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         Communist Political Party:     more books (100)
  1. Post-Communist EU Member States: Parties And Party Systems
  2. Class or Nation: Communists, Imperialism, and Two World Wars (International Library of Political Studies) by Neil Redfern, 2005-05-20
  3. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938 (Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies) by John Archibald Getty, 1987-01-30
  4. Politics and Symbols: The Italian Communist Party and the Fall of Communism by David I. Kertzer, 1998-10-11
  5. Communist Parties of Italy, France and Spain (Casebook Series on European Politics & Society)
  6. Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America by John George, Laird Wilcox, 1992-12
  7. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party's Embrace of China's Private Sector (Cambridge Modern China Series) by Bruce J. Dickson, 2003-01-20
  8. The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis
  9. Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe (Gender and Politics Series)
  10. The Communist Party in Spain by Victor Alba, 1983-01-01
  11. On the Threshold of Government: The Italian Communist Party, 1976-81 by James Ruscoe, 1982-12
  12. Class Against Class: The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars by Matthew Worley, 2002-02-09
  13. China's "quiet diplomacy": the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party.: An article from: China: An International Journal by David Shambaugh, 2007-03-01
  14. Reds, Racial Justice, and Civil Liberties: Michigan Communists During the Cold War by Edward C. Pintzuk, 1997-10

81. India Together: Good Practice, Bad Theory Among Left Politicians - 28 July 2005
28 July 2005 In 1977, Left Fronts dominated by the communist party of India Carillo s argument that other political parties can and should exist,
http://www.indiatogether.org/2005/jul/rgh-leftpols.htm
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Good practice, bad theory
The central paradox of Indian communism is that its practice is vastly superior to its theory. Communist leaders and activists are probably more intelligent than their counterparts in other parties. This is why it is such a great pity that their often honourable practice is crippled with an archaic and outmoded theory, says Ramachandra Guha.
28 July 2005 - In 1977, Left Fronts dominated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) came to power in the states of West Bengal and Kerala. A year later, the CPI(M) leader, B.T. Ranadive, wrote a pungent critique of the parliamentary path to socialism. This took the shape of a review of a recent book by the Spanish communist, Santiago Carillo, entitled "Eurocommunism and the State". In a 30-page essay in the Marxist monthly, Social Scientist , Ranadive attacked Carillo as a renegade, the last in the shameful but, alas, long line of “revisionists” who had abandoned the path of revolution in favour of the softer option of reform. The Indian communist charged his Spanish comrade with six heresies in particular: First, Carillo thought that, at least in Western Europe, socialists and communists could now come to power via the ballot box rather than through armed revolution. In Ranadive’s paraphrase, “the central point of Carillo’s book is that there is absolutely no need for a revolution in the developed capitalist countries... According to him, socialism can be achieved peacefully, without violating any of the rules of bourgeois democracy...”

82. Communist Party, In Russia And The Soviet Union. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixt
in Russia and the Soviet Union, political party that until 1991 exercised all In 1952 the party was renamed the communist party of the Soviet Union.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/CommunisUSSR.html
Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Communist party, in Russia and the Soviet Union

83. Japan Links:Government & Politics:Political Parties:Political Parties
political Parties. political Parties 23rd party Congress (Jan.13, 2004)Program of the Japanese communist party Constitution of the .
http://web-japan.org/links/government/political/political.html
Japan Links Search : About This Site Web Japan Japan Links Political Parties
Political Parties
Political Parties
Political Parties
Dainiin Club (Dainiin Club) http://www.niinkurabu.gr.jp/ (Japanese only)
Address: c/o Sangiin, 1-7-1 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8961 Phone: Fax: e-mail: info@niinkurabu.gr.jp The Democratic Party of Japan (Minshuto) http://www.dpj.or.jp/english/
CLOSE UP Okada announces main points of DPJ manifesto: 'Eight Pledges to Transform Japan' On On August 20, DPJ President Katsuya Okada held a press conference at party headquarters to announce the mai.... Address: 1-11-1 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 Phone: Fax: e-mail: dpjenews@dpj.or.jp Japanese Communist Party (Nihon Kyosanto) http://www.jcp.or.jp/english/
Party Domestic International Japanese More news and documents of JCP Japan Press Weekly What is the JCP? 23rd Party Congress (Jan.13, 2004) Program of the Japanese Communist Party Constitution of the .... Address: 4-26-7 Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8586 Phone: Fax: e-mail: info@jcp.or.jp

84. EBooks.com The World's Leading Source Of EBooks
You have selected the subject of political Parties Movements. A new singlevolume history of the communist party of Great Britain examining the party
http://usa1.ebooks.com/subjects/browse.asp?SID=473

85. FindLaw For Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal And State Resources, Forms,
Appellants are the communist party of Indiana, a new political party in Indiana,certain of its officers and potential voters, and its candidates for
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=414&invol=441

86. Communist Party (KPD)
Germany s KPD became the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union andwas fairly successful in political Parties in the Reichstag, June
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERkpd.htm
Communist Party (KPD)
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USA History British History Second World War ... Email
After the First World War some socialists and communists left the German Social Democrat Party to form more radical groups such as the Independent Socialist Party In December, 1918, a group of radicals who had been members of the Spartacus League, including Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Leo Jogiches Paul Levi ... Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin to establish the German Communist Party (KPD). Communists were heavily involved in the German Revolution that began on 29th October 1918. Rosa Luxemburg Leo Jogiches Clara Zetkin and Karl Liebknecht played a prominent role in the Spartakist Rising in Berlin. After the assassination of

87. Pravda.RU 4 Russian Political Parties To Hold Their Congresses Today
Four Russian political parties, ie the communist party of the RussianFederation (CPRF), the party of Russian Revival, the party of Peace and Unity and
http://newsfromrussia.com/main/2003/09/06/49819.html
Last update:09/20/2005 14:00 MSK Russia World Science and Culture Accidents ... About Pravda.RU:Russia:More in detail
4 russian political parties to hold their congresses today
Four Russian political parties, i.e. the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), the Party of Russian Revival, the Party of Peace and Unity and Yabloko, are holding their pre-election congresses today.
Congress delegates are to discuss campaign platforms and election-campaign tactics, also endorsing their federal ballots and nominating candidates for single-mandate districts.
No correspondents will be allowed to attend the CPRF congress; television cameramen alone will be able to shoot the so-called official footage for just several minutes, RIA-NOVOSTI learned at the CPRF press center. For his own part, CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov will inform reporters about specific congress results only after the congress winds up.
On the contrary, Gennady Seleznev's Party of Russian Revival will hold an absolutely open congress.
The Yabloko congress, due to begin on Saturday, will end tomorrow. At the same time, journalists will only be able to hear reports by Grigory Yavlinsky and other party leaders.

88. Communist < Political Party < Government < United States < : News Feed
communist political party Government United States news feed.
http://schema-root.org/region/americas/north_america/usa/government/political_pa
region americas north america usa ... communist
The Communist Party USA
is an organization of revolutionaries working to bring about social change in a conscious, progressive direction. We understand the connection between working for democratic reforms and improvements in living standards today, and building a movement large enough and united enough to create revolutionary change and socialism in the future. CPUSA [search for images] schema-root.org web
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branch index annotated index (partial) subscribe to email list ... contact us frontpage news: ABC Amnesty Annotated Times Aust.BC ... antiwar.com
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89. Stalinism For All Seasons
than analytically dissect the Romanian communist party s political odyssey . A Messianic Sect The Underground Romanian communist party, 19211944
http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9962.html
@import "style.css"; 395 pages, 6 x 9 inches, 21 b/w photographs
Published October 2003
Available worldwide Entire Site Books Journals E-Editions The Press
Vladimir Tismaneanu
Stalinism for All Seasons
A Political History of Romanian Communism
Society and Culture in East-Central Europe, 11

In stockships in 2-3 days
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Email: Description Table of Contents Awards About the Author ... Related Books "A thorough account of leadership battles in the Romanian Communist party. Tismaneanu was among the first into the archives, and he uses new material...to shed light on the paradoxes of Romanian communism." Foreign Affairs "Tempering specialist scholarship with sorrow and anger, Stalinism for All Seasons makes clear why it is that Romania has such difficulty becoming a normal country."David Pryce-Jones, Times Literary Supplement (tls) "Masterful...the author succeeds in formulating the most convincing explanation for the incapacity of the Romanian communist elite to ever reform its Stalinist perspective...the reader is confronted with a story in which characters are not pale bookish descriptions, but real human beings."Christina Petrescu, "A penetrating and insightful 'deconstruction' of a highly idiosyncratic offspring of the Stalinist era."Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Advisor, and author of

90. Parties And Elections
SPP 279 political PARTIES AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE . SPP 265 THE communist party OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE ELECTORAL
http://www.cspp.strath.ac.uk/catalog7_0.html
In former times Communist countries produced totally predictable elections with up to 99.94 percent of the vote being counted for official candidates. Since 1990 elections have become competitive; see Elections in Central and Eastern Europe and How Russia Votes
Since the ballot is a blunt instrument, we need to ask people what is in their minds when they vote. Barometer surveys ask whether or not people trust the parties and politicians they are voting forand whether they would like competitive elections to continue. Studies in Public Policy dealing with parties and elections include: SPP 403 DIVISIONS WITHIN UKRAINE: A POST-ELECTION OPINION SURVEY. Richard Rose. £10 or $18. SPP 395 SPP 388 NEW RUSSIA BAROMETER XIII: PUTIN'S RE-ELECTION. Richard Rose. £12 or $20. SPP 387 ELECTORAL ALLIANCES IN A MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEM: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA. Robertas Pogorelis. £3 or $5. SPP 386 POLITICAL TRUST, TURNOUT AND GOVERNANCE CAPITAL. Richard Rose. £3 or $5. SPP 384 NEW RUSSIA BAROMETER XII: THE DUMA ELECTION. Richard Rose and VCIOM-Analytica. £12 or $20. SPP 383 SPP 382 PARTY COMPETITION IN EMERGING DEMOCRACIES: REPRESENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS. Jack Bielasiak. £4 or $7.

91. IEDs - Iraq Election Discussions » Communist Party
The Communists, Iraq’s oldest political party, have submitted a list of 257candidates drawn from across ethnic and faith groups for the January elections.
http://iraqelect.com/index.php/archives/category/political-parties-lists/communi
IEDs - Iraq Election Discussions
Archive for the 'Communist Party' Category
Zeyad: Countdown to Elections
Saturday, January 22nd, 2005 Politicians, Parties, Sunnis, Baathists, Sheikhs
Posted in Sunni Parties Jan-05 Election Communist Party Commentary ...
Debates in Iraq
Thursday, January 20th, 2005 By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
Posted in Communist Party Procedures and Processes
Confusing Democracy
Thursday, January 20th, 2005 Speigel Online posts an article on the plethora (yes, I said plethora) of political parties vying for attention and the reaction of Iraqis:
Posted in United Iraqi Alliance/Shi'ite Parties SCIRI Jan-05 Election Other Parties ... The Iraqi List/INA
Thursday, December 23rd, 2004 The Guardian: Tigris tales Posted in Communist Party Photos
Communist Poster
Sunday, December 19th, 2004 Posted in Jan-05 Election Communist Party Photos
Communists Rally
Saturday, December 18th, 2004 Left vies to keep red flag flying but sectarianism set to dominate Iraq poll
Posted in Jan-05 Election Communist Party Photos
Communists field a slate
Sunday, December 12th, 2004 Communists to contest Iraq elections
Posted in Jan-05 Election Communist Party
Iraqi Communist Party
Sunday, November 7th, 2004

92. Origin Of Japanese Communist Party/2005
In those days the JCP was the only political party in Japan that stood firm inopposition In 1964 the communist party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) began
http://www.jcp.or.jp/english/2005what_jcp.html
What is the JCP?
A Profile of the Japanese Communist Party
September 1,2005 JCP IN FIGURES Membership: About belonging to branches. Newspaper: Newspaper Akahata (Red Flag) is published in both daily and weekly, with a combined readership of about 1.7 million It has correspondents in 10 cities around the world: Beijing, Hanoi, New Delhi, Cairo, London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Washington, D.C., and Mexico City. Diet (parliament) members: 9 seats out of 480 seats in the House of Representatives (in the 2003 general election, the JCP received 4.58 million votes , or 9 seats out of 242 seats in the House of Councilors (in the 2004 election, the JCP received 4.36 million votes , or Local Assembly Members: Total number of JCP members in local assemblies is The JCP in 1995 overtook the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and became number one in terms of the number of local assembly members.
JCP History
The JCP was founded on July 15, 1922 In , the Pacific War ended with the defeat of Japanese imperialism. The JCP for the first time won legality and conditions for activity, which marked the beginning of its new advances. In , the Constitution of Japan came into effect. It expresses the resolve of the Japanese people that "never again...we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government" and declared that "sovereign power resides with the people." This bore out the correctness of the longstanding position of the JCP that had consistently opposed wars of aggression and called for people’s sovereignty.

93. THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, The first Russian edition of the Manifesto of the communist party,
http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
Manifesto
of the Communist Party
Bourgeois and Proletarians Proletarians and Communists Socialist and Communist Literature Position of the Communists in relation to the various existing opposition parties ... Notes on the Manifesto and translations of it A spectre is haunting Europe the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies. Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? Two things result from this fact: I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself. To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

94. Polparti2004_1
Registered political Parties New Zealand Electoral Commission. ACT New Zealand IDC ComInterNet listing of world communist and workers parties
http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/pol/polparti.htm
Contents
Australia Political Parties Political Organisations Library Publications ... Key Politics Links
Political Parties and Organisations
Australian Electoral Commission Parliamentary Handbook The Constitution
Australia
Political Parties
The list is consistent with the Parliamentary Library's role as a provider of information and in no way indicates an endorsement of particular web sites or organisations. Only political parties with websites are listed. Please consult the Australian Electoral Commission for a complete list of registered parties.

95. AllRefer.com - Kyrgyzstan - Political Parties In Kyrgyzstan - Communist Parties
political Parties. The period immediately preceding and following The Communistparty of Kyrgyzstan (CPK), which was the only legal political party
http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/kyrgyzstan/kyrgyzstan52.html
You are here allRefer Reference Kyrgyzstan
History
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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan Political Parties The period immediately preceding and following independence saw a proliferation of political groups of various sizes and platforms. Although President Akayev emerged from the strongest of those groups, in the early 1990s no organized party system developed either around Akayev or in opposition to him. Communist Parties Other Parties All of the other parties in existence in 1995 began as unsanctioned civic movements. The first is Ashar (Help), which was founded in 1989 as a movement to take over unused land for housing; Ashar took one seat in the upper house in the 1995 elections. A fluctuating number of parties and groups are joined under the umbrella of the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan (DDK); the most influential is Erkin Kyrgyzstan (Freedom for Kyrgyzstan), which in late 1992 split into two parties, one retaining the name Erkin Kyrgyzstan, and the other called Ata-meken (Fatherland). In the 1995 elections, Erkin Kyrgyzstan took one seat and Ata-meken two seats in the upper house. In the spring of 1995, the head of Erkin Kyrgyzstan was indicted for embezzling funds from the university of which he is a rector; it is unclear whether or not this accusation was politically motivated. Another democratically inclined party, Asaba (Banner) also took one seat in the upper house. Registration was denied to another group, the Freedom Party, because its platform includes the creation of an Uygur autonomous district extending into the Chinese Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which the Chinese government opposes. The Union of Germans took one seat in the lower house, and a Russian nationalist group, Concord, also took one seat.

96. ADEPT : Political Parties Of RM : Local Elections 2003
ADEPT Association for Participatory Democracy political parties The Communistparty of Moldova (CPM) is the party of the people, workers, peasants,
http://www.parties.e-democracy.md/en/localelections2003/candidates/pcrm/
Political parties
of the Republic

of Moldova

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Communist Party of Moldova
Chairman: Vladimir Voronin
Electoral slogan: "Through Local Power towards People's Power!"
Candidate for the position of General Mayor of Chisinau Municipality: Vasile Zgardan The electoral programme of the Communist Party of Moldova
The Communist Party of Moldova (CPM) is the party of the people, workers, peasants, engineers, scientists, teachers, doctors, intellectuals, artists, businessmen, farmers, pensioners, the young and the unemployed. The CPM's ranks are growing ever more, and the last parliamentary elections have confirmed this: in 2001, more voters voted for the sickle and hammer than for all the rest of parties taken together. People believe that together we will be able to change our destiny for better. Having come to power two years ago, the communists have done all they could to upkeep and enforce this belief. Despite the enormous economic hardships, the communists are putting their electoral programme into practice and are fulfilling the promises made to the voters.

97. Introduction To Japan's Political Parties
The Liberal Democratic party, the biggest political party, The JapaneseCommunist party, meanwhile, was founded as an underground political association
http://www.kanzaki.com/jinfo/PoliticalParties.html
Help Status info Japan Music
Political Parties in Japan
Most part of this page is an excerpt from Japan: A Pocket Guide, 1996 Edition , pp.12-18 (Foreign Press Center). Additional notes were written around 1998 by MK . Japanese political situation has been dynamically changed since then. The first political party to emerge in Japan was the Aikoku Koto (Public Party of Patriots), formed in 1874 under the leadership of Taisuke Itagaki. The party presented a written petition advocating the establishment of a parliamentary system through public elections. In 1898 a cabinet was formed by the leader of a party for the first time, inaugurating the system of party cabinets. But genro , or elder statesmen, although lacking any constitutional authority, exerted a decisive influence in determining transfers of power, and it was not until after World War II that true party cabinets began to be formed. Currently Japanese political alignments are undergoing a vigorous transition that has resulted in the emergence of a number of new parties. The following traces the development of the main parties.
The Liberal Democratic Party
The Liberal Democratic Party, the biggest political party, is a conservative force. The party regards the protection of liberty, human rights, democracy, and the parliamentary system as its fundamental mission. The LDP was formed in November 1955 through the merger of two conservative parties founded after World War II and continued to govern without a break until August 1993.

98. Chinese Communist Party
The communist party of China is founded mainly on ideology and politics. The CPCderives its ideas and policies from the people s concentrated will and then
http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/
A comprehensive information base on today's China and beyond... General Information Diplomatic Missions Entertainment Government ... Back to Home
Communist Party of China
Important Note:
This information web page of Chinese Communist Party was initially launched in October 1997 . A ll the information published on this page is collected from official and unofficial publications. This web page is for your informational purpose only, the content of this page do not necessarily reflects the views of Chinatoday.com or any of its affiliates. (Last update: Sep. 19, 2004).
Zhongnanhai, Beijing - Headquarters of CPC and Chinese Government
Wall Banner on the left-hand side: "Long Live the Great Chinese Communist Party!"
Wall Banner on the right-hand side: "Long Live the Invincible Mao Zedong Thought!" The Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded on July 1, 1921 in Shanghai, China. After 28 years of struggle, the CPC finally won victory of "new-democratic revolution" and founded the People's Republic of China in 1949. The CPC is the ruling party of mainland China (P.R. China). The Communist Party of China is founded mainly on ideology and politics. The CPC derives its ideas and policies from the people's concentrated will and then turns that will into State laws and decisions which are passed by the National People's Congress of China through the State's legal procedures. Theoretically, CPC does not take the place of the government in the State's leadership system. The Party conducts its activities within the framework of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the law and has no right to transcend the Constitution and the law. All Party members, like all citizens in the country, are equal before the law.

99. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. - Book Information
Historical Overview / Postcommunist Developments / political Parties Socialistsand Social Democrats / Liberals / Christian Democrats / Agrarians / Greens
http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/resultsa.asp?Title=Political Parties of Eastern Eur

100. Globalization And The Development Of Left Parties In Post Communist Politics
Characterizing the communist Successor Parties’ political Appeals In postcommunist politics as well, the Left parties appear to adapt differently to
http://globalization.icaap.org/content/v5.1/ishiyama.html
Globalization (2005)
Globalization and the Development of Left Parties in Post Communist Politics John Ishiyama
Division of Social Science
Truman State University
jishiyam@truman.edu
Abstract
Introduction
The Basics
For the purposes of this paper globalization (Gryzmala Busse, 2002; Bozoki, 1997; Ishiyama; 1997; 1995)
Globalization and Left Political Parties
The effects of globalization on domestic politics generally (and on the parties of the Left in particular) has become quite a popular topic over the past decade. Indeed, there are those who contend that globalization undermines domestic actors because it leads to the opportunity for the owners of mobile capital to relocate abroad and increases competition for domestic producers in the face of competition from foreign producers. As Lowell Turner argues the more dynamic, competitive and interdependent global markets undermine older forms of production, particularly by promoting a movement towards smaller production units (Turner, 1991). As a result, the accompanying move to decentralized capital-intensive production has led to less labor solidarity and declining strength of organized labor, which in turn has weakened the parties of the Left.
Globalization and Eastern Europe
with whom to whom Accommodation Score = (negative mentions of in groups + positive mentions of out groups)/ (positive mentions of in groups + negative mentions of out groups) To form a composite score for each party the number of negative mentions of in groups and terms positive on out groups is divided by the number of terms in favor of traditional groups and negative on outgroups. A higher score represented a party which had relatively more negative mentions of in groups and more positive mentions of out groups, and a lower score represented a program which had relatively more positive mentions of in groups and negative mentions of out groups. This ratio is used to measure the extent to which the successor parties have sought out to extend their appeals beyond their traditional socio-political constituencies.

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