61. NETWORK - Budget Update colombian history. For over forty years, Colombia has been caught in a NETWORK’s History on Colombia. NETWORK has a long history of working to change US http://www.networklobby.org/issues/colombia.htm

About Us Legislative Action Center Issues Economic Equity ... Home Colombia April 2005 Plan Colombia and Human Rights Abuses Background Facts on Colombia Catholic Social Teaching ... Legislation Plan Colombia Up for Renewal while Human Rights Abuses Continue in Colombia Blueprint for A New Colombia Policy Background Colombian History For over forty years, Colombia has been caught in a complicated civil conflict. Years of social, economic, and political inequality gave rise to guerilla forces including the National Liberation Army (ELN) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), who have been responsible for violating international humanitarian law in an effort to gain influence over the Colombian government. They are in conflict with a right-wing paramilitary that is responsible for the majority of documented human rights abuses throughout Colombia. Colombian armed forces, some of whom have been trained at the School of the Americas, have been complicit with the actions of the paramilitary, making it more difficult to create a transition to peace and justice within Colombia. Further complicating the civil conflict in Colombia is the lucrative business of the drug trade. Many civilians participate in the production of coca and poppy crops because they have no other option for economic survival. The war on drugs initiated by the United States has made it more difficult for rural Colombians to survive because their coca and poppy crops are destroyed and the land is ruined. In order to survive, they are faced with either joining a guerilla or paramilitary group or moving to another area in Colombia where they inevitably begin farming coca and poppy crops. The drug trade has also fueled the conflict in Colombia by funding many of the guerilla and paramilitary forces who continue to create instability in the country.

62. HLAS 52 History Colombia And Ecuador For colombian history since 1840, a welcome development is a trend toward historical synthesis. Two multivolume general histories that cover events from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/hlas/hum52hist-rausch.html

HLAS Online Home Page Search HLAS Online Help FAQ ... Comments Volume 52 / Humanities HISTORY: SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA 19th and 20th Centuries: Colombia and Ecuador JANE M. RAUSCH Professor of History, University of Massachusetts-Amherst COLOMBIA Archivo Santander For Colombian history since 1840, a welcome development is a trend toward historical synthesis. Two multi-volume general histories that cover events from conquest to the 1980s have taken their places beside the Academia Historia de Colombia's Historia extensa. The eight-volume Historia de Colombia Nueva historia de Colombia under the editorship of Jaime Jaramillo Uribe is directed more toward researchers: vols. 1-2 reprint the Manual de historia de Colombia published by Colcultura between 1978-80 and vols. I-VI (items bi 91024270 - bi 91024279), contain especially prepared essays by two dozen "new historians" who, besides summarizing political events from 1886 to 1986, cover topics ranging from international relations and social movements to the history of Colombian science and urban social life. Both sets can be supplemented by Orlando Melo's unique two-volume anthology of eyewitness accounts of key events from colonial times to the present (item bi 90006989) and the more pedestrian - biographical sketches of 81 individuals whom Carlos Perozzo regards as influential in the formation of Colombian culture and history (item bi 89004865). Also worthy of mention is Alfredo Iriarte's

63. HLAS 50 History Colombia And Ecuador attest to the professionalization of history as a discipline in Colombia and they nevertheless underscore aspects of colombian history usually http://lcweb2.loc.gov/hlas/hum50hist-rausch.html

HLAS Online Home Page Search HLAS Online Help FAQ ... Comments Volume 50 / Humanities HISTORY: SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA 19th and 20th Centuries: Colombia and Ecuador JANE M. RAUSCH Professor of History, University of Massachusetts-Amherst HIGH QUALITY BOOKS by Colombian and foreign scholars continue to expand the historical literature on the 19th and 20th centuries - a trend undergirded by a boom in Colombian publishing. New monographs, document collections, Spanish translations of North American dissertations and traveler accounts fill the shelves of bookstores in Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. These attractive publications attest to the professionalization of history as a discipline in Colombia and reflect a desire on the part of the public to find in the past the roots of the prolonged civil strife that has plagued the country throughout the 1980s. For the 19th century, historians have focused upon the role of regions in national formation. In a seminal essay published in Revista Andina (item bi 89006547), Germán Colmenares urges his colleagues to adopt social science concepts and methodologies to assess regional differences within the Andean republics. The potential value of such an interdisciplinary approach is well-demonstrated in an extended article by sociologist María Teresa Uribe de H. and economist Jesús María Alvarez, who analyze regionalism to ascertain the origins of Colombia's economic dependence (item bi 89006721). Three fine monographs deal with regional themes. In his revised dissertation, James Park argues that Rafael Núñez reacted against the debilitating forces of regionalism he had earlier represented to lay the institutional basis of Regeneration between 1880-84 (item bi 89006707); Marco Palacios in the second Spanish edition of

64. WHKMLA : History Of Colombia, 1525-1550 FILES, Country Study Colombia, from Library of Congress colombian history, from the Univ. of the Andes Articles from Infoplease Colombia, New Granada, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/samerica/col152550.html

Colombia under the Spanish : 1530-1717 The Spanish, led by ALONSO DE OJEDA, first attempted to establish a foothold at URABA in 1508. From here, VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA set out on an expedition through the jungles of Panama, discovering the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Uraba was reconquered by the native indians. In 1519, the Spanish established a permanent settlement in PANAMA, which was to become the operation base for the conquests of both the Inca Empire and the highlands of what was to be called Colombia. The actual exploration and conquest of Colombia was undertaken by 3 conquistadores, GONZALO JIMENEZ DE QUESADA, SEBASTIAO DE BELALCAZAR and NIKOLAUS FEDERMANN. The city of SANTA FE DE BOGOTA, the capital of modern Colombia, was founded in 1538. EXTERNAL FILES Country Study : Colombia, from Library of Congress Colombian History, from the Univ. of the Andes Articles from Infoplease : Colombia New Granada Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada Nikolaus Federmann ... Sebastiao de Benalcazar Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia : Bogota Tairona Heritage Studies Centre , extensive anthropological site dealing with the Spanish conquest of Colombia and with indigenous peoples DOCUMENTS REFERENCE Chiefdoms under Siege : Spain's rule and Native Adaptation in the Southern Colombian Andes, 1535-1700, by

65. EXile - Issue #148 - War Nerd - Colombia:A Hundred Years Of Slaughtertude - By G But I have to warn you, colombian history is as messy as a slaughterhouse floor in a blackout You have just learned the history and culture of Colombia! http://www.exile.ru/2002-August-23/war_nerd.html

Moscow-based alternative newspaper Search the eXile All Issues This Issue This Author This Column Advanced Search... Email thousands of beautiful Russian Ladies! Home Archive Club Guide Restaurant Guide ... Next (69) Colombia:A Hundred Years of Slaughtertude By Gary Brecher ( at exile ru Browse Author (78) Previous (8) Next (69) E very day America gets deeper into the shit in Colombia. We're dumping planeloads of cash on the Colombian army $1.5 billion is what Rumsfeld'll admit, so you gotta assume it's more like ten billion with the rest squeezed through the usual CIA laundries. Colombia's got this new gung-ho president Uribe, and he says he's gonna ratchet up the war against the rebels, which makes Bush and Ashcroft and the DEA real happy. The big rebel group, FARC, have this "bring it on" attitude too. They're always on the lookout for new ways to kill people. They even hired three ex-IRA guys to show'em how to make remote-launched mortars, and learned so fast they damn near blasted el Presidente right off the platform at his own inauguration. So with everybody ready to party, it seemed like a good time to give you a little briefing on Colombia, our new pal. But I have to warn you, Colombian history is as messy as a slaughterhouse floor in a blackout. So I'll give you a choice: the short version (for MTV victims with the attention span of fruit flies), and the long version for serious military buffs.

66. ColombiaLink.com - Historia De Colombia - Colombia History Translate this page colombian history - HISTORIA DE COLOMBIA 1830 May 5 Promulgada Constitución de la República de Colombia. Siguió los parámetros de la anterior, http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia.html

SELECT Modelos Personajes Turismo Sexualidad ... Guia para Inmigrantes COLOMBIAN HISTORY - HISTORIA DE COLOMBIA COLOMBIA PALEO-INDIA (14000 A.C. ) Colombia Paleo-India Cazadores-Recolectores:Tequendama, El Abra y Sueva COLOMBIA PRECOLOMBINA Y ZONAS ARQUEOLOGICAS (-4000 A.C. a 1490 D.C.) Colombia Precolombina Poblamiento de laderas en valles interandinos. Primeros cacicazgos complejos en el sur y en la cordillera Central. ca. Sube al bono el zaque Nemequene. Guerra entre el zaque y el zipa. Ringtones Screensavers Wallpapers ColombiaLink.com TEMAS MUSICALES PANTALLA DE RESULTADOS TEMAS PARA SALVAPANTALLAS LA CONQUISTA Grupos Indigenas Colombianos al momento de la Conquista El Descubrimiento de la Costa y las primeras Gobernaciones La Conquista de Santa Marta La Conquista de Cartagena ... La Sujeción de los Chibchas LA CONQUISTA - LINEA DE TIEMPO La Conquista: Resumen Nov: Ojeda llega a Cartagena. 13 Leyes de Burgos sobre el tratamiento de los indios. Nemequene muere en batalla contra Quemuenchatocha, es reemplazado como zipa por Tisquesusa. Dic: Muerte del zaque Aquiminzaque.

67. Instructor Class Description An analytical approach to colombian history focusing on the historical antecedents to Writing of an analytical essay on an aspect of colombian history http://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/hist/494caramba.html

Search Directories Reference Tools UW Home ... Course Catalog Instructor Class Description Time Schedule: Summer Quarter 2005 Autumn Quarter 2005 Charles W Bergquist HIST 494 Seattle Campus Colloquium in Historiography Advanced seminar examining central issues in historiography. Emphasizes reading, discussion, and writing. Class Description COLOMBIA: THE CONTEMPORARY CRISIS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE An analytical approach to Colombian history focusing on the historical antecedents to the current crisis. Origins and evolution of the guerrilla insurgency. Impact of drug trade. Prospects for peace. Critical discussions of several books class reads in common. Writing of an analytical essay on an aspect of Colombian history Recommended preparation Introductory courses in history, especially Latin American history, and ability to read Spanish-language material will be helpful. There are no prerequisites, however. Class Assignments and Grading In addition to three books read in common, and reviewed and discussed in class, students write an anlytical essay of 10-12 pages on a problem in Colombian history or current affairs. 3 (two-page) book reviews, 10% each for a total of 30%; analytical essay (10-12 pages), 50%; attendance and quality of oral participation, 20%

68. FMO Research Guide: Website. Colombia Human Rights Network. Chronology of recent colombian history http//www.igc.org/colhrnet/timeline.htm http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo003/fmo003-2.htm

Overview Historical background Following Colombia's independence from Spain in 1819, the social structures of the former colony remained largely intact. A small number of predominantly white, locally born, upper-class landowners continued to dominate a majority of mestizo labourers, artisans, ranch workers, and peasant farmers. Much of the nineteenth century was characterized by regional and interest group struggles for supremacy, under the broad rubric of centralism versus federalism. By the mid-nineteenth century, Colombia's familiar two-party political structure had been established. The Conservative Party ( Partido Social Conservador ) have traditionally favoured centralized, authoritarian government and Roman Catholicism, and has represented landed interests and been wary of political and economic reform. The Liberal Party ( Partido Liberal ) has supported free trade, competition, secularism, and a federal system of government. Party affiliation has tended to be strongly regional and family based. This bipartisanship functioned reasonably well for many decades and did not spark the military coups that characterized politics in other parts of Latin America. Nonetheless, there was continual political violence and social unrest in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a result of regional, factional, and personal rivalries. In the 1940s, the two political parties established themselves as the institutional vehicles for local and class rivalries, and became effective means of mobilizing mass political participation, which sometimes spilled over into armed conflict.

69. Untitled Document Colombian Links. Mystery of the Maya. colombian history. El Central Colombia (In Spanish). How to write your name in Mayan. Manuel Antonio San Clemente http://www.corvalliscommunitytheatre.org/shows/magdalena/links.htm

Colombian Links Mystery of the Maya Colombian History El Central Colombia (In Spanish) How to write your name in Mayan Manuel Antonio San Clemente The Patricia Emerald Colombian History Military Insignia US Army US Navy 1700 US Military Links: Look for links in the future. Website questions and comments Eviltwin Design

70. Santa Fe Bed And Breakfast New Mexico El Farolito Bed & Breakfast Inn Local Attr Museum of Indian Arts and Culture Regional precolombian history; Palace of the Governors now hosts the state s history museum with more than 17000 http://www.selectregistry.com/inns/qv/iid/322/attractions/bedandbreakfast.aspx

More New Mexico Inns FIND AN INN TRIP PLANNER GIFT CERTIFICATES ... Find An Inn SEARCH THE SITE Santa Fe is a year-round destination. Don't make the mistake of thinking that the arts drift off here from September through May. There's a wealth of wonder to see, hear and experience - especially during the winter holiday season, when concerts and special events abound. Also many outdoor activities are year-round for recreational enthusiasts, as are historical attractions. Attractions: Santa Fe School of Cooking Bataan Memorial Museum Cross of the Martyrs Los Alamos Historical Museum El Rancho de las Golondrinas (a "living history museum") Bandelier National Monument Puye Cliffs Pecos National Historical Monument Wheelwright Museum : Regional pre-Colombian history Museum of Indian Arts and Culture : Regional pre-Colombian history Palace of the Governors : now hosts the state's history museum with more than 17,000 objects on display central Plaza : Nearby, the central Plaza, circa 1609, is perhaps the most enduring symbol of Santa Fe's history. Museum of International Folk Art.

71. Plan Colombia But there is a twotrack approach to counter-narcotics in Plan Colombia. For the first time in colombian history, a voluntary eradication program is being http://www.colombiaemb.org/plancolombia/

Plan Colombia Plan Colombia: The Roadmap for Peace The Government of Colombia has developed a multi-year, comprehensive strategy designed to bring about lasting peace by reducing the production of illegal drugs, revitalizing the economy and strengthening government institutions. This is known as Plan Colombia. At the same time the Colombian National Police is spraying large industrial coca plantations. In reality, the so-called "military" part of Plan Colombia, is really no more than an escort service for the Colombian National Police’s activities of spraying industrial coca plantations and destroying cocaine laboratories. The only reason why this is needed is because both guerrillas and paramilitaries will fire from the ground at the spraying aircraft, and fire at the Police when they enter these areas in order to destroy a drug laboratory. So 14 Black Hawks and 45 Huey transport helicopters will provide the necessary protection and transportation requirements for three battalions of 900 men each. That is all the U.S. trained and funded counter-narcotics units are and will be doing. Counter-guerrilla or counter-paramilitary operations are forbidden. Employment in Action, which consists of hiring unqualified workers to boost employment levels in local infrastructure projects throughout the country. More than 1.502 projects, fully funded, are under way, in 237 municipalities.

72. Victor M. Uribe - Republicanismo Y Reforma Constitucional, 1891-1910 (review) - Correa Uribe, who teaches colombian history at the Universidad de audience made up of Colombian historians or foreign scholars of colombian history. http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/hispanic_american_historical_review/v079/79.3uribe.html

Hispanic American Historical Review Book Review Republicanismo y reforma constitucional, 1891-1910 National Period Republicanismo y reforma constitucional, 1891-1910 . By Fernando Correa Uribe. The book develops its argument in three chronologically arranged sections. The first outlines events from 1891 to 1904, the second deals with the period between 1904 and 1908, and the third covers the years from 1908 to 1910. Each section adheres to a traditional event-oriented narrative of political occurrences at both the national and the regional level, using the standard primary sources that political historians tend to rely on: congressional records, public speeches from politicians and state officials, the political [End Page 571] Correa Uribe seems to write for a limited audience made up of Colombian historians or foreign scholars of Colombian history. In fact, his detailed account of the political history of the years from 1891 to 1910 is marred by the assumption of too much background knowledge on the part of his readers. Even experts will have difficulty reading the text, for the author does not provide sufficient data on the social background and significance of at least some of the numerous individuals who parade through the pages of his book, nor does he offer the information required to understand the relative importance of Antioquia as a socioeconomic region within Colombia. Therefore this monograph is valuable for specialists and graduate students working on the specific period and issues it covers. Undergraduate students and the general public will have a hard time making sense of the convoluted events it recounts and keeping up with the many elite individuals active at the time.

73. David Sowell: The Early Colombian Labor Movement A unique history of political activity by nineteenthcentury Colombian artisans treatments that spans the whole of nineteenth-century colombian history. http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/905_reg.html

A unique history of political activity by nineteenth-century Colombian artisans Buy this book! View Cart Check Out The Early Colombian Labor Movement Artisans and Politics in Bogota, 1832-1919 David Sowell cloth 0-87722-965-1 $68.50, Oct 92, Available 272 pp 6x9 "This important study is...a major contribution to Latin American labor historiography, which has focused not on 19th-century artisans but on industrial workers in the 20th century." Charles Bergquist , University of Washington-Seattle David Sowell traces the history of artisan labor organizations in Bogotá and examines long-term political activity of Colombian artisans in the century after independence. Relying on contemporary newspapers, political handouts, broadsides, and public petitions, Sowell analyzes the economic, social, and political history of the capital's artisan class, a middling social sector with very significant social and political strengths. This is the first study in English of nineteenth-century Latin American artisans and one of the few treatments that spans the whole of nineteenth-century Colombian history. The rise and late decline of artisan class political activity coincided the Colombia's integration into the world market. Initially petitioning for tariff protection, Bogotá's craftsmen in time mobilized to address numerous issues, including industrial education, internal trade order, credit, and better health and educational facilities. Sowell traces the transformation of Colombia's economy and the (mainly negative) effects its evolution had on bogotano artisans. By the end of the nineteenth century, the artisans class was fragmented, their labor leadership replaced by workers associated with industrial production, transportation systems, and the production of coffee.

74. Andes Region History History Of The Andes Questia.com Online Nacional de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia archaeological history of South America and southern colombian Andes, 15351700 Colombiahistory. 5. http://www.questia.com/library/history/south-american-history/andes-region-histo

75. Fifty Years Of Violence Over the years several colombian presidents have attempted to address the in the 1990 s went to colombian army units that have a history of human rights http://www.colombiajournal.org/fiftyyearsofviolence.htm

C o l o m b i a J o u r n a l Online Home Special Reports Colombia History Photo Gallery ... Who Are We? Fifty Years of Violence Report prepared by Garry Leech , May 1999 Introduction La Violencia and the National Front The Proliferation of Guerrilla Groups The FARC and the Coca Boom ... Conclusion Introduction The civil conflict in Colombia has been epitomized by gross human rights violations that have increased dramatically over the past two decades. International human rights groups have repeatedly singled out right-wing paramilitary organizations as being the principal perpetrators of human rights abuses. The paramilitaries are closely allied with the Colombian Armed Forces as they wage war against, not only the guerrillas, but also anyone suspected of being a guerrilla sympathizer, such as union members, peasant organizers, human rights workers and religious activists. Some paramilitary leaders have even extended the parameters of the war against the guerrillas and they're suspected sympathizers to include drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes, petty criminals and the homeless in an attempt to "cleanse" Colombian society. Over the years several Colombian presidents have attempted to address the issuessocial, political and economic injusticesthat the guerrillas claim to be the principal cause of the conflict. However, these efforts have been repeatedly thwarted by the United States and its war on drugs, and by the Colombian political, economic and military elite who are desperately trying to preserve a "democracy" that has marginalized much of the population.

76. Café De Colombia - History Of Colombian Coffee colombian Coffee Web Site Juan Valdez on the Web, featuring a history of Columbian coffee, agricultural processes, recipes, brands and locations for the http://www.juanvaldez.com/menu/history/

77. COLOMBIAWAR.ORG - History Of The Colombian Civil War history of the colombian Civil War. The War on Drugs and Human Rights in Colombia. 19932002 Human Rights Reports http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/colombiawar.htm

Evolution of the Colombian Civil War, 1928-1973 History of the Colombian Conflict, 1928-1973 The Santa Marta Banana Workers Massacre 45 pages The Liberal Revolution 201 pages Communist Activities Liberal vs. Conservative Violence UNIR and the Agrarian Problem Conservative Coup Conspiracies ... Pasto Coup 784 pages Background of Political Disorders 9th Pan American Conference The Bogotazo The Intelligence Failure ... La Violencia 119 pages Revolution in the Llanos The War of Villarica Dumar Aljure's FARC Military Assistance Agreement with the U.S. ... Plan Lazo and the Alliance for Progress about 419 pages Anti-Communist Programs Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal Civic Action Programs CIA Survey Teams ... ELN and University Violence 139 pages University Violence Attacks on U.S. Offices and Personnel Camilo Torres and the ELN Anti- Subversive Measures ... Subscribe to my infrequent emails. Paul Wolf

78. History Of Colombia Provides a history of Colombia from precolombian times to the present day. http://www.historyofnations.net/southamerica/colombia.html

History of Colombia Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy The Republic and La Violencia (The Violence) The new Republic of Greater Colombia included all the territory of the former Viceroyalty. Simon Bolivar was elected its first president and Francisco de Paula Santander, vice president. Two political parties grew out of conflicts between the followers of Bolivar and Santander and their political visionsthe Conservatives and the Liberalsand have since dominated Colombian politics. Bolivar's supporters, who later formed the nucleus of the Conservative Party, sought strong centralized government, alliance with the Roman Catholic Church, and a limited franchise. Santander's followers, forerunners of the Liberals, wanted a decentralized government, state rather than church control over education and other civil matters, and a broadened suffrage. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, each party held the presidency for roughly equal periods of time. Colombia maintained a tradition of civilian government and regular, free elections. Notwithstanding the country's commitment to democratic institutions, Colombia's history also has been characterized by widespread, violent conflict. Two civil wars resulted from bitter rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal parties: The War of a Thousand Days (1899-1902) claimed an estimated 100,000 lives, and La Violencia (1946-1957) cost another 300,000 Colombians. The National Front In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano Gomez (1950-53) and former Liberal President Alberto Lleras Camargo (1945-46) proclaimed the "Declaration of Sitges," in which they proposed a "National Front" whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by regular elections every 4 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective and appointive offices.

79. World History Blog: History Of Colombia history of Colombia This is a general overview to the historu of the South American nation of Columbia. From the site During the pre-colombian period, http://world-history-blog.blogspot.com/2004/10/history-of-colombia.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=7306557"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/1.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! World History Blog Blog that features different aspects of world history. I can't cover it all but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Some descriptions for sites are taken from the Open Directory Project. Friday, October 29, 2004 History of Colombia History of Colombia - This is a general overview to the historu of the South American nation of Columbia. From the site: During the pre-Colombian period, the area now known as Colombia was inhabited by indigenous peoples who were primitive hunters or nomadic farmers. The Chibchas, who lived in the Bogot¡ region, were the largest indigenous group. The Spanish sailed along the north coast of Colombia as early as 1500; however, their first permanent settlement, at Santa Marta, was not established until 1525. In 1549, the area was a Spanish colony with the capital at Santa Fe de Bogot¡. In 1717, Bogot¡ became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, which included what are now Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. The city became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with Lima and Mexico City.

80. History Of Simon Bolivar history of Simon Bolivar. Simon Bolivar (17831830) He took command of a colombian force and captured Bogota in 1814. The patriots, however, lacked men http://www.bolivarmo.com/history.htm

History of Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) Simon Bolivar was one of South America's greatest generals. His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. He is called El Liberator (The Liberator) and the "George Washington of South America." Bolivar was born in July 24, 1783, at Caracas, Venezuela. His parents died when he was a child and he inherited a fortune. As a young man, he traveled in Europe. As he returned to Venezuela, Bolivar joined the group of patriots that seized Caracas in 1810 and proclaimed independence from Spain. He went to Great Britain in search of aid, but could get only a promise of British neutrality. When he returned to Venezuela, and took command of a patriot army, he recaptured Caracas in 1813 from the Spaniards. The Spaniards forced Bolivar to retreat from Venezuela to New Granada (now Colombia), also at war with Spain. He took command of a Colombian force and captured Bogota in 1814. The patriots, however, lacked men and supplies, and new defeats led Bolivar to flee to Jamaica. In Haiti he gathered a force that landed in Venezuela in 1816, and took Angostra (now Ciudad Bolivar). He also became dictator there. Bolivar marched into New Granada in 1819. He defeated the Spaniards in Boyar in 1819, liberating the territory of Colombia. He then returned to Angostura and led the congress that organized the original republic of Colombia (now Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela). Bolivar became its first president on December 17, 1819.

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