21. Internet East Asian History Sourcebook 12781313) The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life Chronology of chinese history three separate chronologies based on 1. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/eastasiasbook.html

Halsall Home Ancient History Sourcebook Medieval Sourcebook Modern History Sourcebook Other History Sourcebooks: African Indian Islamic Jewish ... Science Internet East Asian History Sourcebook There is no way of avoiding the fact that China is the central culture of Eastern Asia. Massively larger than any of her neighbors, China may have developed its cultural forms in relative isolation, but since the advent of Buddhism has both absorbed outside influences and disseminated its own culture. Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cultures are not comprehensible without taking into account power of Chinese culture in art, literature and religion. Chinese culture itself is highly complex, and the other East Asian cultures also reflect local circumstances and traditions. For instance the (later) Chinese ideal of a scholar-gentleman contrasts strongly with Japanese warrior ideals. It is not going to far to suggest that the very different responses of the various East Asian to the Western intrusion of the past two centuries reflect the variety of previous historical developments. See my Brooklyn College: Chinese Cultural Studies class page.

22. China History (to Qing Dynasty): China: East Asian Library chinese history (to Qing Dynasty). PREHISTORY. Overview. The Dawn of History (Library of Congress Country Study/Area Handbook 1987) http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/eastasian/china/toqing.html

Archival Collections Boeckmann CA Social Welfare East Asian Library Feuchtwanger Hancock Korean Heritage Rare Books Regional History University Archives Home Microfilm Videos Statistics ... Japanese Collection Chinese History (to Qing Dynasty) PREHISTORY Overview: The Dawn of History - (Library of Congress Country Study/Area Handbook [1987]) Maps: Peking Man (image) [Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture] Center for the Study of Chinese Prehistory The Ancient East Asia Website XIA DYNASTY 21-16 CENTURY BC Overview: Xia Overview Images: Xia Remains Texts: The Ancient East Asia Website SHANG DYNASTY 16-11 CENTURY BC Overview: Shang Overview Images: Shang Oracle Bone (image) [Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture] Another Shang Oracle Bone (image) [Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture] Texts: The Ancient East Asia Website Academic Organizations: Early China [professional society for Shang - Han studies] ZHOU DYNASTY 1111 BC-249 BC Overview: Zhou Overview The Zhou Period - (Library of Congress Country Study/Area Handbook [1987]) Texts: The Hundred Schools of Thought - (Library of Congress Country Study/Area Handbook [1987])

23. History Of China: Timeline Of Ancient Chinese History History of China, with a detailed timeline of the ancient chinese history. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/

Home City Guide Tours Cruises ... Community History of China, with a detailed timeline of the ancient chinese history. Last updated: August 23, 2005 Home China Discovery History of China Back Font Size: - Large Small China, representing one of the earliest civilizations in the world, has a recorded history of about 3,600 years. It possesses rich historical documents as well as ancient relics. Like other nations, China, in its development, passed through the stages of primitive society, slave society, and feudal society. During the middle decades of the 19th century, capitalist forces of foreign countries invaded China, and China was slowly transformed into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The founding of the People's Republic in 1949 marked China's entry into the socialist stage. During the long period of historical development, the industrious, courageous, and intelligent Chinese people of all nationalities collectively created a great civilization. They made great contributions to all of mankind. The following is a list of the dynasties: Chinese Dynasties Period Prehistoric Times 1.7 million years - the 21st century BC

24. IGCS - History (China WWW VL - Internet Guide For Chinese Studies) The subsection on chinese history presents a well selected and well ? (The National Museum of chinese history) (The National Museum of http://sun.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/igcs/ighist.htm

The World-Wide Web Virtual Library Hierarchical Alphabetical WWW VL Search Go to: What's New Add New Site Institutions Libraries Databases News Media Journals Mailinglists Philosophy Religion History Archaeology Biographies Geography Society Education Recreation Martial Arts Economy Politics Law Literature Film Language Fine Arts Music Architecture Internet Bibliographies Bookdealers Societies Conferences Other Guides IGCS Home User Instructions About the IGCS About Ratings Awards IGCS Contents Search IGCS WESTERN: MetaCrawler AltaVista HotBot Yahoo! Excite Infoseek Lycos Magellan CHINESE: Sohoo (GB) AltaVista (GB) AltaVista (Big5) Chn. Yahoo (GB) Chn. Yahoo (Big5) Go to Excite (Chn) CATALOGUES: Argus Clearinghouse WWW VL Categories C hinese H istory edited by Hanno E. Lecher Last updated on 2 Mar 2005, 85 main entries History: Top East Asia China Hong Kong ... Biographies Related: Journals Bibliography WWW-VL History: China (Lynn Nelson, WWW-VL History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA) (http://www.ku.edu/kansas/cn/) Language: English. Description: The WWW-VL History is the oldest part of the WWW Virtual Library project , started in 1993 by Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the WWW. The subsection on Chinese History presents a well selected and well structured range of Western (mainly English) language resources. The

25. Timetable Of Chinese History A Site on Origin of chinese history. Thank you for visiting Yutopian’s chinese history Page. We will be adding pictures to our Web Page on a daily basis http://www.yutopian.com/history/

HOW TO USE THIS WEB SITE : This web site is divided into 21 main sites as represented by the twenty one yellow buttons on the top of each page. The user can surf from one main site to another using these bottons. Within each main site use the vertical navigation bar on the left hand side to navigate from one page to another. Use the search command on the upper left to find what you are looking for. Join these leading companies today! China Tours and Cruises ColdTech Consultants Taiyo Sanso Co. Kiseido Your Advertisement here MyMorningStar.com Saan Cryogenics Yutopian.net For advertising information, please click here ... Please Visit Our Sponsor Gift Shop Timetable Of Chinese History Thank you for visiting Yutopian’s Chinese History Page. We will be adding pictures to our Web Page on a daily basis, so, come back and visit us often. How to Use this Page You can either search this page chronologically or use the search engine below. To view the Chinese characters on this page, you can download a software Here Enter keywords: Any of the words All of the words The exact phrase Case sensitive We welcome any comments, corrections or suggestions that you may have. Our

26. Women In Chinese History -- Bibliography Bibliography Chinese women in politics, literature, and work. Social and environmental studies of their role. http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/womtxt.html

Women in Chinese History Return to China Page and Main Menu Bibliography Index A B ... P Q R S T U ... Z A Return to the top Allione, Tsultrim. Women of wisdom. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications, Incorporated, 2000. Ancient queens: archaeological explorations. (ed. Nelson, Sarah Milledge). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2003. Andors, Phyllis. The unfinished liberation of Chinese women, 1949-1980. Ann Arbor, MI: Books on Demand. N/A Autumn willows: poetry by women of China's golden age. (trans. Chow, Bannie; Cleary, Thomas). Ashland, OR: Story Line Press, 2003. Ayscough, Florence. Chinese women: yesterday and today. New York: Da Capo Press, Incorporated, 1975. B Return to the top Barlow, Tani E. The question of women in Chinese feminism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Bernhardt, Kathryn. Women and Property in China, 960-1949. Law, Society, and Culture in China Series. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. gender, genre, and cosmopolitanism in late Qing China. Bingham, Marjorie W.; Gross, Susan H. Women in modern China. Saint Paul, MN: Upper Midwest Women's History Center, 1980.

27. Era And Timeline Of Chinese History (55k) Era and Timeline of chinese history (?) http//wwwchaos.umd.edu/history/time_line.html chinese history Timeline 4. http://133.1.96.43/~seke/tsaou/romanize/eraname.html

Era and Timeline of Chinese History (¤¤°ê¾ú¥v¬Ó«Ò¦~¸¹¦è¤¸¹ï·Óªí) ==================================================================== Version 1.2g, Compiled by Seke Wei on 2001.2.8. (Republic, 1912-) +- ²M -+ (Qing/Ch'ing, 1616-1911) +- -+ (Ming, 1368-1644) + + (Yuan, 1207-1367) + + (Jin/Chin/Juchen, 1115-1234) +- ¦è®L + (Western Xia/Hsia, 1032-1227) +- + (Liao, 907-1125) + -+ (Song/Sung, 960-1279) ++ ¤­¥N¤Q°ê (Five Dynasties/Ten Kingdoms,902-979) +- -+ (Tang/T'ang, 618-907) (Sui, 581-618) ++ (Southern/Northern Dynasties,386-589) +-+ «n¥_´Â (Sixteen Kingdoms, 304-439) ++ ¤­­J¤Q¤»°ê (Jin/Chin, 265-420) +- -+ (Three Kingdoms, 220-280) ++ ¤T°ê (Han, bc206-220) +- + (Qin/Ch'in, bc248-bc207) ++ (Zhou/Chou, bc1121-bc249) +- ©P Shang °Ó (bc1765?-bc1122?,­p644¦~) ´ö Tang (29? years in reign) ¥~¤þ Waibing (2?) ¥ò¤Ð Zhongren (4?) ¤Ó¥Ò Taijia (33?) ¨U¤B Woding (29?) ¤Ó©° Taigeng (25?) ¤p¥Ò Xiaojia (36?) ¹l¤v Yongji (12?) ¤Ó¥³ Taiwu (75?) ¥ò¤B Zhongding (11?) ¥~¤Ð Wairen (15?) ªeܳ¥Ò Hedanjia (9?) ¯ª¤A Zuyi (19?) ¯ª¨¯ Zuxin (16?) ¨U¥Ò Wojia (20?) ¯ª¤B Zuding (32?) «n©° Nangeng (29?) ¶§¥Ò Yangjia (7?) ½L©° Pangeng (28?) ¤p¨¯ Xiaoxin (21?) ¤p¤A Xiaoyi (21?) ªZ¤B Wuding (59?) ¯ª©° Zugeng (7?) ¯ª¥Ò Zujia (33?) éo¨¯ Linxin (6?) ©°¤B Gengding (6?) ªZ¤A Wuyi (4?) ¤Ó¤B Taiding (3?) «Ò¤A Diyi (37?) ¬ô(«Ò¨¯) Zhou (Dixin) (33?)

28. Chinese History - Academic Info An annotated directory of Internet resources on chinese history. http://www.academicinfo.net/chinahist.html

Academic Info Chinese History - Directory of Online Resources on the History of China Home Search Index Contact ... China Studies History History Gateway Chinese History Huge Savings on Scholarly and General Books at our Bookstore Table of Contents General Links (below) Ancient East Asia "...a new independent website devoted to the archaeology and prehistory of China , Japan and Korea, inviting contributions from archaeologists, scholars and interested members of the public." Editor: Donald B Wagner Asian Historical Architecture - China Maintained by Tim Ciccone Yunsheng Huang (UVA) A Brief Chinese Chronology From the Chinese Cultural Studies page at Brooklyn College. The British Museum - Illuminating World Cultures "...is a unique tool for the study of world history. A series of culture-based websites look in depth at the achievements of some of the most remarkable world civilizations. The Ancient Civilizations site itself focuses on important cross-cultural themes of human development, showing how societies have interacted and influenced one another." Ancient China Sections include: Crafts and Artisans ; Geography ; Time ; Tombs and Ancestors ; Writing.

29. History Of China - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin A History of China in the Third Century AD Dynasties in chinese history, for dates and links to more information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China

History of China From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. History of China series The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty ... China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations , with written records dating back at least 3,500 years, and with 5,000 years being commonly used by Chinese as the age of their civilization. Successive dynasties developed systems of bureaucratic control, which gave the agrarian-based Chinese an advantage over neighboring nomadic and mountain-dwelling cultures. The forced imposition of a common system of writing by the Qin emperor ( 200 BC ) and the development of a state ideology based on Confucianism 100 BC ) strengthened the Chinese civilization. Politically, China alternated between periods of political union and disunion, and was occasionally conquered by external ethnicities, of which many were eventually assimilated into the Chinese identity. These cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia as well as successive waves of immigration and emigration merged to create the familiar image of Chinese culture and people today. Contents Prehistoric times Into the Bronze Age Ancient history Xia Dynasty ... Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties: The Chinese dark ages

30. Timeline Of Chinese History - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The following is a timeline of the history of China. For a summary table of the dynasties in chinese history and their dates, check here. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history

Timeline of Chinese history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The following is a timeline of the history of China For a summary table of the dynasties in Chinese history and their dates, check here Contents Ancient China Imperial China Modern China See also ... edit Ancient China Date Ruling entity King Events Other people/events 2500 BC Sanhuangwudi This period is part of the Chinese mythology Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty First records of Chinese characters Zhou Dynasty King Wu of Zhou You End of Western Zhou Ping Beginning of Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period Xiang Battle of Chengpu Lao Zi ... edit Imperial China Date Ruling entity Emperor Events Other people/events Qin Dynasty Warring States Period Qin Shi Huang Start of construction of the Great Wall Unification of China Burial of the Terracotta Army Qin Er Shi Ziying Chu-Han contention ... Han Dynasty (Western Han) Han Gao Zu Ruzi Xin Dynasty Wang Mang ... Han Dynasty (Eastern Han) Gengshi He Cai Lun invents paper Shang Ling Yellow Turban Rebellion ... Battle of Wuzhang Plain Introduction of Buddhism in China Jin Dynasty Wu Hui ... Bodhidharma arrives in China Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Li Shi Min First Christian missionaries arrive in China: Nestorian monks from Asia Minor and Persia , building Daqin Pagoda The Records of the Tang Dynasty describes a landmark visit to China by Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (ra), one of the companions of Prophet

31. Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors This can be a little confusing, and sources on chinese history do not always seem Although one might say that he was a combination, for chinese history, http://www.friesian.com/sangoku.htm

Emperors of the Sangoku the "Three Kingdoms," India and China are the sources of the greatest civilizations in Eastern and Southern Asia. Their rulers saw themselves as universal monarchs, thereby matching the pretentions of the Roman Emperors in the West. The only drawbacks to their historical priority were that India suffered a setback, when the Indus Valley Civilization collapsed (for disputed reasons), and China got started later than the Middle Eastern civilizations. By the time India recovered, it was a contemporary of Greece, rather than Sumeria, with many parallel cultural developments, like philosophy. And, curiously, China reached a philosophical stage of development in the same era, the "axial age," 800 to 400 BC. Later, when the West, India, and China all had contact with each other, it was at first India that had the most influence on China, through the introduction of Buddhism. Indian influence on the West, though likely through the skepticism of Pyrrho , and possibly evident in the halos of Christian saints (borrowed from Buddhist iconography), did not extend to anything more substantial. While China then made Buddhism its own, India later endured the advent of , which introduced deep cultural and then political divisions into the Subcontinent. The only comparable development in China was the application of

32. Chinese History Index (www.chinaknowledge.org) Chinaknowledge a private guide for students of Sinology. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/history.htm

A universal guide for China studies from Chinaknowledge Chinese History Encoding: Unicode (UTF-8) [ HOME and sitemap: www.chinaknowledge.org bottom Mythology Prehistory ... top (c) Ulrich Theobald

33. History: China Resources of chinese history. A handy time line of chinese history with links in both Chinese and English. Modern chinese history Research Center http://chineseculture.about.com/cs/historychina/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About China Online China Online Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the China Online newsletter! See Online Courses Search China Online History: China Guide picks A Brief Chinese Chronology A handy time line of Chinese history. Chronicle of PRC Historical events of China by year since 1949. Ancient Far East: China From About.com's Ancient History Guide. With many history links of China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia. Chinese History From your About.com Guide. History pages in Chinese. Tangshan: The Deadliest Earthquake A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the sleeping city of Tangshan on July 28, 1976, in northeastern China. National Museum of Chinese History The collection the museum has over 300,000 items, including more than 2,000 first-grade pieces and over 100,000 photographs of cultural relics. Chinese Dynasties A brief chronology of Chinese dynasties in Chinese. Chinese History The timeline of Chinese history.

34. Exploring Chinese History An extensive source of references to chinese history and Current News and Events in and around China. Includes index, appendicies, chronologies and image http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/

-E MERGENCY Hurricane Katrina is the worst natural disaster to strike the United States. As a resident of the US, I, like the rest of my countrymen, are at the mercy of the disturbing images that have come to light in recent days. Powerless and angry, the only contribution I can make to the rescue/ recovery/ rebuilding efforts of the southern Gulf Coast region decimated by Katrina is monetary. The Red Cross of America is the best private agency to provide the necessary assistance required to alleviate the suffering of my fellow Americans who have been left with nothing- not even the comfort of family, in most cases. After the crying and the angry tirades, I have come to realize that my government is either unwilling, unable or impotent to provide for these people in need- again, Americans. To this end, I have decided to dedicate this section of the site to the relief effort. Like the Tsunami disaster in SE Asia, rebuilding and reconstruction will take many years, if not many decades. But this is my home; not a distant, exotic land. The human toll on the residents of Biloxi, New Orleans and the other Gulf Coast towns that have been affected is incalculable- to say nothing of the property damage and reconstruction. This website reaches thousands of people across the globe who can help. Several countries have offered aid and given support to the efforts. This support is very much appreciated and graciously accepted, despite my government's lack of proper acknowledgment.

35. BUBL LINK: Chinese History Subjects chinese history, united states culture, united states history local, Subjects ancient history, chinese history, egyptian history, http://bubl.ac.uk/link/c/chinesehistory.htm

BUBL LINK Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus Countries ... Z Chinese history Titles Descriptions Ancient China: the Chou, 1050-256 BC CHCP: Chinese Historical and Cultural Project Chinese Classics Chinese Cultural Studies: Texts ... Sun Tzu on the Art of War Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Ancient China: the Chou, 1050-256 BC Information about the Chou Dynasty including an explanation of the Mandate of Heaven, a political concept which helped the Chou establish the legitimacy of their power, and brief descriptions of the One Hundred Schools and the Warring States periods. Author: Hooker, Richard Subjects: chinese history DeweyClass: Resource type: documents CHCP: Chinese Historical and Cultural Project A non-profit organisation to promote and preserve Chinese and Chinese-American history and culture through community outreach activities. Author: CHCP Subjects: chinese culture, chinese history, united states culture DeweyClass: Resource type: documents Chinese Classics Index of Chinese literature arranged by genre including poetry, prose, biography, commentary and novels. Also features a chronology of Chinese history. Author: CND International Subjects: chinese history, chinese language

36. Brief Chronology Of Chinese History --- People's Daily Online A Brief Chronology of chinese history Qing Dynasty, 16161911. Republic of China, 1912-1949. People s Republic of China, Founded on October 1, 1949 http://english.people.com.cn/aboutchina/history.html

A Brief Chronology of Chinese History Xia Dynasty 2070-1600 B.C. Shang Dynasty 1600-1046 B.C. Zhou Dynasty Western Zhou 1046-771 B.C. Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period 770-256 B.C. 770-476 B.C. 475-221 B.C. Qin Dynasty 221-206 B.C. Han Dynasty Western Han 206 B.C.-A.D. 25 Eastern Han Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Han Wu Western Jin Dynasty Eastern Jin Dynasty Northern and Southern Dynasties Southern Dynasties Song Qi Liang Chen Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Eastern Wei Northern Qi Western Wei Northern Zhou Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties Later Liang Later Tang Later Jin Later Han Later Zhou Song Dynasty Northern Song Southern Song Liao Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty Republic of China People's Republic of China Founded on October 1, 1949

37. China History Forum, Online Chinese History Forum (Powered By Invision Power Boa Online community for learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including Chinese culture, Chinese art of war etc. http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/

China History Forum Portal Imperial Guidelines Help Search Members Calendar China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics. Join our forum today for free! Welcome Guest Log In Register China History Forum, online chinese history forum Welcome back; your last visit was: Today, 10:25 PM China History Forum, online chinese history forum latest news: Historic Origin of Chinese Surnames Imperial Capital Imperial Capital Forum Topics Replies Last Post Info Imperial Court This is the place for all members to meet together, discuss Community Issues , post Suggestions and Feedback . Any Suggestions/Feedback polls are also conducted here. Please also read the Forum Rules and About Us Forum Led by: Today, 07:57 PM In: Is CHF hostile towards non-... By: New to CHF? Introduce yourself to our forums. Forum Led by: Today, 09:55 PM In: My study area: Calligraphy,... By: Miborovsky Technical Support Post any technical problems you have with this site.

38. Chinese History Resources Asian History research resource links for high school and college students. http://www.snowcrest.net/jmike/china.html

Chinese History Resources If you wish submit a historically appropriate site, find a dead link or have any suggestions, please e-mail us! All submitted links are reviewed for quality of academic content. Another copy of Sun Tzu's Art of War About the Art of War The Art of China Ask Mr. China.com ... Chinese Culture (Government Information Office, Taiwan) Chinese Studies: Chinese History Chinese History Chinese History Research UCSD Chinese History for Beginners Chinese History in the USA Chinese Museum in Los Angeles Chinese Philosophy Page ... History of China Leon Poon Chinese Biographical Database Lewis-Clark State College History of Hong Kong History of China History of Chinese Medicine Internet Guide for China Studies ... Online Documentary: The Nanking Atrocities Univ. of Missouri Pearl S. Buck University of Pennsylvania Sayings of Chairman Mao Selected writings and speeches of Chairman Mao Tse-tung Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung Silk Road Project ... Virtual Museum of the Cultural Revolution China News Digest Women in Chinese History Yahoo Chinese Yahoo Chinese Dynasties Ancient China: The Great Unification: The Ch'in, 256-206 BC

39. Bibliographies On Chinese History And Culture By Barend Ter Haar http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/bth/bibliographies.htm

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40. Chinese History For the first time in history, China was turning inwards, clinging to an incorrect regarded as golden ages in chinese history. He believed http://www.china-inc.com/education/history/ming.html

Education Series: About China Brought to you by Regent China Tours Ming Dynasty The Ming maritime expeditions stopped rather suddenly after 1433, the date of the last voyage. Historians have given as one of the reasons the great expense of large-scale expeditions at a time of preoccupation with northern defenses against the Mongols. Opposition at court also may have been a contributing factor, as conservative officials found the concept of expansion and commercial ventures alien to Chinese ideas of government. Pressure from the powerful Neo-Confucian bureaucracy led to a revival of strict agrarian-centered society. The stability of the Ming dynasty, which was without major disruptions of the population (then around 100 million), economy, arts, society, or politics, promoted a belief among the Chinese that they had achieved the most satisfactory civilization on earth and that nothing foreign was needed or welcome. In the early 1400s, a sailor named Zheng He (with a fleet of some 300-plus ships)sailed as far west as Mogadishu and Jiddah, and he may (or may not) have gotten to Madagascar. This is nearly 100 years before Columbus had the idea of trying to sail to Asia the long way around. But once the sailors came back, the trips were never followed up on. Conservative scholars at court failed to see the importance of them. For the first time in history, China was turning inwards, clinging to an incorrect interpretation of an outmoded philosophy.

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