21. Bolerium -- The Llanos Frontier In Colombian History 1830 - 1930. Rausch, Jane M The Llanos frontier in colombian history 1830 1930. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1993, xii, 401p., illustrations from http://www.bolerium.com/cgi-bin/bol48/47629.html

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22. CBSNews.com Who's Who Person but the hunt for the worst serial killer in colombian history was not 140 children across Colombia, said he has a history of mental illness and http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2002/08/08/in_depth_us/whoswho518068_0_5_person.

Worst Serial Killers DAVID BERKOWITZ TED BUNDY JEFFREY DAHMER JOHN WAYNE GACY JR. ... DR. HAROLD SHIPMAN Luis A. Garavito (Photo: AP ) Luis Alfredo Garavito apparently committed his first murder in 1992, but the hunt for the worst serial killer in Colombian history was not launched until 1998, when 25 bodies were found in the western city of Pereira. The victims - mostly boys between 8 and 16 - were found with their throats slit. The drifter, who has admitted killing 140 children across Colombia, said he has a history of mental illness and alcohol abuse and was beaten and raped as a child, according to published reports. // HITBOX CODE VARIABLES var hitboxPN = "Section:+Worst+Serial+Killers+-+518068"; var hitboxMLC = "interactive/in_depth_us"; var hitboxHC2 = "518068+-+in_depth_us/Worst+Serial+Killers";

23. Pre- Colombian History - Eduseek The Eduseek page about Pre colombian history. Pre colombian history of Ecuador - Pre colombian history - Overview - http://www.eduseek.com/navigate.php?ID=8603

24. History Of Ecuador Pre colombian history. For 12000 years Ecuador has been home to various Early cultures celebrated the history of their forefathers through songs, http://www.galapagosonline.com/predeparture/History/PreColumbianHistory.htm

Pre Colombian History For 12,000 years Ecuador has been home to various civilizations. Early cultures celebrated the history of their forefathers through songs, dances, and story telling. Oral history was an important part of religious ceremonies. Little of this history remains today. The Spanish forcefully converted the indigenous culture to Catholicism, religious ceremonies were abandoned and many of the stories forgotten. The tales that endured are of the Inca's who arrived in Ecuador shortly before the Spanish. Information about earlier cultures is attributed to the archeological treasures discovered throughout the country. Ecuador is a young country archeologically speaking; the importance of unearthing and preserving ruins does not have the enthusiastic support of the country and scientists as in Mexico, Peru, Egypt or Turkey. Many of the country's ruins remain buried, left simply as a mysterious symbol of an earlier culture. One can only imagine what has left to be discovered. Opportunities to learn about Pre-Colombian cultures include the well-preserved ruins in Machalilla and Ingapirca or visiting one of the excellent museums housing collections of artwork and tools. The first known culture of Ecuador is the Las Vegas , a group of hunters and gathers who lived on the Santa Elena Peninsula between the Guayas Basin and Salinas. Living in houses and making textiles they enjoyed a varied economy and they existed by farming crops including maize and squash, hunting, and exploiting the mangroves for wood, oysters and other seafood. The museum "Museo de los Amantes de Sumpa" near Santa Elena houses displays of the Las Vegas and tells the story of their culture.

25. Washington Colombia Z At one point, Garcia Marquez described the event in colombian history in Macondo reveals an official colombian history, surrounded by a whirlwind of http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/WashColombia_Z.html

Washington's Role in Colombian Repression The myth and the reality by Matthew Knoester Z magazine, January 1998 The Macondo Garcia Marquez describes is a spiraling history of his native Colombia. Macondo reveals an official Colombian history, surrounded by a whirlwind of myth. The official history becomes "magic." It erases the government repression in Colombia from history, just as Bogota daily newspapers misname those who are at fault for daily homicides, disappearances, and the hundreds of thousands of displaced people in Colombia. Today Colombia suffers from the worst human rights record in the hemisphere. Throughout the century, myths about Colombia have endured with rhetoric about the oldest functioning "democracy" in Latin America, a booming economy for the Colombian people, and perhaps a slight problem with drug trafficking which requires military assistance from the United States. But in Macondo, official history is myth, only human dreams are real. Let us take a look at today's "mere dreams" in Macondo, which happen to be documented in the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, among other places. Since 1986 more Colombians have been killed at the hands of the military and their "paramilitary" allies each year than throughout the entire 17 years of political repression in Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship. Father Javier Giraldo, the Jesuit director of the Intercongregational Commission of Justice and Peace in Bogota, estimates that the military and paramilitary are responsible for 70 percent of the killings in Colombia. This amounts to over 14,000 people since 1986, if Amnesty International's figures are correct. And, as is well documented, even by the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, the impunity rate in Colombia rests between 97-99.5 percent.

26. Colombia Update - An Overview Of Recent Colombian History An Overview of Recent colombian history. Send this page to somebody Print this page. The link address is http//www.igc.org/colhrnet/timeline.htm http://colombiaupdate.com/Members/george/l/20020119130137

@import url(http://colombiaupdate.com/ploneColumns.css); @import url(http://colombiaupdate.com/plone.css); @import url(http://colombiaupdate.com/ploneCustom.css); Skip to content. Colombia Update Personal tools You are not logged in Log in Join You are here: Home Members george's Home Links An Overview of Recent Colombian History Navigation Home Articles Photos Forums Projects Links About Members george's Home Links Search Search Colombia is ... Colombia is ... Near Russia Too Dangerous! Heaven on Earth. Farclandia! Cool, but be careful. Never heard of it. Results Polls Votes : An Overview of Recent Colombian History The link address is: http://www.igc.org/colhrnet/timeline.htm Created by george Last modified 2002-09-11 02:46 PM by content owners/producers. The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons License This site conforms to the following standards:

27. Colombian Business Culture, Etiquette - Conversation It s an asset to make the effort to learn colombian history and culture before positive aspects of Colombia; colombian history, literature, art, music http://www.executiveplanet.com/business-culture-in/133640313839.html

Colombian Business Culture Colombia Business Download Contact Executive Planet Inc. About Your Guide Your guide: Apply now! Web site: www.executiveplanet.com NEW! Post a question on the Message Board About your guide: Apply now to be an ExecutivePlanet.com guide! If you are an expert in the business culture of this country, contact info@executiveplanet.com for information on applying to become a guide. Colombia Business Etiquette Home Colombia Business Etiquette Discussion Groups Register ... Site Ranking Directory Be prepared - take with you on your next business trip. Download today! Conversation Welcome topics of conversation General Guidelines It's an asset to make the effort to learn Colombian history and culture before your visit. Having a basic knowledge of these subjects will do a great deal in establishing rapport. Generally, Colombians are very proud of their culture and national accomplishments. It is considered polite to maintain close eye contact during conversations. Welcome Topics of Conversation positive aspects of Colombia Colombian history, literature, art, music

28. Book Review The American Historical Review, 108.2 The Henderson offers a perspective on colombian history that is remarkably nuanced and realistic. 3. At the apex of this cultured elite was one man, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/108.2/br_83.html

You have not been recognized as a subscriber to the AHR online. About 254 words from this article are provided below; about 516 words remain. If you are a individual member of the American Historical Association, you may: login here if you have already registered for online access. register your subscription Set up your online account for the first time. AHA members can go to the AHA individual membership section to locate their member numbers. If you are not a member of the American Historical Association, you can: Join the AHA and receive many member benefits including print and electronic issues of the American Historical Review. Purchase a research pass to gain two hour access to the entire History Cooperative web site. You will have full access to current issues of the American Historical Review (104.3-present). Note: the Research Pass does not provide access to JSTOR's holdings of the American Historical Review. Instititutions can: Subscribe to this journal and receive print and electronic issues. Activate your existing subscription so that we recognize your IP number ranges.

29. Genesis Gems / Pre-Colombian History In San Agustín, enclosed in the Colombian Massif where the Andes divide into two The cold high plain of the Andes on the border between Colombia and http://www.genesisny.net/GGems/PreHistory.html

Pre-Colombian Goldwork Courtesy of: Museo Del Oro / Bogota, Colombia Colombia , one of Latin Americas riches countries in natural resources is located in the northwest of South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and by the Pacific to the west, like a spinal column, the chain of the Andes Mountains stretches up from the south of the continent forming three fertile branches with countless valleys, plateaus and hillsides inhabited by the majority of the present-day population. The total land area is 1,141,748 sq km (440,831 sq mi). Colombia's varied topography also includes torrid lowlands; selvas (rain forests); and vast plains, or llanos. The principal river, the Magdalena, flows north across practically the entire country. Wildlife includes the larger South American mammals such as jaguars, pumas, and tapirs and monkeys, red deer, snakes, and birds. Colombia lies almost entirely in the Torrid Zone, between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The climate, however, varies with the elevation, with cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. In ancient times this land was occupied by societies governed by chiefs. Gold, the sacred metal, adorned the political leaders and was used as offerings to the gods. In the southwest of Colombia, the cultures which archaeologists call Tumaco, Calima, Malagana, Cauca, San Agustín, Tierradentro, Nariño, Quimbaya and Tolima, were the first to work the metal they found in the rivers.

30. International Book Fair Speech - Bogotá, Colombia: Bert Ruiz, US-Colombian Affa My book reviews 100 years of colombian history and includes fresh Consequently, the combination of these factors in Colombia history provides the FARC http://bertruiz.com/1053381508/index_html

@import "http://bertruiz.com/global_css"; Bert Ruiz author of "The Colombian Civil War" Home My Book About Contact ... Get Notified! Get notified when there are new columns! Colombia Ring International Book Fair Speech - Bogotá, Colombia by Bert Ruiz on May 19, 2003 Summary On April 30, 2003 I was invited to give a speech at the International Book Fair in Bogotá. The title of my paper was, "The United States and Colombia; the Past, Present and Future. The speech was delivered in Spanish. Here is the link to the annoucement in El Tiempo but I must add it is incorrect in reporting that I am in military intelligence. http://eltiempo.terra.com.co/PROYECTOS/FERIA_LIBRO/FL_PROGRAMACION/30deabrilde2003/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-1064104.html INTRODUCTION I want to personally thank Alberto Ramirez Santos, Fernando Wills and Monica Roesel of Circulo de Lectores for the big vote of confidence and deciding to publish my book in Colombia. Additionally, I also want to express my gratitude for the opportunity to join this important forum this evening that includes Otty Patino, Alfredo Rangel (did not show up) and Alejo Vargas. Additionally, I must applaud the selection of Mauricio Vargas as moderator (he too did not show up). Together, these gentlemen represent some of the finest minds in Colombia that have consistently defined the frontiers of intellectual discourse in this great nation. I am honored to be among you. First and foremost, I would like to inform this distinguished audience before me that my views are based on a diverse background that includes two tours in Vietnam with a United States Marine Corps elite military intelligence unit; a formal education in journalism as a Ford Foundation Fellow at New York University's Graduate School of Arts and Science; nearly twenty years of experience in Latin America as a senior Wall Street executive for Merrill Lynch and Smith Barney.

31. Plan Colombia: A Closer Look The Plan even goes so far as to distort colombian history in the section titled, The Armed Conflict and Civil Society, when it states, There are three http://www.colombiajournal.org/plancolombia.htm

C o l o m b i a J o u r n a l Online Home Special Reports Colombia History Photo Gallery ... Who Are We? Plan Colombia A Closer Look Report prepared by Garry Leech , July 2000 Introduction The Sales Pitch The Ten Elements The Economic Plan ... Conclusion Introduction The proponents of Plan Colombia claim its successful implementation will end Colombia's civil war, revive the nation's economy and put the narco-traffickers out of business. In order to implement the $7.5 billion Plan, conceived by the Colombian and U.S. governments, Colombia is asking for $3.5 billion in international aid to supplement $4 billion of its own funding. However, it is still unclear just how the financially-strapped Colombian Government is going to raise $4 billion. According to the Plan, the initial objective is for the state to gain control of the entire country, some 40 percent of which is currently controlled by guerrilla forces. It intends to achieve this goal by launching a military offensive against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in southern Colombia, while at the same time eradicating the coca crops that are grown in that region. Following the military phase, peasant farmers whose coca crops have been eradicated will be offered funding for alternative crops and aid will be made available to those campesinos forced to flee their homes and their land.

32. Washington The Macondo Garcia Marquez describes is a spiraling history of his native Colombia. Macondo reveals an official colombian history, surrounded by a whirlwind http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/articles/jan98knoes.htm

Washington's Role in Colombian Repression By Matthew Knoester Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Colombian born 1982 Nobel Prize winner in literature, almost single-handedly changed the way Latin American literature is read around the world. Writing in a style others coined "magical realism," Garcia Marquez narrated the history of a town called Macondo in such classics as One Hundred Years of Solitude. In Macondo, "civilization" came and went, civil wars were fought without end, and massacres of banana workers appeared only as figments of a character's imagination. At one point in One Hundred Years, Garcia Marquez described the event in Colombian history in which hundreds of striking United Fruit workers were massacred in the town of Cienega in 1928. As Garcia Marquez told the story, one banana worker survived. The man returned to Cienega to find no traces of what had happened. He asked the police chief about the morning's occurrence and the chief said "Massacre? What massacre is he talking about? He must have been dreaming. Aqui, no pasa nada.

33. ZNet Commentary: Shalom Interviews Podur / Colombia There s another item in colombian history that s relevant here. But colombian history, and the history of the war, plays a role as well. http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2002-03/09podur-shalom.cfm

USEFUL SUSTAINER LINKS YOUR ACCOUNT INFORMATION ZNET'S TOP PAGE ZNet DAILY ZINE PAGE COMMENTARY AUTHORS ... SUSTAINER PROGRAM FEEDBACK CUSTOMIZE March 09, 2002 Shalom Interviews Podur / Colombia By Justin Podur and Stephen Shalom Steve Shalom. The New York Times ran a story on February 25 by Juan Forero titled "Colombian Rebels Sabotage Peace Hopes." Perhaps you can address some of the questions raised by the article. Let me begin, however, by asking about the political program and values of the guerrilla group, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Latin America has some guerrilla movements, like the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico, who have been an inspiration to North American leftists, and others, like Shining Path in Peru, that are strongly condemned by North American leftists. Where would you place FARC on this continuum? Justin Podur. It is important to understand the FARC's roots. The FARC have their origins in peasant self-defense organizations. They grew out of a fight for survival, against the incursions of the state and against the mercenaries the landlords would hire to displace and kill them. That state-mercenary alliance evolved into the paramilitary forces of today, and the peasant self-defense groups evolved into the guerrilla insurgency. That's still the base of the FARC, I think peasants who are fighting for survival. Any solution to the conflict has to deal with this question: if people have no option but to fight with arms for survival, then they will fight with arms for survival.

34. Center For Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley The Left and the Paradoxes of Modern colombian history Professor Palacio is author of the classic account of colombian history, Coffee in Colombia. http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Events/series/colombia/spring2002.html

Colombia 2002 Spring 2002 Events Professor Charles Bergquist Department of Latin American and Labor Studies University of Washington "The Left and the Paradoxes of Modern Colombian History" Charles Bergquist is a professor of history, specializing in labor and Latin America, at the University of Washington. He has directed the University of Washington Latin American Studies Program and held the Harry Bridges Chair in Labor Studies. He is former Director of International Studies at Duke University and has on several occasions taught at the National University of Colombia in Bogota. He is author of Coffee and Conflict in Colombia and Labor in Latin America , and co-editor of Violence in Colombia, 1900-2000 Moderated by Professor Margaret Chowning, Department of History, UC Berkeley Thursday, February 14, 4:00 p.m.

35. Center For Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley of Modern colombian history . February 14, 2002 ideology represents the key component of one paradox of modern colombian history while the Left, http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Events/spring2002/02-14-02-bergquist/

Charles Bergquist "The Left and the Paradoxes of Modern Colombian History" February 14, 2002 Professor Charles Bergquist Explaining the Emergence of Colombia's Guerilla Organizations: A Historical Approach Chris Cardona, Department of Political Science Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). The crisis has entered a new, more militarized phase, and Bergquist’s lecture offered one historically grounded, political-economic explanation of the dominance of militarism within the Colombian Left. He began by praising the efforts of the UC Berkeley Colombia Working Group for its generation of dialogue about the crisis in Colombia, and in particular for the Spring 2001 conference, "Colombia in Context." Before delving into his historical analysis, which focused on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Bergquist made a few contextual remarks about the current crisis. He cited recent shifts in Colombian public opinion toward a more aggressive military approach to the guerrillas (as reflected in high levels of support for hard-line presidential candidate Alvaro Uribe Vélez), and the increasing interest of the U.S. government in providing military aid beyond that stipulated in the already controversial

36. 94-11-18 BRAUN S BOOK CAPTURES MODERN-DAY COLOMBIA, ONE MAN S own as he comes to grips with his own conflicts about colombian history. a sense of obligation both to colombian history and to his brotherin-law. http://www.virginia.edu/insideuva/textonlyarchive/94-11-18/3.txt

37. Modernization In Colombia The Laureano Gómez Years, 1889-1965-James D. Henderso Thus he shows that much of recent colombian history is rooted in developments from the This important history of Colombia s political, economic, urban, http://www.upf.com/Spring2001/henderson.html

Modernization in Colombia The Laureano Gómez Years, 1889-1965 by James D. Henderson Order this Book now Features Search UPF home ... Contact us The life of Laureano Gómez (1889-1965), Colombia's combative Conservative politician and reviled public figure, serves as the backdrop for this modern history of one of the hemisphere's least understood nations. Tracing the complex process of development in Colombia, James Henderson explores the civil violence that defined the Gómez era even as the country experienced economic growth unparalleled in the rest of the Americas. Gómez was a consummate debater, a spellbinding orator, and an influential newspaper editor. Early in his career he was a thorn in the side of Liberals and Conservatives alike, while in later years he led the Conservative opposition in Congress. He made and unmade presidents, served as president himself, and all the while figured prominently in Colombia's transition to modernity. Henderson gives us the best and worst of Gómez and his adversaries during this era, a time of alternating political peace and progress, punctuated by spells of extremist invective and bloody violence. Thus he shows that much of recent Colombian history is rooted in developments from the Gómez years. Few Colombians can speak calmly of Gómez, and many blame him for the violence that plagued the country from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. Henderson's objective and thorough discussion exposes the myths and assumptions surrounding Gómez and offers especially effective analysis of his writings, speeches, congressional debates, and editorials (as well as his rejoinders, one-liners, and put-downs, classics in the lexicon of Colombian history). Henderson also chronicles the titanic political rivalry between Gómez and Alfonso López Pumarejo, an arch-Liberal, showing how the two men who began their careers as friends became bitter enemies and ultimately led Colombia into the fratricidal civil war known as La Violencia.

38. Colombia- A New Book From The University Press Of Florida Amherst, and the author of A Tropical Plains Frontier The Llanos of Colombia, 15311831 and The Llanos Frontier in colombian history, 1830-1930. http://www.upf.com/Fall1999/rausch.html

// Define global variables in JavaScript 1.0 var canRollOver = false; var canClickDown = false; // Change canRollOver to true in JavaScript 1.1 canRollOver = true; // Primary and rollover image sources #1 switch1out = new Image(110,35); switch1out.src = './../banner1.jpg'; switch1over = new Image(110,35); switch1over.src = './../banner1a.jpg'; switch2out = new Image(110,35); switch2out.src = './../banner2.jpg'; switch2over = new Image(110,35); switch2over.src = './../banner2a.jpg'; switch3out = new Image(110,35); switch3out.src = './../banner3.jpg'; switch3over = new Image(110,35); switch3over.src = './../banner3a.jpg'; switch4out = new Image(110,35); switch4out.src = './../banner4.jpg'; switch4over = new Image(110,35); switch4over.src = './../banner4a.jpg'; Colombia Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier by Jane M. Rausch Order this Book now Features Search UPF home ... Contact us Rausch demonstrates that multiple frontiers have played a far greater role in the evolution of the country than has been previously understood. She focuses first on Amazonia and the Afro-Colombian region of Chocó as well as the Llanos; then she provides an in-depth history of the Llanos, a strategically important region gaining interest now because of its newly discovered oil fields as well as its intense guerrilla activity.

39. Colombia Before Independence - Cambridge University Press The book offers the only available survey of colombian history and historiography for this period. • The only available survey of colombian history for this http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521416418

40. ReVista - David Rockefeller Center For Latin American Studies In their outstanding survey of colombian history, published last year and In fact, violence throughout colombian history has come in large part from the http://drclas.fas.harvard.edu/revista/?article_id=232

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