61. Hugh Clapperton clapperton, hugh, the distinguished african traveler, was born at Annan, inDumfriesshire, in the year 1788. His father, Mr George clapperton, http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/clapperton_hugh.htm

Clans Tartans History Travel ... Contact Us Significant Scots Hugh Clapperton The result of this expedition was a work published in 1826, under the title of "Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, in the years 1822, 1823, and 1824, by Major Denham, F.R.S., Captain Clapperton, and the late Dr Oudney," of which a third edition was published in 1828. The greater part of this work was the composition of Denham, Clapperton only writing a minor part, respecting the excursion to Jackatoo, which, however, is not the least interesting in the book. The subject of our memoir wrote in a plain, manly, unaffected style, as might have been expected from his character. The work was published under the immediate superintendence of major Denham; and it was not the fate of Clapperton ever to see the result of his labours in print. To pursue the narrative of Lander: "My master and myself enjoyed tolerable health for some weeks after my arrival, I say tolerable

62. Mungo Park energetic african Association took a deep breath, sending out yet anotherexplorer, He, in turn, recruited his neighbor, Lieutenant hugh clapperton, http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/mungo.htm

THE FORTNIGHTLY CLUB OF REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA Founded 24 January 1895 MEETING # 1615 4:00 P.M. March 4, 1999 THE RACE TO TIMBUKTU by Richard N. Moersch M.D. Assembly Room, A. K. Smiley Public Library SUMMARY The decision of a men's discussion society meeting in London in 1788 to promote the investigation and exploration of West Africa was principally one of intellectual curiosity on the part of the members. over the next forty years however, it led to the opening of this enormous and hidden area of the world as well as setting the foundation for the commercial and military domination of this part of Africa by the British and French empires. This was accomplished at little cost to the involved governments but at a terrible price paid by the ill-equipped vainglorious young men sent out by these armchair dilettantes. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR, Richard N. Moersch M.D. Richard N. Moersch was born in Rochester, Minnesota of parents: Herman and Charline Moersch Education : Dartmouth College BA 1948 Harvard Medical School MD 1952 Stanford University Hospital Internship 1952-1953 Mayo Foundation Fellowship 1953-1954, 1956-1960 University of Minnesota MS (Surgery) 1960 Military Service: United States Navy. Medical Officer USS Windham Bay CVE-92 1954-1956 Professional : Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Inland Heart Center, St. Bernardine Medical Center, 1961-1988

63. History Pictures,American,world,educational Image Collections,CD-ROM World History PicturePack Collection A History of Africa Mozambique ? Araband Swahili slave traders ? hugh clapperton (17881827), Scottish explorer http://www.historypictures.com/home_whppx_a.htm

Explore our products in Main Information World History PicturePack Collections Each World History PicturePack Collection covers the history of one the world's major areas. Each Collection contains a thorough, in-depth series of visual lessons - each one a segment of history, told in beautiful large-size images and historical captions (articles). PicturePacks are inexpensive, and allow you to order just the historical content you need. Created in html (web-based) format, PicturePacks PicturePack PicturePacks allow independent study, but they are also

64. Hovering Through Africa By Robin Hanbury-Tenison | Travel Reviews From Travel In hugh clapperton, Walter Oudney and Major Dixon Denham managed to cross the Named by the Sunday Times as the greatest explorer of the past 20 years , http://www.travelintelligence.com/wsd/articles/art_1770.html

Booking Service Inspiration DESTINATIONS THEMES ... BEFORE YOU DIE CALL US: +44 (0)20 7580 2663 Other Features on: Chad Hotels in... Chad For selective hotel recommendations with reviews, go to TI Hotels , or use the site search below. Site Search Hovering through Africa by Robin Hanbury-Tenison As is usual with so many modern expeditions, the main problems were logistical. I was sent out to do a recce of some of the route, which went from Dakar in Senegal via Timbuktu, the River Niger in Mali, the Benue in Nigeria and Cameroon, through Chad, the Central African Republic and the Congo (now Zaire) before reaching the Atlantic again at Matadi, and to obtain the necessary political clearances... The Geographical Magazine Amazonas Expedition of 1968, which traveled through Brazil Colombia and Venezuela, had set a world record for the longest hovercraft journey at 3000 km. In October 1969, fifteen months later, the Trans-African Hovercraft Expedition was an even more ambitious affair, planning to more than double that distance and travel 8000 km. This was achieved, although sections of the route were covered loaded on a train and lorries; but little else of value came of the expedition. I had been promoted to Deputy Leader of the expedition, under David Smithers, who worked for IPC - joint publishers with the RGS of the Geographical Magazine. Prince Philip was our Patron and he shared the general enthusiasm. “I am certain [it] will bring back a mass of important new information and knowledge” he wrote. “This whole project and the immense programme of work which it entails could not be undertaken by any other craft or vehicle.” The Minister of Technology, Mr Anthony Wedgwood Benn, as he was then known, was equally supportive. He and his department gave logistical help for us to carry out research on medical and survival problems. The UNDP, FAO, ORSTOM and a host of other bodies all pitched in and the BBC sent a film crew. The Daily Mirror, part of IPC, even sent John Pilger.

65. Famous Scots clapperton, hugh (1788 1827) Classic explorer, sought the source of the Nigerin Africa. A Excellent and detailed account of clapperton s Explorations. http://www.gulftel.com/ryoung/scot.htm

Famous Scots Abercromby, Ralph (1734 - 1801) British army general, helped to reform the army after the American Revolution. Adam, Robert (1728 - 1792) An outstanding architect and designer who worked in his family firm. He had a profound influence on building and inspired his successors with his neoclassical designs of grace. Robert became architect to George III, and designed a number of important mansions. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. Alexander, William (1826-1894) Author, born in Chapel of Garioch, Aberdeenshire. His works: Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk (1871); Sketches of Life Among my Ain Folk (1875); Notes and Sketches (1876); Twenty-Five Years: a Personal Retrospect (1878); with J. G. Mackie: Memoir of the Late Andrew Jervie, (1879); Mrs Garden: a Memorial Sketch (1887); The Making of Aberdeenshire (1888); The Laird of Drammochdyle (1986); Rural Life in Victorian Aberdeenshire (1992); My Uncle The Baillie (1995). Alexander III (1241 - 1286) Born in Roxburgh, the only son of Alexander II and Marie de Coucy, he gained the throne, in 1249, at the tender age of eight and was inaugurated at SconeKing of Scots, direct descendant of the first Scots king, Kenneth MacAlpin. He Ruled in a 'golden age' of Scottish sovereignty. When asked by the Bishop of Norwich, at the coronation of Edward I (Longshanks) to pay homage for Scotland as well as his lands held in England, Alexander replied that he would willingly give homage to Edward for the lands held in England, but with regard to Scotland, he bravely replied, "'

66. Dixon Denham Executive summary English explorer of Central Africa In 1821 he volunteeredto join Dr. Oudney and hugh clapperton, who had been sent by the British http://www.nndb.com/people/446/000097155/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Dixon Denham Born: 1-Jan-1786 Birthplace: London, England Died: 8-May-1828 Location of death: Freetown, Sierra Leone Cause of death: Fever Gender: Male Ethnicity: White Occupation: Explorer Level of fame: Niche Executive summary: English explorer of Central Africa Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the years 1822-1824 (London, 1826), the greater part of which is written by Denham. Do you know something we don't? Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile

67. The Darwin Correspondence Online Database hugh clapperton, 1788–1827. For a list of all references in the database, Naval officer and explorer. in Africa. Travelled in West Africa, 1822–7. http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=name;pkey=Clapperton, Hugh

68. The Darwin Correspondence Online Database explorer. in Africa. Accompanied hugh clapperton to West Africa and published anaccount of clapperton s last expedition to Africa. http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=name;pkey=Lander, R. L.

69. Scottish Surnames clapperton, hugh (17881827) of Annan. explorer in Africa. Died in his attemptto discover the source of the Nile. clapperton, Thomas J. (1879-1962) of http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-c.htm

Tour Scotland Home Page Tour Scotland on a relaxing, small group vacation of my homeland. Click here for the Best Scottish Tours ! Scottish Clan and Family Names: Their Arms, Origins and Tartans The Book of Scottish Names Scottish Christian Names Scottish Clans and Tartans: A Fully Illustrated Guide to Over 140 Clans - Their History,Tartans , and Much More ... Scottish Names CADDELL Warlike. CADELL , Francis (1822-79) of Cockenzie. Explorer in Australia. Ex-plored the Murray River. He was murdered by his crew. CADER A keep, a fortress, a stronghold. CAIRD , Edward (1835-1908) of Greenock. Idealist and philosopher. Master of Balliol Coll., Oxford (1893-1907). Best known for his monumental commentary The Critical Philosophy of Immanual Kent (1889). CAIRD , John (1820-98) of Greenock. Brother of Edward. Preacher and writer. His 'Religion in Common Life', preached before Queen Victoria at Crathie in 1855, was said to have been the greatest single sermon of the century.

70. BBC - Scotland History - On This Day On 13 April 1827, hugh clapperton, the Scottish explorer, died. clapperton wasthe first European explorer of northern Nigeria. He explored the region with http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/onthisday/onthisday.shtml?month=04&day=13

71. Index Of Names Beginning With C John Missionary to South Africa Deathday; Clairon, Clara Deathday; clapperton,hugh - Traveler Deathday; Cook, James, Captain - explorer Birthday, Biography http://thebookofdays.com/indexes/names/c.htm

Home About: The Book of Days Its Author This Site Our Staff ... Calendar of Days Indexes Search Site Links Contact Us To see an entry containing a given name, click on first letter of the last name. A B C D ... Z Cabanis, Pierre J. G. - French materialist philosopher: Deathday Cabot, Sebastian: His attempt to find a northern passage Cæsar, Julius: Biography Birthday Landing of Caesar in Britain On Reforming the Calendar Cade, Jack - Leader of a peasant rebellion in England: Deathday Cadogan, Sarah: Mother of Lady Sarah Lennox Cagliostro, Alexander - Remarkable impostor: Biography Cagnola, Marquis Luigi - Distinguished Italian architect: Deathday Calamy, Edmund - Eminent Puritan divine: Deathday Calcott, Augustus Wall - Landscape painter: Deathday Caligula, Caius Cæsar - Roman emperor: Birthday Caius, John - Physician and author, founder of Caine College: Deathday Calis, Jean: On his unjust trial and condemnation Calas, John - Broken on the wheel: Deathday Calhoun, John Caldwell - American statesman: Biography Birthday Callcott, John Wall - Musician:

72. Index For The Middle East Centre S Web Pages clapperton, hugh; Cleaveland, Timothy; cnv; Code pages; Collins Hill, Richard; Hiskett,Mervyn; History in Africa; Intellectuals; Internet; Internet explorer; Iran http://129.177.211.69/smi/index0.html

73. Nigeria Commodity Trade In 1794 the african Association commissioned Mungo Park, On a subsequentexpedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, hugh clapperton learned where the Niger http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/commodity-trade.html

Commodity Trade The development of "legitimate" trade was the final phase of private and official British efforts to find a positive alternative to the traffic in slaves. Earlier aspects of such constructive interest had included the founding of the colony at Sierra Leone in 1787 as a refuge for liberated slaves, the missionary movement designed to bring Christianity to the region, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth £1 million a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. Quite the contrary, the incidence of slavery in local societies actually increased. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Hugh Clapperton learned where the Niger River flowed to the sea, but Clapperton also died before he could substantiate his information. It was his servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother, John, who actually demonstrated that the Niger flowed into the delta. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship.

74. Guinea Coast, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum Fusing European and african traditions, a vibrant creole culture develops in 1826 British explorers Captain hugh clapperton and Richard Lander visit the http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfg/ht10sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Southern Africa , and Western and Central Sudan Northwestern Nigeria experiences a mixing of cultural traditions as various ethnic groups enter the region following the disintegration of Hausa and Yoruba states and the organization of the Sokoto caliphate in that region. To the southwest, Abeokuta becomes a celebrated center of Yoruba woodcarving as noted sculptors establish workshops there, while its neighbors to the west, the Anago and Ketu Yoruba, develop the gelede masquerade. Elsewhere on the Guinea coast, ex-slaves from Europe and the Americas return to Africa and settle at Sierra Leone, Liberia, and other points along the coastline. Their ranks are augmented by liberated slaves confiscated by the British Navy as it enforces its ban on the international slave trade. Well-educated and highly skilled, these populations comprise a successful mercantile class that constitutes an economic and cultural bridge between European and African peoples. The Asante and Dahomey states continue to expand their economic and territorial interests, but by the latter half of the century their ascendance is checked by the emerging European colonial presence.

75. Chad: At A Glance - Travel Africa Magazine British explorers hugh clapperton and Dixon Denham paid a visit in 1822 but it was Apart from a brave backpacker or two and the odd eccentric explorer, http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/304/56/

The premier resource for all things African Chad: At a Glance Issue 16 Rock art sites show that hunter-gatherers roamed the area over 9000 years ago. By about the time Christ was born, cereal farming and iron working were practised and camel caravans plodded the trans-Sahara trade routes. History Rock art sites show that hunter-gatherers roamed the area over 9000 years ago. By about the time Christ was born, cereal farming and iron working were practised and camel caravans plodded the trans-Sahara trade routes. Around 650AD pastoral Berbers were the ruling aristocracy in areas north and east of Lake Chad, and by the 14th century different tribes from north and south were regularly clashing. In the early 1600s the Wadai kingdom ruled, using wealth derived from slave trading to subjugate the south. British explorers Hugh Clapperton and Dixon Denham paid a visit in 1822 but it was France that moved in, and by 1908 Chad was part of French Equatorial Africa. In favouring the south for development they further fuelled the north-south animosity, particularly as they undermined traditional trans-Sahara trade practices. The Muslim theocracy was most irritated. Starting independence in 1960 with a southern dominated one-party state didn't help either - particularly since, as is often the way in Africa, government became increasingly autocratic, inefficient, corrupt and ethnocentric. Over the next two decades, civil war, with periodic coups d'état, cease-fires and resumptions, raged against a background of shifting alliances and foreign interference. Somehow in 1990 the people of Chad agreed a constitution, which established a single party state under the dictator Hissene Habre. However, formerly-ousted Lt-Gen. Idriss Deby returned, backed by Libya, and Habre fled to exile. Autocratic rule, nepotism, protests and rebellions continued. After multi-party elections in 1996 Deby retained power, but within two years stood accused of genocide by Amnesty International.

76. Key Episodes In Nigerian History On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, hugh clapperton learned where Jaja, a leading african trader based at Opobo in the Niger delta and http://www.nigeriafirst.org/article_3984.shtml

Newsroom Matters of the Moment Factfile Politics ... Institutional Profiles Search All Categories Analysis/Commentary Bills and Acts Business News Cabinet Profiles Democracy Issues Economic Factfile Election Factfile Election News Electoral Irregularities? Events Features Fuel Price Increase Government Publications Government in Action Home page Institutional Profiles International News Mr President's thoughts National Constitution News Roundup Newspaper Headlines Test The Executive The Legislature The Presidency Key Episodes in Nigerian History National Political Reform Conference Census Anti Corruption Crusade Debt and Development Issues Advanced Search Email Updates Chatroom Quick Facts ... Home Key Episodes in Nigerian History The River Niger: a gateway to trade and commerce May 16, 2005, 13:18 Email this article Printer friendly page On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Hugh Clapperton learned where the Niger River flowed to the sea, but Clapperton also died before he could substantiate his information. It was his servant, Richard Lander, and Lander’s brother, John, who actually demonstrated that the Niger flowed into the delta. The Lander brothers were eventually seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the River to a waiting European ship. Initial attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and disease, which took the lives of a third of a British riverine expedition in 1842. Use of quinine to combat malaria on similar expeditions in the 1850s enabled a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, to open the River. Laird’s efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate and recorded information about the region’s geography, economy, and inhabitants.

77. African Studies: Maps And Power clapperton, hugh. Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa, Narrative of an expedition to explore the river Zaire, usually called the http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/mappower.html

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78. Nigeria - Commodity Trade societies and scientific groups, such as the Londonbased african Association . On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, hugh clapperton http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/12.htm

Commodity Trade Nigeria Table of Contents The development of "legitimate" trade was the final phase of private and official British efforts to find a positive alternative to the traffic in slaves. Earlier aspects of such constructive interest had included the founding of the colony at Sierra Leone in 1787 as a refuge for liberated slaves, the missionary movement designed to bring Christianity to the region, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth £1 million a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. Quite the contrary, the incidence of slavery in local societies actually increased. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Hugh Clapperton learned where the Niger River flowed to the sea, but Clapperton also died before he could substantiate his information. It was his servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother, John, who actually demonstrated that the Niger flowed into the delta. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship.

79. St Andrews Edward Irving (17921834), a preacher, and hugh clapperton (1788-1827), theAfrican explorer, were born and grew up in the town of Annan. http://specialcollections.st-and.ac.uk/photo/controller/subjectidsearch?id=1176&

80. Pekka Masonen - Tutkimus - Studies Also, if Barth is exceptional as a European explorer of Africa was he equally In 1823, the British explorer hugh clapperton visited Hausaland where met http://www.uta.fi/~hipema/tutkimus.htm

Etusivulle ~ Top page Esittely ~ Introduction Julkaisut ~ Publications Opetus ~ Teaching ... Henkilökohtaista ~ Personal Tutkimus ~ Studies DISSERTATION PROJECTS OTHER INTERESTS CONTACT Dosentti ja henkilökohtaisen suoriutumistason arviointilomake (Mamaia, 30.5.2005). And they complain that academics don't make enough money...? Dissertation My doctoral dissertation - The Negroland Revisited. Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages - was publicly examined at the University of Tampere on 11 November 2000. It was published by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, Humaniora 309; ISSN 1239-6982; ISBN 951-41-0886-8; 599 pages, soft). While there are many works describing the European encounter and exploration of sub-Saharan Africa, a comprehensive history of African historiography is still lacking. My dissertation was offered as a humble contribution to that field of study. I focussed on examining the development of African historiography in Europe with special emphasis on literature describing the three ancient West African empires of Ghana Mali , and Songhay , during the "Sudanese Middle Ages" as the period of their flourishing (

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