61. Marijuana Arrests And Incarceration In The United States that marijuana incarceration costs are low enough to be ignored. Notes.1 crime in the United States 1997, FBI Division of Uniform crime Reports; http://www.mpp.org/arrests/fas61699.html

excerpted from The FAS Drug Policy Analysis Bulletin Issue Number Seven June 1999 Marijuana Arrests and Incarceration in the United States by Chuck Thomas There were more than 700,000 marijuana arrests in the United States in 1997. This was the largest number in U.S. history. Of these arrests, 87% were for possession rather than sale or manufacture. The percentage of possession arrests has been at least 80% for more than a decade, and it has been rising throughout the 1990s. The total number of annual marijuana arrests, having dipped in the 1980s, has been rising sharply since 1992. It is often asserted that these arrests rarely lead to any substantial penalty, and that therefore the costs of the current high-arrest policy, both to those arrested and to the correctional system, are modest. Some recent figures from the Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) cast doubt on that assertion. Calculations based on recent BJS reports suggest that, at any one time, 59,300 prisoners charged with or convicted of violating marijuana laws (3.3% of the total incarcerated population) are behind bars, at a total cost to taxpayers of some $1.2 billion per year. They represent almost 12% of the total federal prison population and about 2.7% of the state prison population. Of the people incarcerated in federal and state prison and in local jails, 37,500 were charged with marijuana offenses only and an additional 21,800 with both marijuana offenses and other controlled-substance offenses. Of the marijuana-only offenders, 15,400 are incarcerated for possession, not trafficking.

62. Marijuana Arrests And Incarceration In The United States: Preliminary Report incarceration. The precise number of marijuana offenders incarcerated in federal and crime in the United States 1997, FBI s division of Uniform crime http://www.mpp.org/arrests/prisoners.html

This report is also available in PDF format (requires Adobe Acrobat). Download PDF version Marijuana Arrests and Incarceration in the United States: Preliminary Report by Chuck Thomas November 1998 Introduction Thorough analyses of the impact of our nation's laws on society are essential to developing the best possible policies. Present marijuana policies in the United States rely primarily on the criminal justice system. Of primary importance is an evaluation of the burden of arresting and incarcerating marijuana offenders. The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) intended to scrutinize the government's data and compile a definitive report detailing the numbers of marijuana offenders annually arrested and presently incarcerated. MPP's research revealed that there is a paucity of useful data regarding marijuana offenders available at any level of government in the United States. Consequently, this report reviews what little data is available, calculates rough estimates of the total number of marijuana arrests and people incarcerated, and concludes that the government must implement better data-gathering techniques to assess the impact of marijuana prohibition. Summary There were more than 695,201 marijuana arrests in the United States in 1997. This was the largest number in U.S. history. Of these arrests, 87.2% were for possession not sale or manufacture. There have been more than 11 million marijuana arrests in the United States since 1965.

63. Prisons "R" Us By Mark Weisbrot - University Of Maryland A glance at the last 25 years of crime statistics shows that crime rates havemoved up and down, unrelated to the soaring incarceration rate. http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/Diversity/Specific/Race/Specific/African_A

Prisons "R" Us by Mark Weisbrot Prisons "R" Us By Mark Weisbrot weisbrot@preamble.org Source: Knight-Ridder/Tribune Media Services; 17 February 2000 America is facing an epidemic of incarceration. Like a dread disease it has spread and multiplied until it begins to corrode the fabric of our society. The number of prisoners has multiplied six-fold over the past 27 years, and will reach the astounding milestone of two million some time this year. No other country, with the possible exception of Russia, puts so many of its people in cages. We have less than 5% of the earth's population, but somehow manage to hold a quarter of the world's prisoners. How can this be? Are we afflicted with so much more crime than other countries? It turns out that for most crimes, we are not: the best available data place the United States at about average in its crime rate as compared to countries of similar income. The big exception is homicide. America is number one among developed nations, with more than three times the rate of Canada or France, and six times the rate of Ireland. This is, as everyone except the NRA [National Rifle Association] seems to know, primarily a result of our widespread availability of firearms, as compared to other countries. More prisons will do little to address this problem.

64. Correctional Service Canada - Publication - Speakers Binder crime and incarceration. There were about 2.8 million crimes reported to policein 2003. During the period of those reported crimes, an estimated 310000 http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/guideorateur/sec7_e.shtml

Organization Programs Public Awareness Partners ... Links Proactive Disclosure Contracts Reclassification To arrange a speaker for your next event... Receive e-mails about correctional topics Français Contact Us Help Search ... Careers Resources for: - Select One - Citizens' Advisory Committees Ethnoculture Families of Offenders Media Volunteers Publications Speakers Binder Section 7 Statistics Important Facts To Communicate The corrections system is perhaps the most misunderstood part of Canada’s criminal justice system. In the absence of factual information, fears about crime and misconceptions about how the system works are bound to grow. The following statistics provide an accurate, straightforward picture of the current situation, including crime rates, types of crime by category, a description of the federal offender population, conditional release outcomes, and the cost of maintaining a federal offender. The following are key facts that may be important for you to communicate to your audience. They have been arranged to highlight important points that will follow in greater detail. You will find graphs and additional statistics to support these statements in the remainder of this section. Incarceration Rate Canada's incarceration rate is higher than the rates in most Western European countries but much lower than the United States.

65. CSC Forum - September 2000, Volume 12, Number 3 Aging reduces pressure on crime and incarceration rates. The “aging” of the boomerpopulation will continue to be the central demographic trend dominating http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/forum/e123/e123h_e.shtml

Organization Programs Public Awareness Partners ... Links Proactive Disclosure Contracts Reclassification To arrange a speaker for your next event... Receive e-mails about correctional topics Français Contact Us Help Search ... Careers Resources for: - Select One - Citizens' Advisory Committees Ethnoculture Families of Offenders Media Volunteers Population aging and the federal inmate profile of 2010! by Roger Boe Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada Canadian society was transformed by the baby boom generation, which Foot defines as those born in the two decades following WW II (1947-1966). This birth cohort was of unprecedented size and persons born in this generation totalled 9.8 million people or almost 33% of the Canadian population as of the 1996 census. As this huge birth-cohort flooded in succession through one public institution after another, a massive restructuring began to occur, beginning first in the pediatric wards, then the kindergartens, the elementary and secondary schools, before finally spilling into the universities and the job market. An issue that Foot also talks about, although it got less play in the media, is the impact of the aging boomers on crime rates.

66. Crime And Incarceration Rates crime RATES AND incarceration RATES A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE1 Bowker, LH (1981) crime and the Use of Prisons in the United States A Time http://www.fcc.state.fl.us/fcc/reports/rates/rateref.html

CRIME RATES AND INCARCERATION RATES: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE REFERENCES Austin, J. (1986) "Using Early Release to Relieve Prison Crowding: A Dilemma in Public Policy." Crime and Delinquency Crime and Delinquency Ranking the Nation's Most Punitive States , National Council on Crime and Delinquency , San Francisco. Journal of Criminal Justice Criminology Crime in Florida , Florida Chamber of Commerce. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Criminology Biles, D. (June, 1979) "Crime and the Use of Prisons," Federal Probation , pp. 39-43. Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals." National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC. Bowker, L.H. (1981) "Crime and the Use of Prisons in the United States: A Time Series Analysis." Crime and Delinquency Bureau of Justice Statistics (1983) Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice. U.S. Department of Justice: Washington, DC. Bureau of Justice Statistics (February, 1987) Imprisonment in Four Countries. U.S. Department of Justice: Washington DC. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1988) Probation and Parole, 1987.

67. Crime & Incarceration In Rhode Island - Family Life Center crime and incarceration both greatly impact Rhode Island s communities. While violentcrime victimizes communities already disadvantaged, incarceration also http://www.ri-familylifecenter.org/index.php?name=crimeincri

68. Browse The Digital Resource Library The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States 19922002 Currently,crime rates are diminishing while incarceration rates are rising. http://nicic.org/BrowseTheLibrary/Topic96.htm

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69. Prisons Essays And Articles At ENotes that the increase in incarceration has had a pronounced impact on crime rates.According to 1998 FBI statistics, the overall rate of serious crime is at http://www.enotes.com/prisons-article/

Prisons Essays and Articles at eNotes Advanced Search eNotes Home Literature Guides Lesson Plans ... SAT Prep Welcome, guest! Login Join eNotes Help September 20th, 2005 Prisons Gale Group Prisons: Introduction Are Prisons Effective? How Should Prisons Treat Inmates? Should Prisons Be Privatized? ... Tell a friend about Prisons eNotes. Viewpoints Printable Version Download PDF Cite this Page In 1971 there were fewer than 200,000 inmates serving time in America’s state and federal prisons. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the American public’s fear of rising violent crime—mainly attributable to the explosion of the crack cocaine trade in the 1980s—inspired many politicians to pass laws that imposed harsher sentences on those who engaged in criminal behavior. “Three strikes” laws, which mandate an automatic life sentence for a third felony conviction, and “truth-in-sentencing” laws, which require violent criminals to serve at least 85 percent of their sentences, combined with America’s “War on Drugs” to fuel a prison population increase of unprecedented proportions. As of 1996, there were more than 1.7 million people behind bars in the United States. California alone has more prisoners than France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, Singapore, and the Netherlands combined. Since the 1970s, over 1,000 new prisons and jails have been constructed to accommodate the massive influx of inmates, and more facilities are needed to relieve the dangerously overcrowded conditions found in most prisons. The cost of convicting, housing, and feeding America’s prisoners now exceeds 120 billion dollars per year. Three states—New York, California and Texas—spend more on incarcerating criminals than on higher education. Because prison construction and maintenance are consuming more from limited government budgets, many social critics are reexamining the effectiveness of increased incarceration as a solution to crime.

70. Reported Incidents, Convictions, Incarceration And Sentencing In Relation To Ill In the same year, the province with the lowest reported drug crime rate was incarceration. As of 31 December 2000, 5779 convicted drug offenders were http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/ille-e/library-e/gerald1

REPORTED INCIDENTS, CONVICTIONS, INCARCERATION AND SENTENCING IN RELATION TO ILLEGAL DRUGS IN CANADA  Prepared For The Senate Special Committee On Illegal Drugs Gérald Lafrenière Law and Government Division 23 May 2002 LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT REPORTED INCIDENTS, CONVICTIONS, INCARCERATION AND SENTENCING IN RELATION TO ILLEGAL DRUGS IN CANADA INTRODUCTION This paper provides a brief overview of Canadian statistics dealing with reported incidents, convictions, incarceration and sentencing in relation to illegal drug offences in Canada. Most of the information contained in it was obtained from publications prepared by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Some of the information presented in this paper must be carefully interpreted. While it would be easy to use this information as a basis for drawing conclusions in relation to drug use and the demand for illegal drugs in Canada, it is generally thought that crime statistics reported by police are a reflection of police activity. Thus, these numbers often relate to changes in police tactics and priorities, and are not generally reflective of societal changes.

71. Introduction To Criminal Justice, 5th Ed. - LexisNexis(R) Bookstore Sentencing Structures in the United States Legal Issues in incarceration.Due Process, crime Control, and incarceration. Review Questions. References http://bookstore.lexis.com/bookstore/catalog?action=product&toc=t&print=y&prod_i

72. Germany Incidence Of Crime And Incarceration - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Cl Germany Incidence of crime and incarceration Flags, Maps, Economy, History, provides the basis for the systems used in Britain and the United States. http://www.photius.com/countries/germany/national_security/germany_national_secu

Country Ranks INDEX for Germany History ... Feedback Germany Incidence of Crime and Incarceration http://www.photius.com/countries/germany/national_security/germany_national_security_incidence_of_crime_a~7819.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Germany National Security Law in Germany is codified and is predominantly federal. The Penal Code is a revised version of a legal code introduced after the unification of Germany in 1871 and is therefore influenced by Prussian legal concepts. The system of criminal justice is derived from the civil law, rather than the common law that provides the basis for the systems used in Britain and the United States. In its modern development in Western Europe, including Germany, civil law incorporates ideas of nonconfinement punishments, work-release programs, and other measures aimed at rehabilitation rather than the mere isolation of a criminal from society. Toward these goals, the West German state in the mid-1970s promulgated the revised Code of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Prison Act. West Germany also joined several other civil-law countries by abolishing the death penalty, which was done under the Basic Law. East Germany abolished the death penalty in 1987. Even before the unification of Germany was completed in 1990, East German laws had been modified to delete provisions empowering authorities to detain people for exercising freedom of expression, association, assembly, and movement. The East German prison population fell from 24,000 to 5,000 persons because so many political crimes had been abolished. Following unification, West Germany's criminal code was adopted, with minor modifications.

73. Vancouver Board Of Trade - April 8, 2004 - Letter To PM Re: Incarceration Of Rep Home Policy crime Apr 8 2004 incarceration of repeat offenders Columbia proportionately has the worst crime rate in the United States and Canada. http://www.boardoftrade.com/vbot_page.asp?pageID=1249

74. Getting Tough On Crime Reduces Crime Fact States with the toughest law enforcement have the most crime. most inequality had the highest rates of homicide, violent crime and incarceration. http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-toughcrime.htm

Myth: Getting tough on crime reduces crime. Fact: States with the toughest law enforcement have the most crime. Summary Hiring more police officers and throwing more people into prison does not reduce crime in fact, those states which pursue this strategy tend to have the highest crime rates. And this is true internationally as well; the nations with the toughest approach to crime have the most of it. What are the real causes crime? Scholars lately have been drawn to two particular explanations: media violence and income inequality. Argument THE U.S. EVIDENCE The statistics below show that spending more on police and prisons is correlated with a higher crime rate. Before examining these statistics, however, it is useful to keep a few points in mind. The first is that correlation is not causation just because a high crime rate accompanies a high police effort does not tell us which causes which. And, second, one may not cause the other at all. An example best illustrates this point: it could be said that the more birds fly south, the more trees change the color of their leaves. Although this is indeed a correlation, neither causes the other; the real cause is a third factor, the onset of autumn. With these points in mind, let's review the possibilities:

75. Penalties For White Collar Crime - Online Lawyer Source Penalties for White Collar crime from Online Lawyer Source. statistics showthat the rates of incarceration for certain white collar crimes are greater http://www.onlinelawyersource.com/criminal_law/white_collar/penalties.html

Bookmark Site Refer-a-Friend Print Page Home ... Other Practice Areas White Collar Crime White Collar Crime Embezzlement Penalties Punishments ... Victims Criminal Law Select Your State Alaska Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware D.C. Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wyoming Legal Resources Contact Our Webmaster Vioxx Lawsuit Settlement Bextra Side Effects ... Zyprexa Side Effects Penalties for White Collar Crime Contact a White Collar Crime Lawyer or State AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY White collar crime is a term that is applied to nonviolent crimes committed in business situations by individuals, groups or corporations for the purpose of financial gain. White collar crimes include, but are not limited to, money laundering, embezzlement, fraud (i.e. health care, telemarketing, insurance, tax, securities and commodities), bribery, forgery and counterfeiting. The most common white collar crime involves some type of fraud. White collar crimes can be prosecuted on either the state or federal level, depending on what kind of law was broken. Penalties for white collar crime vary, but convictions usually result in jail time, large fines and restitution to the victims of the crime.

76. DPLS: Internet Crossroads This site provides a searchable database of campus crime statistics from 1998 to2000 The incarceration Atlas is a special report from the Mother Jones http://dpls.dacc.wisc.edu/newcrossroads/links.asp?cat=Crime and Justice

77. Crime Is Down incarceration ratesfor the last 10 years most states have built new prisons Bureau of Justice statistics estimate the personal cost of crime (direct http://www.shsu.edu/~pin_www/T@S/2000/CrimeDown.html

SHSU Homepage SHSU NEWS Today@Sam Headlines Calendar Notices ... Submissions ACCESS SAM SHSU Experts SHSU Stats Sam the Man SHSU History THE WEB Huntsville Item The Houstonian Newspapers Weather ... Useful Links THE ARTS Concerts Galleries SPORTS SHSU Athletics Rec. Sports ACADEMICS Departments Faculty Students REGISTRATION Schedules Catalogues Request Info ABOUT SHSU Tour SHSU General Info Maps ADMINISTRATION The President Staff Intranet SHSU RELATIONS Advancement Alumni Public Relations DIRECTORIES Phone E-Mail Post Office Search SHSU ... News Archives Crime Is Down But Why? S ince 1991, crime rates have been dropping. In the last year (1998) for which figures are available, major crime decreased by an estimated 7 percent nationally and 5.2 percent in Texas. Preliminary reports on the incidence of crime in 1999 indicate a continuing drop. Nationally in 1998, according to Uniform Crime Report data reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, robbery was down 11 percent, motor vehicle theft 10 percent, murder 8 percent, burglary 7 percent, larceny 6 percent, and sexual assault and aggravated assault 5 percent each. No longer is it a question of whether crime is decreasing, but of "Why?" Larry Hoover, director of the Police Research Center at Sam Houston State University, offered some answers.

78. Jesse Ventura On Crime Q Will you support the transformation of our incarceration system to true that states use for innovative crime and illegal drug fighting programs. http://www.issues2000.org/Celeb/Jesse_Ventura_Crime.htm

Jesse Ventura on Crime Opposes “Three Strikes”; leave discretion to judges I’m against legislation that puts the state or federal government on the position of caring for somebody for life for trivial reasons. That’s why I’m opposed to the Three Strikes law, as it’s now written. We should be prosecuting felons severely the firs time around. If somebody has done a violent crime and served his time, you don’t then put him away forever for stealing cookies. Mandatory sentences are awful. They take power away from judges. Judges should be allowed a certain amount of discretion. They should be able to treat each case individually. Three Strikes would work fine if it put people away for three violent felonies. But it’s a stupid waste of taxpayers’ money otherwise. Plus, it causes a backup in our court system, because nobody who gets caught a third time wants to plead guilty and face certain life in prison. Legislators love tough-sounding programs like Three Strikes; unfortunately, it makes them look good at campaign time, but it causes us more problems afterwards. Source: Do I Stand Alone, by Jesse Ventura, p.157-8 Jul 2, 2000

79. American Journal Of Economics And Sociology, The: State And County Incarceration crime rate across states was significantly related to state imprisonment rates The only models in which crime was not related to incarceration were the http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0254/is_n2_v57/ai_20824084/pg_4

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The April 1998 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Related Searches Imprisonment / Social aspects Crime / Social aspects Featured Titles for Advocate, The Air Force Journal of Logistics Air Force Law Review Air Force Speeches ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports State and county incarceration rates: the direct and indirect effects of race and inequality American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The April, 1998 by Thomas M. Arvantes Martin A. Asher Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Continued from page 3. Total Incarceration Rate The goal of this study was to investigate whether race and income inequality were significantly related to imprisonment when controlling for crime. While the impact of these variables has been the focus of a considerable amount of research, two areas have not received adequate investigation. First, prior research has focused on either state imprisonment or county (jail) incarceration. Most other studies have focused only on the number of people incarcerated in state and federal facilities, thereby underestimating by as much as one-third the actual level of imprisonment that exists in the U.S. This is the first multi-state study to examine the effects of extra-legal variables on the states total incarceration rate (in prisons and jails). Second, most of the previous research has ignored the indirect effects of race and economic inequality. That is, racial discrimination and/or lower socio-economic status contributes to crime which, in turn, contributes to imprisonment.

80. The Crime Of Black Imprisonment incarceration rates are such a poor predictor of crime rates that researcherswould find Lynn S. Branham, The Use of incarceration in the United States, http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml_articles/continuing.html

THE CONTINUING CRIME OF BLACK IMPRISONMENT by The Committee to End the Marion Lockdown 3/27/95 The least controversial observation that one can make about American criminal justice today is that it is remarkably ineffective, absurdly expensive, grossly inhumane, and riddled with discrimination. The beating of Rodney King was a reminder of the ruthlessness and racism that characterize many big city police departments. But the other aspects of the justice system, especially sentencing practices and prison conditions, are every bit as harsh and unfair.(1) The Committee to End the Marion Lockdown (CEML) was founded in 1985 to fight against the brutality of the United States Penitentiary at Marion. In 1987, we wrote that by the year 2000 the U.S. might have 1,000,000 people in prison. At that time U.S. prisons held 561,000 people, and most of our friends thought the notion of 1,000,000 prisoners was foolish. In the Fall of 1994, the U.S. announced that it sent its millionth human being to prison in June,(2) more than five years sooner than the projection that was considered foolish just a few years ago. What we would like to do in this paper is examine the growth of imprisonment in the U.S. We will then analyze the nature of crime, and then the relationship between crime and imprisonment. Since crime and imprisonment are in fact not closely related, we will conclude the article by discussing why the U.S. is sending so many people to prison. IMPRISONMENT

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