81. UniMaps.com - West Africa Explored New map of West Africa showing routes of explorers 18001855. The founding ofthe Association Image of hugh clapperton, explorer clapperton 1788-1827 http://unimaps.com/wafrica-explored/

UniMaps Home About UniMaps Contact Us Purchase ... Placenames, historic Just added Aral, the Dying Sea Back to Top West Africa Explored Printer version The founding of the 'Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa' in London in 1788 introduced a new era of exploration of that continent. This 'Africa Association' was created by the zeal and enthusiasim of Joseph Banks, supported by an informal group of wealthy men. The original aim of the Association was discovery, although commerce and the halting of the slave trade later became equally important. Political and religious themes were discouraged. The governments of England, France and Germany later became involved in exploration, but generally with less elevating ideals. Exploring Africa in the nineteenth century was a hazardous enterprise. A cornucopia of tropical diseases awaited the explorers, also major natural hazards and extreme climates were forever present, and the ferocity and unreliability (and equally their generosity and kindness) of some locals made venturing into Africa only for the brave. It was not until William Baikie, a surgeon travelling with a Niger expedition in 1854, proved that the use of quinine was an effective prevention of malaria. The mortality rate of Europeans exploring Africa at this time was reckoned to be 95%, and those that did survive, few reached their 40th birthday.

82. UniMaps.com - West Africa Explored - PRINT Hornemann was selected by the african Association to explore westward fromCairo the source of the Walter Oudney, Dixon Denham and hugh clapperton. http://unimaps.com/wafrica-explored/print.html

West Africa Explored Unimaps.com The founding of the 'Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa' in London in 1788 introduced a new era of exploration of that continent. This 'Africa Association' was created by the zeal and enthusiasim of Joseph Banks, supported by an informal group of wealthy men. The original aim of the Association was discovery, although commerce and the halting of the slave trade later became equally important. Political and religious themes were discouraged. The governments of England, France and Germany later became involved in exploration, but generally with less elevating ideals. Exploring Africa in the nineteenth century was a hazardous enterprise. A cornucopia of tropical diseases awaited the explorers, also major natural hazards and extreme climates were forever present, and the ferocity and unreliability (and equally their generosity and kindness) of some locals made venturing into Africa only for the brave. It was not until William Baikie, a surgeon travelling with a Niger expedition in 1854, proved that the use of quinine was an effective prevention of malaria. The mortality rate of Europeans exploring Africa at this time was reckoned to be 95%, and those that did survive, few reached their 40th birthday.

83. Fact Or Fiction In the more recent Mungo Park the african Traveler (1971), Kenneth Lupton has hugh clapperton (182224), and Richard Lander (1827)are themselves http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/annex/COMM/english/mah8420/WaterMusic.htm

Fact or Fiction?: Historical Indeterminacy in T. Coraghessan Boyle 's Water Music Matthew Henry In arguing that history does not exist except as text, it does not stupidly and "gleefully" deny that the past existed, but only that its accessibility to us now is entirely conditioned by textuality. We cannot know the past except through its texts. Linda Hutcheon (1988) The value in this alternative (i.e., postmodern) approach is two-fold: it undermines both the traditional belief in a singular historical "reality" and the traditional hierarchy that values history (fact) over literature (fiction). Postmodern historical novelists wish to expunge such traditions in favor of views that are less rigid and that accept interpretation and indeterminacy in regard to history. Thus, their novels strive to highlight the subjective nature of the supposedly objective narratives of history and to underscore that these narratives offer not the truth but only a possible truth. Boyle is acutely aware of how both those directly involved in historical events and subsequent historians have rewritten the past to conform to individual or collective interpretations. His intent, then, is to reveal the fictionality of documented history. Thus, Boyle combines in his writings what has been traditionally separated and labeled as "fact" and "fiction," intentionally blurring and questioning the rigid distinctions between these two categories. In short, Boyle's task and practice is to self-consciously rewrite history through fiction to point out the relativity of textualized history and the fallacy of believing that historical texts embody a singular "truth." Such practice is at the basis of much of Boyle's writing, but I believe it is displayed best in Boyle's first novel

84. ;This File Will Help In Learning The Names Of Many Of The Most The format used is the explorer s name(s) on the ;question card and the date, Africa Q5=Dixon Denham and hugh clapperton A5=182223 - English - Crossed http://www.openwindow.com/ftp/explore.fls

85. Encyclopedia: Mungo Park later confirmed by the investigations of hugh clapperton and Richard best criticalestimate of the explorer and his Mission into the Interior of Africa in 1805 http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mungo-Park

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Mungo Park" also viewed: Francis drake John Gibson Lockhart Heinrich Barth Dost Mohammed and the British in Afghanistan ... John Locke What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Maggot Maggie Sawyer Macau national football team MGM Grand Las Vegas ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Mungo Park Updated 3 days 18 hours 43 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Mungo Park Mungo Park Title illustration of Reisen in Central-Afrika - von Mungo Park bis auf Dr. Barth u. Dr. Vogel Mungo Park September 10 ) was a Scottish explorer of the African continent. Download high resolution version (1002x1016, 405 KB) Portrait of explorer Mungo Park from the book Reisen in Central-Afrika - von Mungo Park bis auf Dr. Barth u. ... Download high resolution version (1002x1016, 405 KB) Portrait of explorer Mungo Park from the book Reisen in Central-Afrika - von Mungo Park bis auf Dr. Barth u. ... Download high resolution version (1393x2292, 1581 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

86. National Geographic Adventure Mag.: Excerpts: "Rediscovering Libya," April 2005 KIRA SALAK follows the 19thcentury trail of Scotsman hugh clapperton, first Westerner to fully explore inner Libya and reach the interior of Africa by http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt1.html

Adventure Main E-mail the Editors Adventure ... Subscribe April 2005 Excerpt Rediscovering Libya Off-limits to Americans for decades, Libya has reopened its doors. KIRA SALAK follows the 19th-century trail of Scotsman Hugh Clapperton, the first Westerner to explore the mystical heart of the Sahara. THE SWELTERING SKY: After crossing an ocean of sand, guide Magdy stands on the shores of a lake in the Awbari Sand Sea. "You come, Madame, It all gives me the shivers, like entering a house that's supposedly haunted. I keep looking over my shoulder. Can people tell I'm American? Such paranoia. jelabia: baggy pants and a shirt reaching to the knees. An old woman passes, wrapped head-to-toe in a white garment, a burnus, held tightly over her face, a single eye peering out at me through the folds. Otherwise, the medina is mostly deserted, the small stores like lighted vestibules in the dark and cavernous depths of the Old City. The man urges me down a dim passageway, but I pause at the edge of the shadows. Where are we going? I demand in French. What do you want to show me? "Something special," he insists, beckoning.

87. European Travel Accounts Of Africa - Bryn Mawr College Library clapperton, hugh, 17881827. Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Records of Captain clapperton s last expedition to Africa / by Richard http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/travel/africa.html

Bryn Mawr College Library Special Collections Travel Literature Africa Description Census of Related BMC Library Travel Literature Geographical Groups Africa remained largely unexplored by Europeans long after commercial, colonial, and missionary activities had been established in Asia and the Americas. Christian missionaries were among the first Europeans to venture into the interior of Africa, and occasionally they had their experiences published. A seventeenth-century example is Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi's Istorica descrizione de' tre' regni Congo, Matamba et Angola . Interest in Africa increased as the wealth of the continent's resources became apparent. In 1734, a time when the commodification of the African people depended upon their dehumanization at the hands of European colonizers, William Snelgrave wrote a formulaic description of European activity in Africa entitled A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa is a case in point.

88. Lufthansa an irrepressible need to explore the world Traveller s History of North Africa Morocco,Tunisia recommended by Barnaby Rogerson clapperton, hugh, Difficult and http://cms.lufthansa.com/fly/ca/en/inf/0,4969,0-0-1284779,00.html

89. Zoological Citation Sources -- N to explore the river Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, Denham, Dixon 17861828 clapperton, hugh 1788-1827 London J. Murray 1826 http://www.zoonomen.net/cit/journ.html

Zoological Citation Sources N Nachtr.Bechst.Naturgesch.Deutschlands Nachttrage zu Bechsteins Naturgeschicte Deutschlands Narr.Exped.Zaire[Tuckey] Narrative of an Expedition to explore the river Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the direction of Capt. J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to which is added, the Journal of Professor Smith; and some general observations on the country and its inhabitants. Tuckey, James Kingston [1776-1816] 1818 New York. p.L,lxxxi, 1,410 Narr.Journ.PolarSea[Franklin] Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the Years 1819,20, 21, and 22 Sir John Franklin. With an appendix on various subjects relating to science and natural history 1823 Narr.Voy.Capt.Cook An Authentic narrative of a voyage performed by Captain Cook and Captain Clerke in His Majesty's Ships Resolution and Discovery, during the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779 and 1780, in search of a north-west passage between the continents of Asia and America. Including a faithful account of all their discoveries, and the unfortunate death of Captain Cook. 1782 [Note: I can find no copy in a library catalogue of this with the date of 1782, every copy I have found so far is the 2 nd Ed. and is dated 1783.

90. Portuguese Investigate Africa' Shelby County Ohio Historical Society Within a few years, Africa’s coastal regions became home to thousands of European Martin Liechtenstein, hugh clapperton, Richard and John Lander, http://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/blackhistory/portuguese.htm

With the exploits of Prince Henry the Navigator in the 1400s, Portugal was the first European country to go beyond the known limits of northern Africa, exploring the lower west coast and returning to Portugal with captured slaves and other riches. In 1442, the Portuguese began a trade that would not end until the 1800s; producing gold and slaves for the country. However, the Portuguese did not invent slavery. It dates back to the ancient Greeks keeping slaves, and Moses leading the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt. With the founding of the African Association in 1788, many of these white explorers traveled throughout Africa under the auspices of this and other respected associations. The most famous and enduring of these illustrious explorers was the internationally renowned David Livingstone whose activities in the deepest regions of the continent proved invaluable in the mapping of Africa’s interior. His most famous recorded meeting, after the outside world had received no news of his whereabouts and feared for his safety, came when he was found by the American journalist/explorer Henry M. Stanley, whose infamous words on meeting Livingstone, " Dr. Livingstone, I presume?,"

91. Trans-Saharan Trade In 1824, hugh clapperton visited Kano, being again the first European in this city, who had left Tripoli in 1869 in order to explore Central Africa, http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html

The third Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: Ethnic encounter and culture change Joensuu, Finland, 19-22 June 1995 Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World Pekka Masonen University of Tampere NB Ethnic encounter and culture change , Bergen/London 1997, 116-42. Please quote or refer only to the published article.* However, the notion that Africans have always been nothing but passive objects in their encounter with other civilisations, "having no interests to explore the world outside their own home village," is both oversimplified and ahistorical. The establisment and success of regular trans-Saharan trade, for example, was not possible without the active participation of West Africans who understood perfectly well, how to utilize the new opportunities offered by the commercial contacts to the Islamic world. Yet, in the authorized African historiography, this point is usually passed over with few words only. Origins of the Trans-Saharan contacts The regular commercial and cultural exchange between Western Africa and the Mediterranean world did not start properly until the 8th century AD. Yet the beginning of trans-Saharan trade was not such a sudden and dramatic event like the coming of Europeans to America, but it had a long history of sporadic encounters for more than 1000 years. When and how the very first contacts took place is still obscure, although their origins can be traced already to the prehistoric times. Archaeologists have, for example, found in southern Mauritania some copper objects of Hispano-Moroccan style, which are dated to the 11th century BC. The reciprocal action between Moroccan and Mauritanian prehistoric inhabitants was possible, for the northern and southern 50 mm isohyets are close together in western Sahara, forming there a kind of natural corridor along which the desert can be crossed.

92. Explorers Verney Lovett Cameron; hugh clapperton; Paul Belloni Du Chaillu; Later explored the Ruwenzori Range in E central Africa and followed Semliki R. to http://www.hobotraveler.com/explorersinsert.html

Explorers Explorers of the World Explorers are travelers to previously unknown places, somebody who travels to places that were previously unknown or unnavigated. They create the path or route for future travelers. The travellers, voyagers, surveyors, pioneers. - See also List of Long Term Travelers Adventure Extreme Travel Long Term Travelers of Planet CLUBS OR ORGANIZATIONS ON EXPLORATION Travelerscenturyclub.org Explorers.org Samexplo.org - South America Explorer Club Globetrotters.co.uk Comebackalive.com D4drclub.com Rgs.org EXPLORER LINKS Mounteverest.net DEFINITION OR DESCRIPTION HMM..? Description of an explorer? Submitted from: http://www.d4drclub.com http://www.geocities.com/ptypes/antisocial.html CIRCUMNAVIGATE THE PLANET Ferdinand Magellan AFRICA Sir Samuel White Baker; Heinrich Barth; James Bruce; David Livingstone; Mungo Park; John Hanning Speke; Sir Henry Morton Stanley Sir Richard Francis Burton; Verney Lovett Cameron; Hugh Clapperton; Paul Belloni Du Chaillu; Mehmed Emin Pasha; Sir Harry H. Johnston; Mary Henrietta Kingsley; Richard Lemon Lander; Frederick John Dealty Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard; May French Sheldon; Joseph Thomson AMERICAS - First Leif Eriksson Christopher Columbus AMERICAS -Latinos :Hernando de Alarcón; Diego de Almagro; Pedro de Alvarado; Vasco Núñez de Balboa; Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca; Francisco Vásquez de Coronado; Hernán Cortés; Hernando De Soto; Pánfilo de Narváez; Francisco de Orellana; Francisco Pizarro; Juan Ponce de León; Sebastián Vizcaíno; Juan de Oñate

93. Africa & Slavery, Gert Jan Bestebreurtje Antiquarian Booksellers He reached El Fashur in Darfur and was the first Englishman to explore the 25 clapperton, hugh. Reis in de binnenlanden van Afrika, gedurende de jaren http://www.gertjanbestebreurtje.com/catlists/cat116.html

Gert Jan Bestebreurtje Antiquarian Bookseller and Print-dealer Langendijk 8 PO BOX 113 4130 EC Vianen The Netherlands Tel: +31 - (0)347 -322548 Fax:+31 - (0)347 -322346 e-mail: info@gertjanbestebreurtje.com Back to homepage of Gert Jan Bestebreurtje SCHOLARLY WORKS ON HISTORY AND ART, AND TRAVEL ACCOUNTS Prices are quoted in Dutch guilders (Hfl.) to which postage and insurance will be added. For clients within the European Community VAT (currently 6% on books) will be added to the prices. A VAT registered customer in another EC country will be zero-rated if the customers' VAT number is known to us. We always enjoy meeting our customers personally in Vianen (only 15 km from Utrecht or 45 km from Amsterdam) from Monday through Friday, on Saturday visitors are welcome by appointment. We recommend though, that you call in advance, to be certain we will be there for your arrival. DE AARDE EN HAAR VOLKEN. 6 volumes of the series. Large 8vo. Original half cloth (vol. XII later half cloth). With numerous wood-engravings. 295,- e Popular periodical dealing with all parts of the world, particularly Asia and Africa, with fine illustrations.

94. History Of NIGERIA One of the group, hugh clapperton, explores further west through Kano and Nigeria now becomes one of the wealthiest countries in Africa thanks to its http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad41

95. Hugh Clapperton 2 By VPA hugh clapperton jouit d une demi of Captain clapperton sLast Expedition to Africa, with the Les deux voyages de clapperton. http://vospiresamis.com/Explorateur pages/Hugh Clapperton 2.html

Hugh CLAPPERTON Les 3 voyageurs partent de Tripoli. Après un long voyage, difficile et épuisant, via Mourzouk, ils sont, le 4 février 1823, les premiers Européens à contempler le lac Tchad. A Kouka, ville que les voyageurs arabes surnomment "la Reine du Soudan", ils sont admis auprès du sultan El Khameni. Celui-ci les reçoit, enfermé dans une cage, tandis qu'un griot, poète et musicien, chante ses louanges au son d'une trompette en bois. Clapperton poursuit seul son chemin. A Sokoto il se lie d'amitié avec le sultan qui le dissuade de poursuivre son périple vers le Niger pour reprendre la route de Mungo Park et ne le laisse repartir que moyennant promesse de lui rapporter d'Angleterre des livres écrits en arabe. Clapperton tiendra parole. Cour du Sultan El Khameni Dessin de Denham Mungo Park Il publie "Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea Coast" (1829) et "Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, with the Subsequent Adventures of the Author" (1830), le journal de l’expédition. Un journal qui contient de nombreuses informations en particulier sur les langues Yoruba et Fellatah, des relevés météorologiques, la liste des manuscripts arabes que possède Clapperton et une carte gravée du cours de la rivière Kowara (Quarra) Les deux voyages de CLAPPERTON Richard publie en 1832 "Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of the Niger".

96. LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND JOHN - LoveToKnow Article On LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND In 1825 Richard offered his services to hugh clapperton, then preparing for hissecond expedition to West Africa. He was clapperton s devoted servant and http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LA/LANDER_RICHARD_LEMON_AND_JOHN.htm

LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND JOHN LANDENLANDES LANDEN, a town in the province of Li6ge, Belgium, an important junction for lines of railway from Limburg, Liege and Louvain. Pop. (1904) 2874. It is the birthplace of the first Pippin, distinguished as Pippin of Landen from his grandson Pippin of Hersta'l. In 1693 the French under Marshal Luxemburg defeated here the Anglo-Dutch army under William III. This battle is also called Neerwinden from a village 3 m. W. of Landen. Here in 1793 the Austrians under Frederick of Saxe-Coburg and Clerfayt defeated the French under Dumouriez. See, besides the books mentioned, the Narrative of the Niger expedition of 1832-1834, published in 1837 by Macgregor Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield. JOHN LANDEN LANDES To properly cite this LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND JOHN article in your work, copy the complete reference below: "LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND JOHN." LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia. http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LA/LANDER_RICHARD_LEMON_AND_JOHN.htm Links to this article are encouraged. Please use the following format: See: LANDER, RICHARD LEMON AND JOHN

97. Encyclopedia: History Of Nigeria hugh clapperton (May 18, 1788 April 13, 1827), Scottish traveller and explorerof West and Central Africa. 1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-Nigeria

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "History of Nigeria" also viewed: History of nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria People's Democratic Party (Nigeria) List of Presidents of Nigeria ... Nigeria What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Manual Crimsons Maldives national football team Maggot Maggie Sawyer ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: History of Nigeria Updated 108 days 9 hours 9 minutes ago. Other descriptions of History of Nigeria Before the colonial period, the area which comprises modern Nigeria had an eventful history. More than 2,000 years ago, the Nok culture in the present Plateau state worked iron and produced sophisticated terra cotta sculpture. In the northern cities of Kano and Katsina , recorded history dates back to about 1000 AD. In the centuries that followed, these Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu empire near Lake Chad prospered as important terminals of north-south trade between North African Berbers and forest people who exchanged slaves, ivory, and kola nuts for salt, glass beads, coral, cloth, weapons, brass rods, and

98. ILAB-LILA On-line Catalogue Burton, Sir Richard F. Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po . Denham, Dixon and hugh clapperton Travels and discoveries in Northern http://www.ilabdatabase.com/php/catalogues.php3?catnr=927&membernr=170&custnr=&l

99. Frobisher, Martin (1535?-1594) - MavicaNET privateer (a pirate licensed by the British government), navigator, explorer, andnaval officer. After years of sailing to northwestern Africa, and then http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/35270.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Law Crimes Pirates Culture ... Explorers: Arctic Frobisher, Martin (1535?-1594) Sites Sister categories ... Alarcon, Hernando de (fl. 1540... Amundsen, Roald (1872–1928) Antarctica Anza, Juan Bautista de Arthur, the King Baffin, William (c. 1584–1622) Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821–... Balboa, Vasco Núñez de (1475-1... Banks, Joseph Barentz, Willem (1550?-1597) Bates, Henry Walter (1825-1892... Beke, Charles Tilstone (1800-1... Bellinsgausen, Fabian Gottlieb... Bering, Vitus Ionassen (1681-1... Bligh, William (1754-1817) Bonpland, Aimé (1773-1858) Boone, Daniel (1734-1820) Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg ... Boyd, Louise Arner (1887-1972)

100. AIM25: School Of Oriental And African Studies: Bovill, Edward William relating to the explorations of Friedrich Hornemann, Mungo Park, Dixon Denham, HughClapperton, Alexander Gordon Laing and Walter Oudney in Africa during the http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/19/90.htm

School of Oriental and African Studies: home page ARCHON : Contact details Bovill, Edward William IDENTITY STATEMENT Reference code(s) : GB 0102 MS 282539 Held at : School of Oriental and African Studies Title: Bovill, Edward William Date(s) Level of description : Collection (fonds) Extent : 4 boxes Name of creator(s) CONTEXT Administrative/Biographical history Missions to the Niger (published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press). He died on 19 December 1966. Other publications included Caravans of the Old Sahara East African Agriculture The Battle of Alcazar The Golden Trade of the Moors The England of Nimrod and Surtees English Country Life, 1780-1830 The Bornu Mission (ed.), 1965. CONTENT Scope and content/abstract : Papers, 1963-1971 and undated, of and relating to Edward William Bovill, comprising notebooks and files and research material for the book Missions to the Niger , Vols I-IV (Hakluyt Society, 1962-1966). The papers are mainly xerox copies of correspondence in the Public Record Office relating to the explorations of Friedrich Hornemann, Mungo Park, Dixon Denham, Hugh Clapperton, Alexander Gordon Laing and Walter Oudney in Africa during the period c1800-1829. There are also several notebooks, which contain notes of the progress of Bovill's work. ACCESS AND USE Language/scripts of material : English System of arrangement : The papers have been arranged into: notebooks; files of xeroxed materials; and correspondence relating to Bovill's papers. The original number of the files appears in square brackets at the end of each entry.

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