121. Lecture 7: The English Civil War The English civil war was as much the response to the effects of the This allbegs an important question why did the English people accept the http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture7c.html

Lecture 7: The English Civil War What an inequitable thing it is for one man to have thousands, and another want bread, and that the pleasure of God is, that all men should have enough, and not that one man should abound in this worlds good, spending it upon his lusts, and another man of far better deserts, not be worth two pence, and that it is no such difficulty as men make it to be, to alter the course of the world in this thing, and that a few diligent and valiant spirits may turn the world upside down, if they observe their seasons, and shall with life and courage ingage accordingly. - attributed to William Walwyn The English Civil War was as much the response to the effects of the Reformation as it was a response to the needs of the rising middle classes, the landed gentry. The war itself involved the king, Parliament, the aristocracy, the middle classes, the commoners, and the army. The War tested the prerogative of the king and challenged the theory of divine right. War raged between Parliamentarians, Royalists, Cavaliers and Roundheads and every religious sect in England. The years before 1640 in England were years of national disillusionment. The gap between the court and Protestant elements widened, the golden age of drama and literature was over, the religion of the court and at Oxford and Cambridge seemed diffused, and scientific ideas, though popular in London and at Oxford and Cambridge, as yet had received no official recognition. In the meantime, censorship grew more severe, and lawyers became the patrons and consumers of art. For the most part, energies which had been devoted to literature in the mid-to-late 16th century were now channeled into political and theological concerns. The Civil War was both religious and political, as well as social and economic. But it was also a legal battle between the king and his subjects.

122. The New Republic Online: Etc. I hope that isn t so, and that Iraq avoids civil war. But people should realizethat even Lebanonization wouldn t be the end of the story. http://www.tnr.com/etc.mhtml?pid=2739

123. Iraq May Be Slipping Into Civil War civil war? The UN chief in Iraq, Lakhdar Brahimi (R). Twentythree people werekilled in an attack on an Iraqi civil Defense Corps position in Fallujah, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0216-06.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Monday, February 16, 2004 by the Associated Press Iraq May Be Slipping Into Civil War by Hamza Hendawi Rivalry and resentment among Iraq's ethnic and religious groups have become much more pronounced since Saddam's ouster in April. And those tensions are rising as various groups jockey for position with the approaching June 30 deadline for Iraqis to retake power The fault lines are emerging for a possible civil war. CIVIL WAR? The UN chief in Iraq, Lakhdar Brahimi (R). Twenty-three people were killed in an attack on an Iraqi Civil Defense Corps position in Fallujah, the third attack by insurgents this week against Iraqi forces, a day after the United Nations ruled out the possibility of early elections and warned of the threat of civil war in Iraq. (AFP/Marwan Naamani) Veteran U.N. envoy Lakhdar Brahimi, who just finished a visit to the country, pointedly warned Iraqi leaders they face "very serious dangers" if they do not put the interests of the nation ahead of those of their clans, tribes, ethnic groups and religious communities. "I have appealed to the members of the Governing Council and to Iraqis in every part of Iraqi to be conscious that civil wars do not happen because a person makes a decision, 'Today, I'm going to start a civil war,'" Brahimi told a news conference on Friday at the end of a mission to discuss ways of setting up an empowered Iraqi government.

124. CIA Officers Warn Of Iraq Civil War, Contradicting Bush S Optimism Another senior official said the concerns over a possible civil war The Iraqipeople would know how to deal with those people, he said, smiling. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0122-01.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Thursday, January 22, 2004 by Knight-Ridder CIA Officers Warn of Iraq Civil War, Contradicting Bush's Optimism by Warren P. Strobel and Jonathan S. Landay WASHINGTON - CIA officers in Iraq are warning that the country may be on a path to civil war, current and former U.S. officials said Wednesday, starkly contradicting the upbeat assessment that President Bush gave in his State of the Union address. The CIA officers' bleak assessment was delivered verbally to Washington this week, said the officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the classified information involved. The warning echoed growing fears that Iraq's Shiite majority, which has until now grudgingly accepted the U.S. occupation, could turn to violence if its demands for direct elections are spurned. Tens of thousands of Shiite Muslims protest in the streets Baghdad, Iraq. The protesters are demanding a fair election process for Iraq. (Photo/ Tom Pennington) Meanwhile, Iraq's Kurdish minority is pressing its demand for autonomy and shares of oil revenue.

125. Salon 21st | Hotline's Civil War Hotline s civil war By Janelle Brown. The company behind a hot program takes Some people took it more seriously than others; some people just did it as http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1999/02/25feature.html

A L S O T O D A Y 21st Log Senate to nation get serious about Y2K T A B L E T A L K What are the guidelines for opening up to strangers? Hash out chat room ethics in the Digital Culture area of Table Talk Search for technology books, software and more at barnesandnoble.com Search by: Keyword Title Author Technology news from HP goes whole hog for Linux R E C E N T L Y Hotline to the underground By Janelle Brown It was invented by a teenager. It's simple to use. And it can turn anyone's computer into a server of legal or illegal files. First of two parts The Drudge dynasty By Janelle Brown Matt isn't the only member of his family to stake out a place on the Web Yay for Yahoo By Andrew Leonard How do I love thee? Let me count the pages Boo for Yahoo By Aaron Weiss How did the people's champ of the Net get so corporate and lazy? When candidates spam By Deborah Scoblionkov A mass e-mailing by a New Jersey Republican stirs up an online hornet's nest BROWSE THE 21ST FEATURES ARCHIVES HOTLINE'S CIVIL WAR The company behind a hot program takes its teenage inventor to court while devoted users stew. Editor's note: This is the second of two articles on Hotline you can read the first part here.

126. RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY He said young people who grew up during the civil war are demoralized and distancethemselves from politics Young Tajiks are more passive now than at http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/4/CC93EAF2-7F47-4E07-BE3F-C6B155D766C5

Top News I RFE/RL Newsline I Features I Reports I Specials I RFE/RL Experts Subscribe I Listen I RFE/RL Languages I About RFE/RL I Search I Site Map I Homepage News by Country Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bashkortostan (Russia) Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Moldova North Caucasus (Russia) Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Tajikistan Tatarstan (Russia) Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan News by Language Afghan [Dari] Afghan [Pashto] Afghan [English] Albanian Arabic [Radio Free Iraq] Armenian Armenian [English] Azerbaijani Belarusian Estonian Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Romanian Persian Persian [English] Russian Slovak South Slavic [Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian] Tajik Tatar-Bashkir Ukrainian Uzbek Monday, 11 April 2005 E-mail this page to a friend Print Version Tajikistan: Memories Of Civil War Leave Youth Cautious About New Revolution Young Tajiks have been following recent events in Kyrgyzstan with interest. However, many of those who grew up during the country's civil war of the 1990s are well aware that street demonstrations can lead to confrontation and bloodshed. Several of them told RFE/RL they prefer political disputes to be settled through legal means. With 40 percent of Tajikistan's population under the age of 30, the authorities might well have to start listening to the country's young people. RFE/RL correspondents Salimjon Aioubov and Golnaz Esfandiari report. For more on the rise of political youth groups, see RFE/RL's special website

127. Glossary Of Events: Ru Russian civil war (19181922). Throughout the war over half a million soldiers The overwhelming mass of the people and of the revolutionary leaders want http://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/r/u.htm

MIA Encyclopedia of Marxism : Glossary of Events Ru Russian Civil War (1918-1922) Throughout the war over half a million soldiers from the Entente armies would head off from the blood-stained battlefields of Europe, onto the soil of their former allies. A new type of government had been created in Russia, one proposing a government of bottom-up, working class democratic organizations of Soviets . This new Soviet government refused to go to war, and ended it's participation in World War I with the peace treaty of Brest Litovsk , something that upset the Western nations tremendously. Further, the Soviets, in their first act of government, gave all land to the peasantry and workers property over the means of production. As a result, the Entente decided to invade the newly borne Russia. The Soviet government relentlessly tried to come to peace with all invading armies, both the imperialists and the white armies . In less than 4 months, from November 1918 to February 1919, the Soviet government sent seven proposals for peace on all fronts to all Entente nations and military commanders. On January 5 the British government responded and suggested that representatives of all sides be sent to a Paris peace conference; this happening at the extreme agitation of Winston Churchill, who exclaimed that the Soviet government had to be crushed as swiftly as possible. The French government also strongly disagreed, and refused to allow the Soviet government on French soil. The combined pressure of U.S. President Wilson and Lloyd George on early February, 1919 persuaded the French to agree and setup for armistice talks on the island of Prinkipo in the Sea of Marmara (a sea in northwestern Turkey, between the Aegean Sea and Black Sea).

128. Civil War Circuit The new homepage for civil war Circuit; includes an extensive database of early being of the Southern people. Passes checker test civil war Books Online http://l.webring.com/hub?ring=cwcirc

129. IMSA 21st Century Information Fluency Portal - People Of The people of the American civil war. Lesson Plan Type lesson_plan,. Grade Levelelementary,. Subject Area library_computer, social_studies, http://21cif.imsa.edu/Members/repository/LessonPlan/LessonPlan.2004-06-10.1546/v

130. ARTSEDGE: Civil War Music Students compare and contrast civil war songs of the North and the South. Through music, people separated by hundreds of years can share a special http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/content/2095/

document.pageDescription='Students compare and contrast Civil War songs of the North and the South.'; About Us Feedback Search A RTS ... Lessons This Lesson at a Glance: Grade Band: Integrated Subjects: (click to view more lessons in these areas) Music Language Arts Social Studies Materials: For the teacher: Assessment Rubric For the student: True or False Quiz Answers-True or False Quiz Civil War Music Data Sheet Venn Diagram ... Compare "The Battle Cry of Freedom" Related WebLinks: Historic American Sheet Music: 1850-1920 Targeted Standards: The National Standards For Arts Education: Music (5-8) Standard 1: Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music Music (5-8) Standard 2: Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music Music (5-8) Standard 5: Reading and notating music Music (5-8) Standard 6: Listening to, analyzing, and describing music Music (5-8) Standard 7: Evaluating music and music performances Music (5-8) Standard 8: Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts

131. ZNet |Iraq | Occupation And Civil War But many wellintentioned people argue that the US-led occupation must end only A swift withdrawal, they fear, would plunge the country into civil war. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=8255

132. Vermont In The Civil War - People Vermont civil war Military History. people Biographies and Ethnic Groups.Since the early days of our nation, America has been a melting pot, http://vermontcivilwar.org/museum/people/

Menu Options Units African Americans Battles Bibliography Books Cemetery Charles Collection Confederate Vermonters Contributors Descendants Draft Ethnic Groups Events Generals Gibson Collection GuestBook Index Italo Collection Links Medal of Honor Monuments Museum Organizations People Photographs Post-War Material Prisons Research Aids Site Map State Officials Surnames Time Line Towns What's New? Where Did They Go? Women Home Page Museum People Virtual Museum Biographies: A-D E-H I-L M-P ... Obituaries People Biographies and Ethnic Groups Since the early days of our nation, America has been a melting pot, a mixture of many ethnic groups. The predominant groups evident to date in Vermont's Civil War effort appear to be African Americans, Canadians and Irish. The purpose of this section is to put the major references in a single place. In addition, due to the kind offices of dozens of descendants, we have biographical sketches of many soldiers. They are listed alphabetically in the menu on the left. Source: VermontCivilWar.Org Database Contributor: Tom Ledoux.

133. NEPAL: Refugee Crisis Builds Up As Civil War Rages On POLITICSNEPAL At war With Whom? NEPAL Indigenous people Seek More, Get Less NEPAL civil Society Caught Between the Devil and Deep Blue Sea http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29462

134. The Society Of Colonial Wars In Connecticut - Home Page Colonial lineage society chartered and incorporated under the State Laws in 1893 with the objectives to perpetuate the memory of events in American Colonial History and of the people in military and civil positions who assisted in the establishment, defense and preservation of the American Colonies from the founding of Jamestown in 1607 up to the Battle of Lexington in 1775. Provides membership application and requirements, goals , objects, and programs, history, and ancestral search. http://www.colonialwarsct.org

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135. The Civil War Home Page Comprehensive collection of civil war related links, photos, letters and diaries,documents, and battle reports. http://www.civil-war.net/

The Civil War Home Page Dedicated to the participants, both North and South, in the great American Civil War Home Recommend A New Link Do you have a Civil War related web site or a site to recommend? Submit Your Link Links Database Our Links Database has thousands of Civil War related links. Enter your Search Term or Select from a Predefined Category. Associations Battles Documents General Interest ... Unit Information Photos Database Our Photos Database has over 1,100 of Civil War related pictures, images and Cartes de Visite (CDV) photographs. Enter your Search Term or Select from a Predefined Category. African Americans Antietam Atlanta, GA Casualties ... Washington, D.C. Welcome! Welcome to the Civil War Home Page, one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of Civil War related material available on the Internet. Click to view full size View Civil War Battle Maps 1. Battle of Antietam

136. U. S. A. Civil War Photographs civil war comments, and photographs, regarding Beaver Dam, Cedar Mountain,Chancellorsville, Chatham, Chickamauga, Chimborazo, City Point, Cold Harbor, http://usa-civil-war.com/Civil_War/cw_sites.html

U. S. A. CIVIL WAR PHOTOGRAPHS This Site was last revised: September 18, 2005 It contains Photographs current Pages, and Maps. Photo Information What's New FAQ Privacy Statement ... Sign My Guestbook Support the American Battlefield Protection Program CIVIL WAR LEADERS Regiment formed in a square against Cavalry (Demonstration). AMBROSE P. HILL, JR. 1 Page, 4 Photos, Maps "Little Powell" STONEWALL JACKSON 10 Pages, 23 Photos, 1 Map Lee's "Right Arm". ROBERT E. LEE 8 Pages, 35 Photos, Maps This presentation continues to grow. JAMES LONGSTREET 2 Pages, 9 Photos, Maps Lee's Old War Horse. JOHN S. MOSBY 1 Page, 9 Photos, Maps The Gray Ghost. ( Under Construction JOHN PELHAM 5 Pages, 26 Photos, Maps The "Gallant" Pelham. A shooting star in the Civil War. J.E.B. STUART 1 Page, 5 Photos, 1 Map Lee's "eyes"on the battlefield. CIVIL WAR SITES Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag. APPOMATTOX 9 Pages, 18 Photos, 1 Map

137. Texas During The Civil War Political and military events. http://www.kwanah.com/txmilmus/wortham/4345.htm

Texas During The Civil War Louis J. Wortham, A HISTORY OF TEXAS: FROM WILDERNESS TO COMMONWEALTH, Volume 4, Chapter LX, Worthham-Molyneaux Company, Fort Worth, Texas 1924 DURING the period between the submission of the secession ordinance to the people of Texas for approval and the date on which the ordinance went into effect, a group of seceded states, in convention at Montgomery, Ala., organized the Confederate States of America. A constitution was drafted and on February 9 Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president of the new federal republic thus brought into being. Texas was received as a state of the Confederacy immediately after the final adjournment of the secession convention and members of the first congress and two senators were elected from Texas. Louis T. Wigfall and William S. Oldham were the senators named and President Davis appointed John H. Reagan as a member of his cabinet, assigning him to the portfolio of postmaster general. Thus was the plan of "peaceful secession" carried out and thus did Texas take her place in the Confederacy. News of the firing on Fort Sumter was received at Austin on April 17, 1861, and immediately Governor Clark took steps to prepare for the war. He provided for the organization, equipment and instruction of volunteer companies in every county in the state. Lieut.Col. John R. Baylor took possession of the army posts west of San Antonio, occupying the Rio Grande into New Mexico. Col. William C. Young raised a cavalry regiment and captured Forts Arbuckle, Washita and Cobb, in the Indian territory beyond Red river, and compelled the Federals to retire into Kansas. A clash occurred between Texas forces and the Federals concentrated on the coast from the various Posts, before the state was completely free of United States troops, but finally the embarkation of the latter was accomplished.

138. American Experience | The Time Of The Lincolns | Americans At War Brief profiles of three men who captured the civil war on film. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/atwar/es_camera.html

The Camera Goes to War Civil War Photographers Mathew Brady Alexander Gardner Alexander Gardner owned one of the few galleries which rivaled Mathew Brady's in illustrious clientele and prestige. He was Scottish-born and emigrated to New York in 1856 when he was 35 years old. Once there, he found employment in Brady's studio, where he introduced the Woodward solar camera, which allowed for the enlargement of photographic portraits. He was manager of Brady's gallery in Washington, D.C., until 1862, when he left to enter the business of mass-producing carte de visite photographs (small photographic portraits used as calling cards). Early in the war, Gardner was the official photographer of the Army of the Potomac, after which he established his own galleries in Washington and New York. Among Gardner's distinguished sitters were President Lincoln and his secretaries, John G. Nicolay and John Hay. Gardner's portraits of Lincoln and his son, Tad, taken in April of 1865, were the last before the President's death. He also documented Lincoln's funeral and the execution of the assassination conspirators. Soon after the war, Gardner published his Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War , closed his Washington gallery, and went West to photograph the route of the Union Pacific Railroad. It was at this time that he captured some of the most renowned scenes of westward expansion as card stereograph views. By 1873 he had set up the first Rogues' Gallery at the Metropolitan Police headquarters in Washington and continued to be active until he died in 1882 of what physicians diagnosed as "an obscure disease."

139. Leaders Of The Civil War Robert E. Lee was the South s greatest general during the civil war. He graduatedfrom West Point Military Academy and became a colonel in the army before http://www2.lhric.org/pocantico/civilwar/leaders.htm

Leaders of the Civil War Abraham Lincoln President of the United States by Wayne Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy by George Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederate States of America. He was also Commander - in - Chief of the Confederate Army. He was a colonel in the United States Army during the Mexican-American War. He was Secretary of War and also a United States Senator. Jefferson Davis was born in the South and grew up on a cotton plantation. When he was 16 years old he went to the Military Academy at West Point. The training he got at the military school helped him to become a great military leader and is one of the reasons the Confederates won so many battles at the beginning of the Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant Union General by Amanda Ulysses S. Grant was the leader of the Union Army. He had all the qualities President Lincoln wanted for the commander of his army. Grant fought very hard and was very stubborn in battles. He did not like to be defeated. Grant was trained at the Military Academy at West Point, New York. During the Mexican-American War he was a second lieutenant in the army. In 1854 he went home to his family. When the Civil War began and the North began losing so many battles, Grant joined the Army for a second time. He was an excellent military leader because of his training and skill. General Robert E. Lee, The leader of the Confederate Army had to surrender to General Grant in 1865. Later General Grant became president of the United States twice. People remember him as a great war hero. They felt he did more as a leader of the army than what he did as president.

140. American Civil War Slavery, American civil war, civil Rights Movement, Women s Suffrage, Author, After the war of Independence the United States of America was governed by http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivilwar.htm

American Civil War Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Background to the War After the War of Independence the United States of America was governed by the Articles of Confederation. This provided for a weak central government and strong state governments. However, it proved unworkable and a new Constitution was adopted that resulted in a stronger Federal government with powers which included regulating interstate commerce as well as foreign affairs. The different states had varying policies concerning slavery . In some areas of the country where religious groups such as the Quakers played a prominent role in political life, there was strong opposition to having slaves. Rhode Island abolished slavery in 1774 and was soon followed by Vermont (1777), Pennsylvania (1780), Massachusetts (1781), New Hampshire (1783), Connecticut (1784), New York (1799) and New Jersey (1804). The new states of Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Oregon, California and Illinois also did not have slaves. The importation of slaves from other countries was banned in 1808. However, the selling of slaves within the southern states continued. Conflict grew in the 19th century between the northern and southern states over the issue of

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