61. Cholera Outbreak Kills 76 Kurdish Rebels CNN http://cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/05/17/turkey.cholera.ap/index.html

62. CHAART Remote Sensing Of Cholera Outbreaks In 1993, a total of 296206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/projects/cholera/cholera.html

Remote Sensing of Cholera Outbreaks First Year Report UMBI Main Page CHAART Projects CHAART Home Project institution: University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland Principal investigators: Dr. Rita Colwell and Dr. Anwar Huq Co-investigators: B. Lobitz , L. Beck , B. Wood University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute CHAART, NASA Ames Research Center Cholera epidemics caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 occur regularly in Bangladesh and India and sporadically in many parts of the world. In 1993, a total of 296,206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after about a century, involving more than 15 countries. The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade originated in coastal areas. From our previous work, V. cholerae attaches to plankton in the aquatic environment, providing the vehicle for dispersal. The organism attaches preferentially to zooplankton, particularly copepods, but it also attaches in lower numbers and without reproduction onto some species of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton provide the main food source for zooplankton so the two forms of plankton are tightly linked in space and time. Under adverse conditions of temperature and nutrients V. cholerae

63. CNN.com - Vietnam Flood Toll Rises Amid Threats From Crocs And Cholera - October CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/weather/10/05/vietnam.floods.reut/index.html

asianow Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search AsiaNow TIME Only Asiaweek Only CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web ASIANOW TOP STORIES Faith, madness, magic mix at sacred Hindu festival MORE TOP STORIES Tanker spills remaining fuel near Galapagos as captain detained Final two Texas fugitives make first court appearance Gore accepts visiting professor post at Columbia Lott calls Justice Department 'cesspool,' Ashcroft foes 'extremists' ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Vietnam flood toll rises amid threats from crocs and cholera Children play in a flooded street near Ho Chi Minh City on Thursday October 5, 2000

64. Geography Education: Grades 9-12 @ Nationalgeographic.com This lesson on cholera can be used in geography, world history, and other social studies Examine maps to draw conclusions about cholera deaths in London http://www.nationalgeographic.com/resources/ngo/education/ideas912/912cholera.ht

SITE INDEX FIGHTING CHOLERA WITH MAPS Forward to next 9-12 lesson Handouts for this lesson Return to 9-12 Table of Contents page Preview of Main Ideas Connection With the Curriculum This lesson on cholera can be used in geography, world history, and other social studies classes. Teaching Level: Grades 6-12 Geography Standards 1. How to use maps and other tools and technologies 3. How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments 17. How to apply geography to interpret the past Geography Themes: Location, Place, Human/Environment Interaction, Movement Materials One copy of each handout for each student: Overhead projector and transparency of each map (Optional) Objectives Students are expected to Examine maps to draw conclusions about cholera deaths in London Understand how maps can provide useful information about an issue Understand how maps can be used to solve problems Opening the Lesson Developing the Lesson Concluding the Lesson Assessing Student Learning Extending the Lesson Discuss some questions that are important to medical geographers: Where are diseases found? How do diseases spread? Is there a pattern to the spread of disease? Are some diseases more common in some environments than in others? Are the locations of health-care facilities important? Are they related to patterns of disease? Have students research the spread of specific diseases, for example, AIDS, smallpox, malaria, or typhoid, then use medical atlases to research and plot the spread of diseases on blank outline maps.

65. Moved — Yellow Book: Diseases: Cholera | CDC Travelers' Health From the Centers for Disease Control. Includes recommendations on the use of the cholera vaccine. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/cholera.htm

Home About CDC Press Room Funding ... Contact Us Search: Travelers' Health Travelers' Health Home Yellow Book The page "Cholera" has been moved. Please click here to go to the current page. Date: June 21, 2005 Content Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine Destinations Vaccinations Diseases Yellow Book ... References and Resources Travelers' Health Automated Information Line PHONE: 877-FYI-TRIP toll free (Information about our fax service, ordering the Yellow Book and International Certificates of Vaccination, and voice messages about disease outbreaks) CDC to Streamline Voice/Fax Services (Released September 7) VIA EMAIL: Contact Us Form FAX: Toll Free (Any info available by fax is also posted on this site.) Home Policies and Regulations e-Government FOIA ... and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Tel: (404) 639-3311 / Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435

66. Cholera cholera was often spread in the home by someone who is infected with the bacteria preparing For most of the 1800s, cholera was greatly misunderstood. http://www.posen-l.com/Cholera.htm

Cholera (or "Asiatic Cholera") is a severe bacterial infection of the gut, caused by Vibrio cholerae. A bloated, crampy feeling in the abdomen quickly gives way to huge quantities of very watery stool. The stool, which has little odor, is often referred to as "rice-water stool" because of its appearance (very watery, light colored and laced with tiny bits of mucus). Usually there is no fever and no blood in the stool, but there may be vomiting. Death is caused by the dehydration (loss of water from the body). As the disease progresses, victims will experience: Intense thirst; extreme weakness; sunken eyes; decreased urination, or concentrated urine; dry, wrinkled skin; quickened heart rate; lowered blood pressure; weakened pulse; sleepiness; unconsciousness; seizures; kidney failure. The symptoms may appear 1 to 7 days after eating food or drinking water contaminated with the bacteria, typically within 2 to 3 days. Contamination is from contact with the feces or vomitus of someone infected with cholera. Cholera was often spread in the home by someone who is infected with the bacteria preparing food for others or sharing a drinking cup. For most of the 1800s, cholera was greatly misunderstood. It was easy to see that those in proximity to infected persons were in danger. Whether it was caused by contact with the person, or with the environment was a matter of unprovable opinion. Many were of the opinion that certain areas had "poisonous vapors" and the cause was generally believed to be related to either poor sanitation, close quarters contaminated with the "bad air" of human civilization or both. It was generally thought to be the scourge of the depraved, poor masses, since it hit first and hardest in the poorest, most crowded places. In Europe and America, many felt that since it originated in non-Christian areas, that cleanliness and Godliness would protect. It wasn’t uncommon for some to blame it on a lack of morality. Originally, it was thought unable to survive the cold of winter.

67. Cholera Detected In Second South African Province CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/01/03/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

68. CNN.com - WHO: Iraq Faces Cholera Crisis - May. 8, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/08/sprj.nilaw.cholera.update/index.html

The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com WHO: Iraq faces cholera crisis Children in a Basra market stand next to a stagnant stream of water. Story Tools SPECIAL REPORT Timeline: A new government Flash: Government structure Chart: Iraq's National Assembly Interactive: Iraq's population Coalition Casualties Special Report RELATED WHO: About Cholera Looters warned of radiation risk BASRA, Iraq Mounting piles of waste and sewage and contaminated water supplies have led to southern Iraq's first cases of cholera raising concerns of a potentially devastating outbreak. The World Health Organization has confirmed four people had contracted cholera in Basra, and the group says dozens more may have the potentially fatal illness. No deaths have been reported so far but health officials said they feared the problem is already reaching epidemic proportions. The lack of clean water, lack of security, and economic troubles are allowing it to spread rapidly, WHO spokesman Ian Simpson said Thursday. "Cholera has a fatality rate of more than 50 percent if it is not treated," he said. "This is probably the most serious health concern in Iraq right now."

69. CHOLERA cholera is an acute bacterial enteric disease which is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water which has been contaminated with human excreta. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-str

Skip to Search Skip to Banner Navigation Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Content Search Sitemap A-Z Index Links Contact Us ... Factsheets CHOLERA Cholera is an acute bacterial enteric disease which is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water which has been contaminated with human excreta. This fact sheet covers: background; occurrence; vaccination requirements for travel; treatment; avoidance; quarantine measures. Background Cholera is an acute bacterial diarrhoeal disease that is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with human faeces. The primary symptom of infection is the sudden onset of watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting. If untreated, the fatality rate in severe cases can be as high as 50 per cent due to dehydration and kidney failure. Infection without symptoms, or with only mild diarrhoea, is common particularly in children. Occurrence Cholera has been reported from all continents. It is endemic in Asia, South America, central Europe, Africa, and is reported sporadically in Northern America and the Pacific. Australia is free of the disease except for the occasional case in an international traveller and very rarely, cases acquired from some eastern rivers. World-wide cholera appears to be increasing in both the number of cases and their distribution. In 1998, there were over 290,000 cases in 74 countries with 10,500 deaths reported to the World Health Organization (WHO).

70. Pan American Health Organization Cholera cholera Outbreak Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness This document offers a framework for the assessment of a cholera outbreak http://www.paho.org/english/hcp/hct/eer/cholera.htm

The Pan American Health Organization Promoting Health in the Americas Search Home Page Health Data Topics List Media Center Information Products PAHO Publishing Knowledge Resources Surveillance Prevention and Control PAHO Activities Other PAHO Materials ... General Info/Links What's New Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness This document offers a framework for the assessment of a cholera outbreak response, which will help to provide a comprehensive overview of outbreak response; pinpoint the main strengths and weaknesses of said response; improve preparedness for and response for future outbreaks; and provide accurate recommendations based on WHO official guidelines. This page offers a summary of the document and a link to the full text in PDF on the WHO site. cholera_outbreak.htm WHO ... more items. Surveillance Featured Surveillance Items Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness This document offers a framework for the assessment of a cholera outbreak response, which will help to provide a comprehensive overview of outbreak response; pinpoint the main strengths and weaknesses of said response; improve preparedness for and response for future outbreaks; and provide accurate recommendations based on WHO official guidelines. This page offers a summary of the document and a link to the full text in PDF on the WHO site. cholera_outbreak.htm

71. CNN.com - Cholera Kills 34 In South Africa As Rains Worsen Outbreak - November 1 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/11/17/safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Cholera kills 34 in South Africa as rains worsen outbreak JOHANNESBURG, South Africa

72. Cholera cholera is the prototype toxigenic diarrhea, which is secretory in nature. Fluid loss in cholera originates in the small intestine with the colon being http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/medman/Cholera.

CHOLERA Summary Signs and Symptoms: Incubation period 4 hours to 5 days; average 2-3 days. Asymptomatic to severe with sudden onset. Vomiting, headache, intestinal cramping with little or no fever followed rapidly by painless, voluminous diarrhea. Fluid losses may exceed 5 to 10 liters per day. Without treatment, death may result from severe dehydration, hypovolemia and shock. Treatment: Fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antibiotics (tetracycline, ciprofloxacin or erythromycin) may shorten the duration of diarrhea and, more importantly, reduce shedding of the organism. Prophylaxis: A licensed, killed vaccine is available but provides only about 50 percent protection that lasts for no more than 6 months. Vaccination schedule is at and 4 weeks, with booster doses every 6 months. Isolation and Decontamination: Standard Precautions for healthcare workers. Personal contact rarely causes infection; however, enteric precautions and careful hand-washing should be employed. Bactericidal solutions (hypochlorite) would provide adequate decontamination. OVERVIEW Vibrio cholerae HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE This agent has purportedly been investigated in the past as a biological weapon. Cholera does not easily spread from person-to-person. Therefore, to be an effective biological weapon, major drinking water supplies would need to be heavily contaminated. Recent naturally occurring cholera epidemics in South America have shown the devastating consequences of this disease. Cholera spread quickly in Peru and neighboring countries, despite all attempts to curb the epidemic at an early stage. Over 250,000 symptomatic cases have been reported in Peru alone, and the epidemic has spread to other countries. The rate of symptomatic to asymptomatic cases is 1:400, a factor mitigating against effective use of cholera as a BW agent.

73. Djibouti Camp Gets Aid To Fight Cholera CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/09/30/djibouti.refugees.reut/index.html

74. How The Cholera Bacterium Got Its Virulence Harvard Researchers Find cholera Bacterium May Take Instruction From a Virus. BOSTONJune 28, 1996In 1993, as cholera swept through India, http://www.hms.harvard.edu/news/releases/696cholera.html

Contact: Peta Gillyatt gillyatt@hms.harvard.edu How the Cholera Bacterium Got Its Virulence Harvard Researchers Find Cholera Bacterium May Take Instruction From a Virus BOSTONJune 28, 1996In 1993, as cholera swept through India, scientists were faced with a set of perplexing questions: What caused the deadly Bengal strain of cholera to reappear? Where did the deadly cholera pathogen come from in the first place? Scientists have known that the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholera) owes its virulence to two factorsthe cholera toxin and another protein, TCP pili, which enables it to clump together and adhere to the intestines. But how the Vibrio cholera got those deadly factors has been a mystery. Two Harvard Medical School scientists have found a partial answer to the puzzle. It appears that the cholera pathogen responsible for the Indian epidemic (Vibrio cholera 01) picked up one of its most lethal patches of DNAthe gene coding for the cholera toxinfrom a virus, CTX phage. "Here you have this dumb bacteriumVibrio cholerae doesn't know how to become a pathogenand the virus instructs it by introducing the cholera gene into the bacterial genome. The virus is the smart player in the interaction," says John Mekalanos, Shipley Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. He and Matthew K. Waldor, research fellow in medicine, announced their findings in the June 28 issue of Science. The virus's first clever act is to select its students. It appears to introduce the gene for cholera toxin only into those bacteria that express the TCP pili protein.

75. CNN.com - Scientists Sequence Genome Of Cholera Bacteria - August 2, 2000 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/08/02/cholera.genome/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Scientists sequence genome of cholera bacteria WASHINGTON (CNN) Researchers have sequenced the genome of the bacteria that causes cholera, a potentially fatal intestinal infection common in developing countries. The scientific achievement, to be published Thursday in the journal Nature, is expected to help experts develop better treatments and possibly a more effective cholera vaccine.

76. GENUKI Cholera In Wales 4 The four great cholera years in Wales were 1832, 1849, 1854, and 1866, The first case of cholera in Wales in that epidemic appeared in Cardiff on 13 http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/Cholera.html

Wales (NLW Journals) Contents Cholera in Wales G Penrhyn Jones, National Library of Wales journal Vol X/3 Summer 1958. Extracted onto the pages of GENUKI with the kind permission of the National Library of Wales This is a complete extract of this article [Gareth Hicks 2002] Asiatic cholera is a specific infectious disease of high mortality, characterized clinically by violent vomiting and purging leading rapidly to collapse, the choleraic stools having a typical appearance that is generally described as 'rice-water'-a term that well-illustrates their colour and consistency. The causative organism, the cholera vibrio, is a comma-shaped bacillus that was first described by Robert Koch in 1883. In addition to promoting this corporate cleanliness, cholera was also a major force in a resurgence of godliness in the mid-century, and in Wales certainly the fear engendered by its mystery and mortality filled chapels and churches and gave added impetus to revivalism. A less malign infection generally known as 'cholera nostras' or 'the English cholera' had been quite common in these islands long before the advent of Asiatic cholera or 'cholera morbus'. It was simply a summer diarrhoea generally resulting from contamination of food with the Salmonella group of micro-organisms. Although Lewis Morris described a 'cholera morbus' in Anglesey in July and August 1741 and another instance of it in July 1754

77. Cholera Kills 44 In Malawi CNN http://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/01/27/malawi.cholera.ap/index.html

78. Snow S Cholera Map The significance of Snow s famous cholera map (a piece of which is shown here) is that Snow on cholera being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, MD, http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/snow/snow.html

Snow's Cholera Map The significance of Snow's famous cholera map (a piece of which is shown here In 1992, as part of the development work for an NCGIA technical report, Rusty Dodson of NCGIA Santa Barbara, digitized details from Snow's map reproduced in: "Snow on Cholera: being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, M.D., together with a Biographical Memoir by B.W. Richardson, M.D. and an Introduction by Wade Hampton Frost, M.D.", London, Oxford University Press, 1936. The scale of the source map is approx. 1:2000. Coordinate units are meters. The data in these files consists of: the relevant 1854 London streets ("streets") the location of 578 deaths from cholera ("deaths") the position of 13 water pumps ("pumps") Each coordinate point in the file "deaths" specifies the address of a person who died from cholera. When many points are associated with a single street address, they are "stacked" in a line away from the street so that they are more easily visualized. This is how they are displayed on John Snow's original map. The dates of the deaths are not recorded. The data files were created for a student exercise included in NCGIA Technical Report 93-5: Teaching Introductory Geographical Data Analysis with GIS: A Laboratory Guide for an Integrated Spacestat/Idrisi Environment, edited by Rusty Dodson, preface by Luc Anselin.

79. CNN.com - More Than 4,000 People Affected By Cholera Outbreak In South Africa - CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/10/29/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

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80. Cholera-History Lists of Lectures Front Page. choleraHistory. To begin the lecture, click the START button above. Objective. If you are the first time visitor, http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec1151/

Lists of Lectures Front Page Cholera-History To begin the lecture, click the START button above. Objective If you are the first time visitor, you might want to know [ How to navigate within and outside the lecture This is a beta version. Your comments to this version would be highly appreciated as well. [ Submit Your comments

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