81. FPP - Model Letter To Chilean Embassy Atrocities Against Mapuche Re Use of torture and illegal detention of the Mapuche people in chile The Mapuche indigenous people have, amongst others, the right to be free from http://www.forestpeoples.org/Briefings/s_america/fpp_model_let_chilean_embassy_r

82. 'War On Terror' Has Indigenous People In Its Sights - Empire? - Global Policy Fo In Ecuador, indigenous people account for an estimated 40 percent of the populationof In chile, 6.4 percent of the population of 15.2 million identify http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/terrorwar/analysis/2005/0606terrorindig.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum 'War on Terror' Has Indigenous People in Its Sights By Gustavo González Inter Press Service June 6, 2005 The ”war on terror”, identified in Amnesty International's annual report as a new source of human rights abuses, is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and ”neo-liberal” globalisation. In the United States ”there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilising elements and terrorists,” and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer José Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco (670 km south of the Chilean capital), told IPS. Pedro Cayuqueo, director of the Mapuche newspaper Azkintuwe, also from the city of Temuco, wrote that the growing indigenous activism in Latin America and Islamic radicalism are both depicted as threats to the security and hegemony of the United States in the ”Global Trends 2020 - Mapping the Global Future” study by the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC). NIC works with 13 government agencies, including the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), and is advised by experts from the United States and other countries. Cayuqueo described the report as ”a veritable x-ray” of potential ”counterinsurgency scenarios” from now to the year 2020. In the process of drafting the report, NIC organised 12 regional conferences around the world, one of which was held in Santiago in June 2004.

83. Indigenous People Make Voices Heard I think it s good for indigenous people to rise up and make people listen. of indigenous people in general in chile and the question of the http://www.mapuche.nl/english/00sept.htm

Mapuche information in English sept. 2000 Indigenous people make voices heard By Joseph Coleman The Associated Press The plan seemed promising: Build a series of multimillion-dollar dams along Chile's spectacular BioBo River, boosting the country's troubled economy with foreign investment and jobs for thousands. The planners, however, hadn't counted on the Pehuenche Indians. The small tribe and its supporters have waged a decadelong struggle against the project, making their case before Chile's courts, Washington lenders and the world media. "We've been stepped on for 500 years," declared Hilda Huenteao, a 22-year-old Pehuenche whose family farm would be flooded by the project. "I think it's good for indigenous people to rise up and make people listen." All around the world, people like the Pehuenches - from Guatemala to Finland, from India to Japan - are rising up. The Aborigines of Australia are using the media focus on the Olympics in Sydney to draw attention to their suffering in the past two centuries and build international pressure for an apology from their government. In the snowy reaches of northern Norway, Sweden and Finland, the indigenous Sami people are hard at work on a different project: reviving their native language. Nearly 200 books in Sami - a language once banned in Norwegian schools - have been published in the past decade. "You can see it all levels," said Joji Carino, an ethnic Ibaloi-Igorot from the Philippines who campaigns for indigenous rights. "Local community organizations are much stronger, and at the national level there are a number of countries that are passing laws recognizing indigenous rights."

84. Support The Mapuche, Indigenous People Of Chile. The Mapuche people, the indigenous people of chile, are at this present momentbeing incarcerated and criminalised at the mere mention of land rights. http://members.aol.com/mapulink2/english-2/action-09.html

Mapuche International Link Support the Mapuche, Indigenous people of Chile Bristol, 11 September, 2001 Mapuche International Link invites organisations and individuals to join us in a picket outside the Foreign Office and Downing Street on the 12 September 2001. 1. From 8.45 to 10:30 am -at: Foreign Office, King Charles Street (off Whitehall). Nearest Tube: Westminster. The Confederation of British Industry will meet the Chilean President Ricardo Lagos. Jack Straw will meet Mr. Lagos at 9.45 a.m. 2. Meet outside Downing St. picket 4.45 to 6.00pm. Nearest tube: Westminster. Tony Blair has a scheduled meeting with the Chilean president at 5.00pm. The Mapuche people, the indigenous people of Chile, are at this present moment being incarcerated and criminalised at the mere mention of land rights. Over a thousand Mapuche people have been detained in the past two years, and hundreds are dealing with court proceedings mainly to do with land rights. They have been denied the status of political prisoners and there are many allegations of physical and mental abuse in the prisons. The Mapuche people have been campaigning for constitutional recognition by the Chilean authorities for decades.

85. Mapuche: Chile: Fear For Safety BACKGROUND INFORMATION indigenous people in chile have been pressing for reformsof land ownership and the recognition of their rights since the end of http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=37&par=1130

86. SerIndigena - Pueblos Originarios De Chile SerIndigena Pueblos Originarios de chile. The chilean indigenous People Portalcontribute to the valoration and difussion of the cultural expressions of http://www.beingindigenous.org/regions/help/welcome_tour.htm

Home Help Downloads Being Indigenous Overview The Chilean Indigenous People Portal contribute to the valoration and difussion of the cultural expressions of the Chilean Indigenous People. The portal is available in different languages: Serindigena.cl (Spanish version also with translations to Aymara, Rapa Nui and Mapudungun Languages) . Beingindigenous.org ( English version). Also we have the Magazine.serindigena.cl that is a on line publication about the current news of Chilean Indigenous People. At the moment a few articles and features are available in english. Regions Beingindigenous.org is composed of 13 Regions Each region has information about an especific Chilean Indigenous People. Regions: Aymara Quechua Kolla Rapa Nui ... Yagan The regions are available in indigenous languages: Aymara Rapa Nui Mapudungun There are four main subjects in each region: People (general description, history, environment)

87. Latin America: ‘War On Terror’ Zeroes In On Indigenous People In chile, 6.4 percent of the population of 15.2 million identify Mr.Maldus commented to IPS that Latin America’s indigenous people are in the midst of http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_2064.shtml

Subscribe NOI Online Last Updated: Jun 20th, 2005 Front Page Minister Louis Farrakhan National News World News ... Millions More Movement Search All Categories Minister Louis Farrakhan National News World News Perspectives Columns Entertainment News Modern Technology Features Millions More Movement Advanced Search Search archives Subscribe to FinalCall.com E-List Enter email address: Add Latin America: ‘War on Terror’ zeroes in on Indigenous people By Gustavo Gonzalez Updated Jun 20, 2005, 10:42 am Refer this article Print page Riot policemen arrest protesters during a demonstration in La Paz, June 7. A day after ousting Bolivian president Carlos Mesa, tens of thousands of protesters descended on La Paz, some detonating blasting caps, to demand that the Senate leader resign, as well. Photo: AFP SANTIAGO (IPS/GIN) - The “war on terror—identified in Amnesty International’s annual report as a new source of human rights abuses—is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting Indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market globalization. In the United States, “there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists,” and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer Jose Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco, south of the Chilean capital, told IPS.

88. Forum 2004 - Documents: Young Indigenous People Take Action Thanks To The UN Thus, for example, indigenous people in chile have set up an Ethnotourism center,with tourist routes being organized, run and managed by indigenous http://www.barcelona2004.org/eng/banco_del_conocimiento/documentos/ficha.cfm?IdD

89. World Rivers Review, June 1997 Until recently, the indigenous people of chile were not even known by the generalpublic. They were pushed off to the corners of the society. http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/9706/orrego.html

Volume 12, Number 3 / June 1997 Juan Pablo Orrego When IRN spoke with Orrego by phone, he had just returned from the streets of Santiago where he and at least 1,000 indigenous Mapuche people (the larger group to which the Pehuenche belong) were protesting the continuing efforts by the Chilean government to deny them their fundamental rights as guaranteed under Chilean law. Ralco Dam has become a rallying cry for Chile's indigenous movement, because if the dam is approved, the national Indigenous Law - designed to protect the rights to land, water, and resources of indigenous peoples - will be meaningless. Juan Pablo Orrego. Photo by IRN An Interview with Juan Pablo Orrego by Aleta Brown IRN: JPO: I thought that it would be a straightforward campaign. I thought that all we needed to do was expose the fascist nature of Endesa and the government would see how harmful the project was. What I didn't expect to find was the total approval of the Pangue project by the government. IRN: What was your background before GABB? JPO: I was born and raised in Santiago. After graduating from high school I went to New York and worked in a flower shop, selling flowers on the streets of Manhattan to save for an electric guitar and a bass. After a year I went back to Santiago and studied biology for a couple of years. I was also in a group called Los Blots. I ended up quiting school to become a professional musician. Our songs usually had either an ecological theme or questioned the paradigms of the time and we were quite popular. You wouldn't believe it, but sometimes I still hear one of our songs being played on the radio.

90. 'War On Terror' Has Latin American Indigenous People In Its Sights By Gustavo Go SANTIAGO, chile The war on terror , identified in Amnesty Maldós commentedto IPS that Latin America s indigenous people are in the midst of an http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Latin_America/War_Terror_LAmer_Sights.html

'War on Terror' Has Latin American Indigenous People in Its Sights Inter-Press Service www.commondreams.com, June 7, 2005 SANTIAGO, Chile - The "war on terror", identified in Amnesty International's annual report as a new source of human rights abuses, is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and "neo-liberal" globalization. In the United States "there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists," and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer José Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco (670 km south of the Chilean capital), told IPS. Pedro Cayuqueo, director of the Mapuche newspaper Azkintuwe, also from the city of Temuco, wrote that the growing indigenous activism in Latin America and Islamic radicalism are both depicted as threats to the security and hegemony of the United States in the "Global Trends 2020 - Mapping the Global Future" study by the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC). NIC works with 13 government agencies, including the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), and is advised by experts from the United States and other countries. Cayuqueo described the report as "a veritable x-ray" of potential "counterinsurgency scenarios" from now to the year 2020.

91. LATIN AMERICA: 'War On Terror ' Has Indigenous People In Its Sights : Miami IMC José Santos Millao, one of the Mapuche members of chile s National Corporation Maldós commented to IPS that Latin America s indigenous people are in the http://miami.indymedia.org/news/2005/06/1777.php

Home IMC Miami Forum About Us Contact Us ... Calendar Translate Spanish German French Italian Portuguese Japanese Korean Chinese Search the Site Media Text Image Audio Video Other All the Newswires Florida IMCs Tallahasee Tampa Northwest FTAA IMC About Indymedia Visit Indymedia.org What is Indymedia? Indymedia Projects Radio around the world Indymedia TV Indymedia Print Project INDYMEDIA NETWORK printable version email this article by Gustavo González* Tuesday, Jun. 28, 2005 at 4:26 PM Inter Press Service News Agency SANTIAGO, Jun 6 (IPS) - The "war on terror",identified in Amnesty International's annual report as a new source of human rights abuses, is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and "neo-liberal" globalisation. In the United States "there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists," and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer José Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco (670 km south of the Chilean capital), told IPS. Pedro Cayuqueo, director of the Mapuche newspaper Azkintuwe, also from the city of Temuco, wrote that the growing indigenous activism in Latin America and Islamic radicalism are both depicted as threats to the security and hegemony of the United States in the "Global Trends 2020 - Mapping the Global Future" study by the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC). NIC works with 13 government agencies, including the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), and is advised by experts from the United States and other countries.

92. Chile Condemned For Treatment Of Its Indigenous Population By only recognizing one “people”—the “chilean people”—the Constitution Though chile has not ratified the ILO Convention 169, its indigenous Law of 1993 http://www.coha.org/INTERN FOLDERS/Chris/chris_oped_mapuche.htm

Publishing to be determined Chile Condemned for Treatment of its Indigenous Population Chris Strunk Research Associate Council on Hemispheric Affairs coha@coha.org

93. S/R 36: Chile Cracks Down On Indigenous Activists (Jason Tockman) An indigenous people numbering more than one million, the Mapuche were never respect the rights of indigenous people. But chile has refused to comply. http://www.greens.org/s-r/36/36-10.html

s/r home issues authors 36 contents Synthesis/Regeneration 36 (Winter 2005) Chile Cracks Down on Indigenous Activists by Jason Tockman Four indigenous activists and a supporter were recently sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of terrorism in relation to the Mapuches’ struggle to reclaim lands seized by the Chilean state and forestry companies, notably Arauco and CMPC. They will join a growing list of Mapuche prisoners in Chilean jails, including community leaders—“Lonkos” in the native language—while a dozen more await trial. Some have had to go into hiding to avoid facing a judicial system that they feel “criminalizes the indigenous cause and has a racist bias against the Mapuche.” The five defendants were charged with “terrorist arson” under Pichochet-era anti-terrorist laws for allegedly setting fire to a CMPC pine plantation near the town of Ercilla. Once invoked, the laws allow the government to double jail sentences, conceal the identity of witnesses, and withhold evidence from the defense. But punishment does not yield when the prison sentence is complete; the “terrorist” is then restricted from participating in trade unions, business ownership, public office, journalism and teaching. “They say that we are ‘terrorists’ for defending our rights,” said Pascual Pichún, 52, from a prison in Traiguen, where he and fellow Lonko Aniceto Norín, 47, are being held for five years. “The plantations have greatly impacted the community. We have lost medicinal herbs, native forests and water. The fumigation of the tree plantations has polluted the water and contaminated the lands and animals.”

94. Chile: The Forestry Model In Big Trouble During February and March, the south of chile witnessed a number of He saidthat the indigenous people that took part in this action claim 50000 http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/21/Chile.html

Chile: the forestry model in big trouble The Chilean forestry model has been publicized as an example of modern forestry development and has been exported as such to the countries of the region. However, such forestry development style, implemented during the military dictatorship and resulting in economic concentration, the displacement of thousands of peasants and indigenous people and negative environmental impacts is now being severely challenged through direct actions by those affected. In this case, by the Mapuche indigenous peoples. During February and March, the south of Chile witnessed a number of confrontations resulting from the Mapuche's struggle for the recognition of their territorial rights. With the exception of the metropolitan area of the country's capital city Santiago, this is where the majority of this indigenous nation lives, totalling a million people. In order to make effective their ancestral but systematically ignored rights, 300 Mapuche from the communities of Temulemu, Didaico and Pantano, together with others from Lumaco decided to take direct action and on March 5 th they attacked the Chorrillos estate, located to the southwest of Traiguen. Their aim was to put a stop to the cutting of pines from a plantation which the enterprise Forestal Mininco considers to be its own. The Agrarian Reform implemented by former President Eduardo Frei Montalva the current President's father recognized the ownership of the Mapuche communities over those lands. Pinochet's military dictatorship later confiscated those lands, which were put on sale and purchased by this enterprise.

95. 'War On Terror' Has Latin American Indigenous People In Its Sights SANTIAGO, chile – The ”war on terror”, identified in Amnesty Maldós commentedto IPS that Latin America’s indigenous people are in the midst of an http://gnn.tv/headlines/3234/_War_on_Terror_Has_Latin_American_Indigenous_People

content new all articles headlines videos links ... GNN STORE Buy GNN's award-winning DVDs TRUE LIES The GNN Book "Inflammatory" - NY Observer Sign up for the GNN newsletter to get the first word on video premieres and breaking news. Check out the GNN 2.0 blog to get the latest news about site updates and features. Read the GNN FAQ for information about the site, forum rules and other GNN 2.0 information. Optimized for FireFox To download the Firefox web browser, visit mozilla.com Donate to the Hurricane Katrina Relief Effort Headlines : "War on Terror" 'War on Terror' Has Latin American Indigenous People in Its Sights Mon, 6 Jun 2005 13:48:06 -0700 Summary: The ”war on terror” is threatening to expand to Latin America, targeting indigenous movements that are demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and ”neo-liberal” globalization. In the U.S. there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists, and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light. [Posted By Ryz By Gustavo González Republished from Inter Press Service / Common Dreams Groups demanding autonomy and protesting free-market policies and 'neo-liberal' globalization are next In the United States ”there is a perception of indigenous activists as destabilizing elements and terrorists,” and their demands and activism have begun to be cast in a criminal light, lawyer José Aylwin, with the Institute of Indigenous Studies at the University of the Border in Temuco (670 km south of the Chilean capital), told IPS.

96. Chile People, Chile In practice the ability of indigenous people to participate in governmental And the people of the world should take notice of the fact that chile and http://creekin.net/k8299-n39-chile-people-chile.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact Chile People Chile Principal Locations Antofagasta Arica Calama Concepci³n ... Vi±a del Mar Resources Chile Airfare Terra Chile Chile Newspaper Chile Adventure Travel ... Chile Tourism Chile People Santiago De Chile Tvn Chile Diarios De Chile Chile Rafting ... Chile Culture Chile People Chile (04/05) Read More U.S. Dept. of State FOIA - Church Report (Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973) 1. United States Policy and Covert Action In his 1971 State of the World Message, released February 25, 1971, President Nixon announced: "We are prepared to have the kind of relationship with the Chilean government that it is prepared to have with us." This public articulation of American policy followed internal discussions during the NSSM 97 exercise. Charles Meyer, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, elaborated that "correct but minimal" line in his 1973 testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations: Mr. MEYER. The policy of the Government, Mr. Chairman, was that there would be no intervention in the political affairs of Chile. We were consistent in that we financed no candidates, n ... [ Read More U.S. Dept. of State Press Statement: Chile Declassification Project: Final Release

97. Chile chile. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2003 indigenous peoplealso experienced some societal discrimination. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27890.htm

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Releases Human Rights Western Hemisphere Chile Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 25, 2004 Chile is a multiparty democracy with a constitution that provides for a strong executive, a bicameral legislature, and a separate judiciary. Approved by referendum in 1980 and amended in 1989, the Constitution was written under the former military government and retains certain institutional limits on popular rule. In January 2000, voters elected Ricardo Lagos of the Socialist Party as president in a free and fair runoff election. Lagos' governing coalition known as the Concertacion held a 63-57 majority in the lower house. The Senate was divided 24-24 between pro-Concertacion legislators and the opposition. The judiciary was independent. The armed forces are constitutionally subordinate to the President through an appointed civilian Minister of Defense but enjoy a large degree of legal autonomy. Most notably, the President must have the concurrence of the National Security Council, which consists of military and civilian officials, to remove service chiefs. The Carabineros (the uniformed national police) and the civilian Investigations Police are under operational control of the Ministry of Interior. While civilian authorities maintained effective control of the security forces, some members of security forces committed human rights abuses. In 1999, the export-led free-market economy experienced its first recession after 15 consecutive years of expansion, and the economy has yet to regain its pre-1999 dynamism. According to the 2002 census, the population was 15.1 million. Copper remained the most important export; salmon, forest products, fresh fruit, fishmeal, other minerals, and manufactured goods also were significant sources of foreign exchange. Economic growth for the year was 3.2 percent with inflation of 1.1 percent. Unemployment averaged 8.5 percent during the year. The percentage of the population living below the poverty line was 20.6 percent in 2001.

98. News 2004 04.05.2004 Mapuche Organizations And Regional Entities Such is the case in chile, which hosts APEC in 2004. In chile the rights ofindigenous peoples are comprehensively violated. A racist and discriminatory http://www.ogiek.org/news/news-post-04-05-1.htm

News 2004 Mapuche Organizations and Regional Entities reject APEC summit in their ancestral territory In Opposition to Free Market Globalization and Neo Colonialism, We Say: No to APEC (Mapuche Nation for the Self Determination of Indigenous Peoples and Nations) Contrary to the claims made by governments, businesses and transnational corporations about economic globalization, we do NOT understand globalization as a world of opportunity. We understand it as a world of exclusion, marginalization, oppression, ex-appropriation; a world where indigenous people are displaced and their land and natural resources over-exploited; a world in which big corporations use their instruments the World Bank, the IMF, the WTO, the FTAA, Free Trade Agreements and APEC to exercise imperialist power - a power which in many cases transcends that of government and the state to control markets and trade. The current globalization of free trade promotes a neo-colonialism, which, in contrast to the colonialism of yesterday, affects not only indigenous people and nations but vast sectors of the world's population. In other words, in this new system the big corporations are devouring their own colonies.

99. Globalinfo.org - LOG IN LATIN AMERICA WAR ON TERROR ZEROES IN ON indigenous PEOPLE In chile, 6.4percent of the population of 15.2 million identify themselves as indigenous http://www.globalinfo.org/eng/reader.asp?ArticleId=37378

100. UW Gazette, December 17, 1997 From The UW News Bureau Since Coming done work in Ecuador, where about 33 per cent of the people of that countryare indigenous. She has also been involved in research in chile and Peru. http://www.communications.uwaterloo.ca/Gazette/1997/December17/Prof works in Chi

UW Gazette, December 17, 1997 from the UW news bureau Since coming to the University of Waterloo 10 years ago, Dr. Tanya Korovkin, political science, has spent a good deal of time researching indigenous people in Latin America - a growing political force in the region. For the most part she has done work in Ecuador, where about 33 per cent of the people of that country are indigenous. She has also been involved in research in Chile and Peru. Like many other academics involved in field research in the developing areas, Korovkin has often experienced a conflict between her own academic goals and the practical objectives of the people with whom she works. Her solution to the problem lies in a more "collaborative approach." She works with such agencies as Ecuador's Board of Bilingual Education, local indigenous federations, the Amazonian Institute for Indigenous Science and Technology, and the Centre for Pluricultural Studies - all interested in the application of research findings. One project consists of a remarkable oral history of indigenous knowledge, developed by indigenous Ecuadorians. Growing concern over their culture and their roles in society has resulted in change throughout Latin America as indigenous populations seek greater self-understanding and consideration. They want the broader society and national governments to understand them better and pay more atten tion to their goals and ambitions. Korovkin says that indigenous communities are beginning to organize effectively, not only at local levels but also at state and national levels. As well, there is more international cooperation among indigenous organ izations and movements. Nationally, they are increasingly involved in building alliances with other social and political actors. In Ecuador, for example, a new political party represents the federations of the indigenous peoples, trade unions, women's organizations and shantytown associations. The party's candidate came third in the last presidential elections. "We are seeing the rise of nationwide movements that are urban as well as rural, and that can effectively raise issues concerning indigenous people, shantytowns, the union ization of workers, and so on," she says. "In regions with the predominance of indigenous population, most conflicts focus on land or land claims. These people are concerned about the ownership of the land and there are conflicts - between them and oil companies, lumber companies and cattle ranchers. "As for the national government of Ecuador, it is much concerned over enormous foreign debts, so when it comes to encouraging petroleum development, the government has no choice. And the same can be said for the government's attitude towards mining, lumbering and other industrial activities. They are sources of revenue and the government simply must have money." Korovkin is beginning to become active with a new international networking project, the Inter-American Network for System Management and Community Development (INSTRUCT), developed by Trent University and involving Chapingo University in Mexico and Catholic University in Ecuador, with support from the Canadian International De velopment Agency. "INSTRUCT is working in close collaboration with indigenous communities, and this has not happened before," she reports. "Positive attempts are being made to incorpo rate these communities into the planning, research and implementation of programs. But there are problems. There are deep cultural and class differences, so at best progress will surely be slow and uneven." She sees her role as one of bringing a "political component" to the problems and issues INSTRUCT will be undertaking. She says the Roman Catholic church has been involved with the indigenous community for a long time, but there is often mistrust of the church hierarchy (in part because historically, the church was a large land owner). But the church too is changing, and there is more collaboration between the church and the indigenous community than was the case as recently as a few years ago. The trend towards openness and democratization within Latin American countries has resulted in new tensions between those who want to participate in the development of the new programs and the austerity concerns of debt-ridden national governments. Korovkin says these tensions are not unlike some of the tensions various levels of government have experienced in Canada in recent years, though in Latin America they are more severe. "They are the problems of democracy," Korovkin says. "One could not yet call Latin American countries models of democracy but there is now much more room for participation in decision-making processes." In Peru, Korovkin has studied agricultural policies including those dealing with land reform and cooperatives under both military and demo cratic regimes. In Chile, her focus was on neo-liberal agricultural policies implemented by a repressive military regime. She notes that in both countries, and under both forms of government, environmental problems which she attributes in large measure to the heavy use of agricultural chemicals have become concerns among the local communities, despite the improved agricultural production that has been achieved. The persistence of rural poverty, increasing social inequalities and the growth of organized crime are some of the other reasons for concern.

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