1. DBMD - Cholera - General Information FAQ on cholera from the Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/cholera_g.htm

Cholera Frequently Asked Questions What is cholera? How does a person get cholera? What is the risk for cholera in the United States? What should travelers do to avoid getting cholera? ... Where can a traveler get information about cholera? In January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases have occurred in the United States among persons who traveled to South America or ate contaminated food brought back by travelers. Cholera has been very rare in industrialized nations for the last 100 years; however, the disease is still common today in other parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa. Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily prevented and treated. In the United States, because of advanced water and sanitation systems, cholera is not a major threat; however, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it. What is cholera?

2. John Snow - A Historical Giant In Epidemiology The life and times of Dr. John Snow (18131858), with multimedia pages including the complete text of On the Communication of cholera. Created by the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html

Last Updated 11 Sep 2005 This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology. Click with your left mouse key to see and hear the material or and to see the material. is for broadband transmission. WHAT IS THIS SITE ALL ABOUT? The following articles describe the intent of the John Snow site and comment about his life. "Pioneer..." Chronicle of Higher Education "Cyber Sleuths" UCLA Magazine "History, maps..." SoC Bulletin (Adobe Acrobat) "When Cholera Met its Match" Science "John Snow" BBC Online "The Handle" UAB School of Public Health Magazine "Popularity of Epi site grows" UCLA School of Public Health Magazine SNOW ON CHOLERA Sight and sound animation describing the life and accomplishments of John Snow. Hardware and software requirements Instructions and test of system Part 1 : The Early Years Part 2 : Broad Street Pump Outbreak The U North Carolina Version Part 3: The Grand Experiment in process THE FATHER OF EPIDEMIOLOGY ( new In an article in Old News , David Vachon writes of John Snow's life and achievements, and concludes: "For his persistent efforts to determine how cholera was spread and for the statistical mapping methods he initiated, John Snow is widely considered to be the father of epidemiology."

3. ARS Research Timeline - Story On Hog Cholera Eradication An article on Hog cholera. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/cholera.htm

Printable Version Email this page Advanced Search About Us About Us Home 2003 - Our 50th Anniversary Biographical Sketch of the Administrator The Research Enterprise ... Headquarters (GWCC) Information About Us History of Research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service Eradicating Hog Cholera Back to Features Farms with hog cholera were quarantined. In the early years of this century [the 1900s], hog cholera "often swept through the countryside, causing devastating losses. During the fall months, looking across the prairies of the Middle West, one could often see smoke ascending from perhaps a half-dozen farms where pigs dead of cholera were being burned," USDA veterinarian C.N. McBryde recalled later... On January 31, 1978, Secretary Bob Bergland declared the United States hog cholera free in ceremonies in Washington, D.C. This was 99 years after USDA began hog cholera research and 17 years after the start of a Federal-State eradication campaign. Whether hog cholera originated in America or Europe is not definitely established, but most experts believe it to be native to this country. Cholera was first reported in the United States in 1833 in southern Ohio. By 1893, 90 separate areas of infection were known to exist. Outbreaks in 1886, 1887, and 1896 each killed more than 13 percent of the Nation's hogs; more than 10 percent died during the 19l3 outbreak. The disease was still costing producers $50 million a year in the early 1960's.

4. Cholera In Peru Makes a case study of the epidemic outbreak in 1991, with graphics and geographic information system data files. University of Colorado's Department of Geography http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/warmup/cholera/cholera_f.html

5. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cholera Features cause, risk factors, symptoms, tests, treatment, and prevention. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000303.htm

@import url(/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Cholera Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Digestive system Digestive system organs Alternative names Return to top V. cholerae; Vibrio Definition Return to top Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . It results in profuse, watery diarrhea. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Cholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea . The toxin released by the bacteria causes increased secretion of water and chloride ions in the intestine, which can produce massive diarrhea. Death can result from the severe dehydration brought on by the diarrhea. Cholera occurs in epidemics when conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine are present. Endemic areas include India, Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and more recently, South and Central America, and Mexico. The infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. A type of Vibrio bacteria also has been associated with shellfish , especially raw oysters. Risk factors include residence or travel in endemic areas and exposure to contaminated or untreated drinking water.

6. Krunal Cholera - Homepage Seeks employment in networking and/or web design. Experienced in Pascal, C programming, VERILOG, UNIX, Assembly Language 8085, 8086, and 80386. http://astro.temple.edu/~krunal

Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera

7. EMedicine - Cholera : Article By Sajeev Handa, MBBCh, BAO cholera cholera, which is derived from a Greek term meaning “flow of bile,” is caused by Vibrio cholerae and is the most feared epidemic diarrheal disease http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic351.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Infectious Diseases Cholera Last Updated: March 21, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: Vibrio cholerae, V cholerae, V cholerae El Tor, V cholerae V cholerae O139, diarrhea, diarrheal diseases, dehydration, El Tor, Inaba, Ogawa, Hikojima, Bengal, gram-negative bacteria, bacterial infection, bacteremia, water-borne bacteria, water contamination, fecal contamination, enterotoxin, undercooked seafood, pandemic, fecal-oral contamination, fecal oral contamination, oral rehydration solution, ORS, water treatment, sewage disposal AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Sajeev Handa, MBBCh, BAO , Director, Division of Hospitalist Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School

8. MDTravel Health - Cholera - Old And New Vaccines MDTravel Health complete travel health information, updated daily, for physicians and travelers. http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/infectious/cholera.html

Cholera Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacterium known as Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is acquired through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is rarely spread from person-to-person. The incubation period ranges from less than one to five days. In most cases, infection with Vibrio cholerae causes either no symptoms or mild diarrhea. Some, however, develop profuse watery diarrhea, usually with vomiting, leading to profound dehydration, which may be fatal. The cornerstone of treatment is rehydration, usually with oral rehydration solution. Severe cases may require intravenous fluids. Antibiotics are also given, usually tetracycline or doxycycline, though quinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are also effective. Cholera is rare in travelers, including those visiting countries where cholera outbreaks are occurring. In previous years, cholera vaccination was required for entry into many countries, but is no longer required of any traveler. As of August 2000, the only cholera vaccine approved for use in the United States was no longer being manufactured or sold. (See the Centers for Disease Control for details.) The vaccine had not been generally recommended because it reduces the rate of infections by no more than 50%, is effective for no more than 3-6 months, and frequently causes pain at the injection site. Three oral vaccines have been developed, including

9. EMedicine - Cholera : Article By Vidhu V Thaker, MD cholera The appellation for cholera probably derives from the Greek word for the gutter of a roof, comparing the deluge of water following a rainstorm to http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic382.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Cholera Last Updated: December 18, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: Vibrio cholerae, V cholerae, Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae O139, diarrhea, cholera toxin, CTX, diarrhea, cholera toxin, CTX AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Vidhu V Thaker, MD , Instructor in Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobi Medical Center Vidhu V Thaker, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics Editor(s): Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc , Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine; Robert Konop, PharmD , Director of Drug Programs and Utilization; Mark R Schleiss, MD

10. DBMD - Cholera - General Information FAQ on cholera from the Centers for Disease Control. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Cholera, Disease Information, NCID, CDC cholera General, technical fact sheets, additional information. Travelers Health Information on cholera Information and updates on risks, precautions http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec80006be3

Infectious Disease Information Contents Infectious Diseases Information Index Useful Sites Infectious Disease Information Cholera ( Vibrio cholerae Infection) Cholera General, technical fact sheets, additional information Travelers' Health Information on Cholera Information and updates on risks, precautions Top of Page NCID Home Disease Information NCID Organization ... Health Topics A-Z This page last reviewed May 23, 2001 National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Privacy Policy Accessibility

12. WHO | Cholera WHO fact sheet with cause, treatment, pandemics, prevention, and transmission. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/

All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics ... Contacts Media centre WHO WHO sites Media centre Fact sheets ... printable version Fact sheet N°107 Revised March 2000 Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Most persons infected with V. cholerae do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their faeces for 7-14 days. When illness does occur, more than 90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhoea. Less than 10% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. Background The vibrio responsible for the seventh pandemic, now in progress, is known as V. cholerae

13. Cholera, Disease Information, NCID, CDC Infectious Disease Information cholera (Vibrio cholerae Infection) cholera General, technical fact sheets, additional information http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. Cholera - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is an infectious disease of the cholera was first described in a scientific manner by the physician Garcia de Orta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

Cholera From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cholera Distribution of cholera Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera ) is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium . These bacteria are typically ingested by drinking water contaminated by improper sanitation or by eating improperly cooked fish , especially shellfish . Symptoms include diarrhea abdominal cramps, nausea vomiting , and dehydration. Death is generally due to the dehydration caused by the illness. When left untreated cholera generally has a high mortality rate. Treatment is typically an aggressive rehydration regimen usually delivered intravenously, which continues until the diarrhea ceases. With treatment, mortality rates plummet. Cholera was first described in a scientific manner by the physician Garcia de Orta in the 16th century. Contents Pathology Susceptibility Transmission Symptoms ... edit Pathology edit Susceptibility Cholera produces potentially lethal secretory diarrhea through a pathway that involves the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator , CFTR (Gabriel 1994). This discovery led to the hypothesis that carriers for

15. South African Officials Fear Cholera Epidemic Might Spread CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/01/02/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

16. What Is Cholera? Disease description, prevention, treatment, and links. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Vibrio Cholerae Scientific and medical information about the disease, past epidemics, and the causative organism. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturecholera

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera Kenneth Todar University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology The article has been moved to a new website. Please go to Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera

18. Medmicro Chapter 24 Scientific and medical information about the organisms and the diseases they cause. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch024.htm

Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios Richard A. Finkelstein General Concepts Cholera and Vibrio cholerae Clinical Manifestations Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous, voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is caused by certain members of the species Vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or inapparent infections. Other members of the species may occasionally cause isolated outbreaks of milder diarrhea whereas othersthe vast majorityare free-living and not associated with disease. Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types Vibrios are Gram-negative, highly motile curved rods with a single polar flagellum. They tolerate alkaline media that kill most intestinal commensals, but they are sensitive to acid. Numerous free-living vibrios are known, some potentially pathogenic. Until 1992, cholera was caused by only two serotypes, Inaba (AC) and Ogawa (AB), and two biotypes, classical and El Tor, of toxigenic O group 1 V cholerae. These organisms may be identified by agglutination in O group 1-specific antiserum directed against the lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall and by demonstration of their enterotoxigenicity. In 1992, cholera caused by serogroup O139 (synonym "Bengal"; the 139th and latest serogroup of V cholerae to be identified) emerged in epidemic proportions in India and Bangladesh. This serovar is identified by 1) absence of agglutination in O group 1 specific antiserum; 2) by agglutination in O group 139 specific antiserum; and 3) by the presence of a capsule.

19. Cholera Kills At Least 44 Mozambicans CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/05/08/mozambique.cholera.reut/index.html

20. John Snow And Cholera The life and times of Dr. John Snow (18131858), with multimedia pages including the complete text of On the Communication of cholera. Created by the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

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