O. J. Simpson trial ... Bibliography Throughout history, evidence has been used to convict criminals of the crimes that they have committed. Today’s society has improved upon the methods of the past to bring about more precise and accurate techniques. These techniques are more commonly known as the field of forensic science. Richard Saferstein writes a more specific definition than what was previously given in his book Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science , which says that forensic science is the “application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by the police agencies in a criminal justice system (Saferstein 1).” The origin of this type of science cannot be accurately pinpointed. According to H. J. Walls' article “Whither Forensic Science?” it started as a hobby of a few scientists who liked to become mixed up in the proceedings of the police and “enjoyed the kind of problems this association brought them (Walls 32).” We do not know how forensic science originated and came together or how it came to be connected to the police investigations and court rulings. According to Cowan in his article “Decision Theory in Law, Science, and Technology” “The aim of science, traditionally put, is to search out the ways in which truth may become known. Law aims at the just resolution of human conflict. Truth and justice, we might venture to say, having different aims, use different methods to achieve them. Unfortunately, this convenient account of law and science is itself neither true nor just. For law must know what the truth is within the context of the legal situation: and science finds itself ever engaged in resolving the conflicting claims of theorists putting forward their own competing brands of truth (Cowan 5).”

35. New Page 1 Another piece of evidence that can be used in criminal investigations that Today’s society has improved upon the methods of the past to bring about more http://www.louisville.edu/~mlside01/unit4capstone.htm

*This is a just a first draft. Do you have any suggestions on how I can relate the paragraphs to each other better? Also, do you think that I should change my topics a little so that they essay could be a better persuasive essay? I haven't put in a thesis statement yet because I wasn't sure to put it in at the end or at the beginning, and also think that I need to work on the body of the essay. Meg Sidebottom English 105 Dr. Billingsley November 16, 2001 Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations Imagine a world where criminals run freely. Detectives and Police Officers collect evidence much the same way as they do today, but there is one main difference. Science is not used to analyze the evidence. Due to the fact that science could not be used, one might expect that there would not be a lot of useful evidence. According to this though, the criminal could not be convicted of their heinous crimes unless there was an eyewitness present at the crime scene when it happened. The main way that a criminal would be sentenced to jail would be if he or she had somehow torn off a sleeve of the very shirt that they had worn while committing their crime and then they proceeded to wear the shirt with the torn-off sleeve. Murders could continue to kill and thieves would become richer and richer with each successful burglary if they were smart enough to not leave anything behind that could possibly lead to themselves and if they were sure that they would not be seen by anyone.

36. Department Of Forensic Science - High Technology Crime Investigation Program Will consider and critically analyze methods used for collection of Professorial Lecturer in criminal Justices; US Army Counterintelligence (Ret. http://www.gwu.edu/~forensic/htci.htm

Master of Forensic Science: High Technology Crime Investigation Overview Electronic evidence and information gathering have become the critical component in an increased number of crimes and conflicts. From criminal cases, civil disputes, medical malpractice and employee misconduct to acts of terrorism, if there is a computer or other media device involved, the chances are very good that there will be valuable evidence that requires recovery and analysis, possibly for presentation in court. This increase in technology-related crime has generated an urgent need for a new type of investigator who can combine the science of information technology and forensics with the art of investigation and critical thinking. Degree Requirements Admissions Requirements Application Process Full-Time Faculty ... Adjunct Faculty Goal The High Technology Crime Investigation (HTCI) program strives to provide experienced and aspiring security professionals with a fundamental understanding of the legal, technical, management, and behavioral factors associated with conducting computer-related crime investigations. About the Program The HTCI program (36 credits, 12 courses) draws from the expertise of directors of security, psychologists, investigators, lawyers, computer forensic experts and information security professionals. The program is specially designed to meet the needs of:

37. SPEC INVESTIGATOR, DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, SERIES This specification describes the series of three Investigator classes used by the administrative and criminal procedures; methods used in securing and http://www.dpa.ca.gov/jobinfo/class/specs/specxref.cfm?classID=8538

38. Criminal Investigation (CI) Strategies - FY 1998 Annual Business Report SI Initiated – Subject criminal Investigations initiated. The UC techniqueis used only when necessary to enforce the criminal statues within our http://www.irs.gov/compliance/enforcement/article/0,,id=111919,00.html

@import url("/irs/cda/common/commonStyleSheet/0,,,00.css"); Home Accessibility Tax Stats About IRS ... Help Search for... within: IRS Site Advanced Search Tips for successful searching Home Individuals ... Where To File Criminal Investigation (CI) Strategies - FY 1998 Annual Business Report Table of Contents Assistant Commissioner’s Message Glossary Total Statistics FY 98 - By Program FY 98 - By US Code - Title and Section FY 98 - By DIT Strategies Tax Gap Money Laundering International Fraud Programs Bankruptcy Excise Tax Financial Institution Gaming ... Narcotics Program Initiatives Emerging Issues of Fraud Pension Funds Employment Tax  Nonfiler ... Organized Crime Techniques Asset Forfeiture TECS Undercover Assistant Commissioner's Message Can we do more with less? When the "Intelligence Unit" was formed in 1919, IRS special agents were only responsible for investigating violations of the Internal Revenue Code. Over the years, as financial crimes became more prevalent and sophisticated, the Federal government looked to IRS criminal investigation for assistance. At first, their requests for assistance were informal and case specific. But, in 1970, Congress enacted a succession of laws to enable law enforcement officials to combat drug trafficking and other criminal activities that generate large amounts of illegal proceeds, and the laundering of those proceeds. Part of those laws included the Bank Records and Foreign Transactions Act (Bank Secrecy Act). Treasury delegated criminal jurisdiction over all financial institutions and civil jurisdiction over any financial institution not under the regulatory supervision of other Federal banking agencies or the Securities Exchange Commission to the IRS.

39. InterFIRE, A Site Dedicated To Improving Fire Investigation Worldwide. It is scene driven when it comes to investigation. On the other hand, methods of photography, casting or molding can be used to reproduce these http://www.interfire.org/res_file/abab_tf.asp

The Fire Scene As A Crime Scene by Detective Dennis Rogers, CFI DuPage County (IL) Sheriffs Department Rogers, Dennis. The fire scene as a crime scene. There have been enormous strides made in both the scientific community and in methods of investigation over the past several years. Combining state of the art investigative tools, along with sound scientific facts, will establish a professional and truth seeking investigation. In most municipalities the local fire department conducts their own fire investigation, while the local police agency conducts an associated investigation. If the barriers between both agencies are broken down and a healthy communication exists, along with respect for each departments' fields of expertise, an enormous professional breakthrough can occur. The responsibility of the crime scene technician is evidence recovery and preservation. The technician has the task of going to a crime scene to identify, process, collect and preserve all evidence related to a particular crime. The capabilities of a crime scene technician may be taken for granted or not fully understood by the fire department. This applies to the investigator who is working alone or as a member of a task force. This problem can be reduced when you have a crime scene technician who is also an arson investigator. Not only are you working with a police office who understands fire behavior, but also the capabilities of the fire department in their suppression methods. A police officer can be a great asset because he is aware of neighborhood patterns, vehicles and other associated demographics. Police officers work with people on a daily basis and are acquainted with known criminals and become aware of the mentality of the criminal thus knowing the attributes of the arsonists.

40. Ray Murray The investigation ultimately let to the conviction of a man who worked at a Forensic Geology Earth Science and criminal investigation by RC Murray and http://www.forensicgeology.net/science.htm

HOME THE SCIENCE SERVICES BOOK ... CONTACT A man with a bad reputation as a poacher was under investigation for the murder of Margaeth Filbert in Bavaria, Germany. Investigating mud on the suspect's shoes, Georg Popp, a chemist and geologist in Frankfort, used geology to help solve the case. The suspect's wife testified that she had dutifully cleaned her husband's shoes the day before the crime. Those shoes had three layers of soil adhering to the leather in front of the heel. Popp reasoned that the innermost layer was the oldest. It contained goose droppings and other earth materials, matching samples from the walk outside the suspect's home. The second layer contained red sandstone fragments and other particles that compared with samples taken where Filbert's body had been found. The last layer and thus, Popp said, the youngest, contained brick, coal dust, cement and a series of other materials that matched samples taken outside a castle where the suspect's gun and clothing had been found. The suspect claimed he'd been walking in his fields the day of the crime. The lie didn't stick. Those fields were underlain by porphyry with milky quartz, and the soil had been wet that day. But Popp found no such material on the suspect's shoes. Case closed.

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