61. Water Q&A: Water Chemistry water topics Navigation bar of main water topics. water Q A chemistry and water Find out more about hard water from the www.hardwater.org http://water.usgs.gov/droplet/qachemical.html

Skip to main content USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Water Science for Schools Water Basics Earth's Water Water Cycle Special Topics ... Home Select a question: Why does my water smell like rotten eggs? Why does it take so long to rinse the soap off my hands? How does our swimming pool stay so clean? Why is our porcelain sink stained brown? Why are some lakes I see full of algae and thick plants? Why does my drinking water look cloudy sometimes? (1) Q: Why does my water smell like rotten eggs? A: You would know it if you had this problem! In some parts of the country, drinking water can contain the chemical hydrogen sulfide gas, which smells just like rotten eggs. This can occur when water comes into contact with organic matter or with some minerals, such as pyrite. The situation mostly occurs as ground water filters through organic material or rocks. (2) Q: Why does it take so long to rinse the soap off my hands? A: The terms "soft water" and "hard water" are important here. Water is said to be soft if it has a low concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in it, and hard water has a high concentration of calcium and magnesium. If you use soft water, the ions react with the soap you use to produce a residue that feels like it is hard to wash off. If you use hard water, you also will have a harder time working the soap up into a lather. Hard water is prevalent in some parts of the country, and sometimes water-softening chemicals that reduce the amount of calcium and magnesium are added to the water.

62. The Centre For Advanced And Renewable Materials ::: Intro UK. Consortium of research centres for biocomposites, optoelectronic materials chemistry, chemistry and water soluble polymers, involved in contract research in wood and plant materials. List of events. Links to related sites. http://www.carmtechnology.com/

63. Journal Of Water Chemistry And Technology AV Dumanskii Institute of Colloid chemistry and water chemistry. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. ISSN 1063455X. Vol. 27, 2005. $2195.00. Published bimonthly http://www.allertonpress.com/journals/wat.htm

Home Journals Books Order Info ... Russian Program Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology (Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Vody) Editor-in-Chief: Academician Vladislav V. Goncharuk, Director A.V. Dumanskii Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry Ukrainian Academy of Sciences ISSN 1063-455X Vol. 27, 2005 Published bimonthly This journal is concerned with water and wastewater treatment, water pollution monitoring, water purification, etc. It publishes the results of theoretical and experimental research covering a very broad range of topics, including the structure of water and its fundamental properties; chemical, physicochemical and biological methods of water treatment; methods of water analysis; instrumentation for monitoring water quality; and automation and control of treatment processes and systems. Its main rubrics of coverage are: Theoretical principles of water conditioning and treatment technology Physical chemistry of water treatment processes Analysis of natural and wastewaters Water treatment and demineralization technology Biological methods of water treatment Many of the articles are from the Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences), which is particularly well known for its contributions to the study of chemical and physicochemical water treatment processes, especially chlorination, ion exchange, adsorption, oxidation-reduction processes, removal of surfactants, radioactive pollutants, regenerative treatment methods, industrial wastes, etc.

64. EOA Internet Campus Includes activities about the earth, space, oceans and water, weather and climate, physics and chemistry, and geography and mapping. Requires Macromedia Flash Shockwave and Apple Quicktime. http://www.eoascientific.com/campus/

General Science Earth Ocean Atmosphere ... Space Credits EOA Home This campus contains selections of some of the more than 100 interactive exercises found in the ScienceSchoolHouse Discover! Science Library. In addition to these exercises, Discover! Science contains 100 chapters of narrated text; 1,000 illustrations and photographs; six hours of animations and video clips; multiple layers of individualized educational materials; 12 half-hour video documentaries and a unique 3-D Virtual Laboratory. Samples Waves Characteristics (Ocean / Lakes) Waves are generated on the surface of water (ocean/lakes) by wind. The wind transfers energy to the water, through friction between the air molecules and the water molecules. Waves of water do not move horizontally, they only move up and down (a wave does not represent a flow of water). Use this wave interactive to learn more on waves. The Internet Campus is an interactive multimedia science learning web site of: EOA Scientific , a developer of educational software EOA Scientific Systems, Inc.

65. C&EN: COVERSTORY - CHEMISTRY FOR WATER chemistry lies at the heart of waterquality issues, both positively and The use of green chemistry to reduce water contamination at the source has http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8229/8229chemrawn.html

September 19, 2005 Vol. 83, Iss. 38 View Current Issue Back Issues Join ACS July 19, Volume 82, Number 29 pp. 25-30 CHEMISTRY FOR WATER CHEMRAWN conference in Paris examines how chemistry can help meet the world's water supply and quality needs Water, one of the most abundant compounds on Earth, is special because all life-forms on Earth are totally water dependent, observes Leiv K. Sydnes, a chemistry professor at the University of Bergen, in Norway. "Water amounts to up to 80% of our bodies and plays diverse chemical roles in humans as well as in flora, fauna, soil, and air." MAISON DE LA CHIMIE Leaders from government, industry, and academia gathered at central Paris venue to discuss water issues. PHOTO BY MICHAEL FREEMANTLE Yet a huge portion of the world's population does not have access to a reliable supply of drinking water. And pollution of water resources is a global problem. These issues and related technology questions were the focus of CHEMRAWN XV, the latest in the Chemical Research Applied to World Needs series of international conferences.

66. Swimming Pool Maintenance, Pool Information And Pool Problems - POOL WIZARD Addresses questions about pool water chemistry and safety, and swimming pool problems. Includes step by step guides and pool calculators. http://www.havuz.org/

Pool Water Maintenance Visit Pool Wizard USA Home Site Map Pool Overview ... TÜRKÇE Most pool owners have similar complaints about their pool water problems and say things like: "My swimming pool always turns green with algae !", "My eyes and nose burn when I swim and I can smell the chlorine ," or "The swimming pool water is cloudy . How do I know if the water is safe for my kids?" This site addresses these and other questions about pool water chemistry and swimming pool problems . Step by step guides take you through all aspects of pool water testing , balancing the water chemistry and general swimming pool maintenance . To make life easier, there are convenient water calculators to help you work out how much of each chemical you need. You can also work out the volume of your swimming pool or make conversions between gallons and litres The pages dealing with identifying and solving the most common swimming pool problems will no doubt be of use to all pool owners, pool maintainers and swimmers alike. Problems such as

67. Water Chemistry To understand water chemistry, it is important to know how atoms are held together This process, called neutralization, is important in water chemistry. http://www.raynewater.com/Water Chemistry Tech Data.html

Home Soft Water Drinking Water FAQ ... E-Mail Water Chemistry - Technical Data for the water in your life! WATER CHEMISTRY Water is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless substance which exists naturally as either solid, liquid, or gas. Water is a very stable compound which can withstand extreme temperatures before decomposing into individual atoms. In the universe there are two prime ingredients: matter and energy. All matter can be classified as compounds, elements, or mixtures. An element can be defined as a substance which cannot be decomposed chemically into a simpler substance. To understand water chemistry, it is important to know how atoms are held together to form compounds. ATOM A molecule may consist of one atom or two or more similar atoms. An atom is matter in its simplest form and is inconceivably small. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles, neutrons have no charge, and electrons are negatively charged and considerably smaller. Protons and electrons determine chemical properties of an atom, while neutrons merely add mass or weight to the atomic unit. Most atoms have a nucleus formed by neutrons and protons. The number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons. The number of neutrons equals the mass number minus the atomic number. An atom is electrically neutral. Hydrogen is the smallest and simplest atom, consisting of one proton and one electron orbiting around it. Other atoms have two or more orbiting electrons; the most complex natural element, uranium, has 92.

68. WATER Importance and biophysical properties of water. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/water/water.htm

WATER Shawn Huston WHY WATER? You're right if you think it's terribly difficult to select an aspect or two to discuss when the larger topic is water. There's all sorts of fascinating stuff! Everything from the role of the waters of hydration in antibody-binding to the effect of solvation for stabilizing protein structure to the dependence of water's dielectric and pH on temperature and pressure. This last topic is particularly exciting as we learn more about the thermophiles living at deep sea vents. And to paraphrase a guest I heard on a radio science-talk show recently, once we better understand the life living in our oceans, we'll be much better prepared to understand possible life on other planets. But most importantly, because the aqueous environment influences all of the chemistry that takes place in it, when you are discussing water you get to address just about anything, while still ostensibly focusing on the substance itself. Before we get to water at extremes of temperature and pressure, let's touch briefly on the oh so neglected role of water in our everyday life. And just to be sure we start out on a provocative note, let me here quote Felix Franks who told me "Biochemistry is primarily the chemistry of water."

69. Water chemistry II water and Organic Molecules is a chapter of the OnLine Biology Book, provided by Dr MJ Farabee of the Estrella Mountain Community College, http://bioresearch.ac.uk/browse/mesh/D014867.html

low graphics Water Water / chemistry Water / metabolism broader: Environment other: Ecosystem Soil narrower: Fresh Water Seawater Water / chemistry Chemistry II : water and organic molecules "Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules" is a chapter of the On-Line Biology Book, provided by Dr MJ Farabee of the Estrella Mountain Community College, Arizona, USA. The Chemistry II: Water and Organic Molecules chapter contains sections on structure of water, organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), and a set of learning objectives. This chapter is aimed at university students beginning their studies in biological sciences, and is designed to serve as an introduction to more advanced courses. Water / chemistry Teaching Materials Proteins / chemistry Nucleic Acids / chemistry ... Protein hydration An annotated overview of the hydration of proteins by Prof. Martin Chaplin, Head of the Food Research Centre at South Bank University, London. Protein hydration is discussed in terms of the contribution of water to protein structure and denaturation. Links are provided to relevant publications and to more detailed explanations of certain topics. This resource is made available on the Web by the School of Applied Science, South Bank University. Water / chemistry Teaching Materials Protein Denaturation Protein Conformation ... Nucleic acid hydration An annotated overview of the hydration of nucleic acids by Prof. Martin Chaplin, Head of the Food Research Centre at South Bank University, London. Nucleic acid hydration is discussed in terms of the contribution of water to B-DNA, A-DNA and RNA structure and the difference in the interaction of water between these structures due to the different number of groups present in each molecule that can hydrogen bond to water. Links are provided to relevant publications and to more detailed explanations of certain topics. This resource is made available on the Web by the School of Applied Science, South Bank University.

70. Fundamentals Of Fiber Dispersion In Water Master of Science thesis on fiber dispersion in water to the wetlay nonwovens industry, and the tools required to develop apparatus and analysis methods capable of predicting whether a given fiber, fiber blend or white water chemistry will provide a uniform, defect-free wet-laid nonwoven fabric. Author Amit Jayachandran. http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/ncrc/acrobatfiles/thesis/jayachandran.pdf

71. Water Pseudoscience And Quackery (Also known as Aquaschemes or Aquaquackery.) A retired chemistry professor's critical take on commercial products and nostrums relating to water. http://www.chem1.com/CQ/

Junk science in the marketplace Magnets and "catalysts" for softening water, magnetic laundry balls, waters that are "oxygenated", "clustered", "unclustered" or "vitalized" (purporting to improve cellular hydration, remove toxins, and repair DNA), high zeta-potential colloids and vortex-treated waters to raise your energy levels, halt or reverse ageing and remove geopathic stress— all of these wonders and more are being aggressively marketed via the Internet, radio infomercials, seminars, and by various purveyors of new-age nonsense. The hucksters who promote these largely worthless products weave a web of pseudoscientific hype guaranteed to dazzle and confuse the large segment of the public whose limited understanding of science makes them especially vulnerable to this kind of exploitation. The purpose of this site is to examine the credibility of these claims from the standpoint of our present-day understanding of science. The latter, of course, is always evolving and is never complete, but it makes an excellent "B.S. filter" that is almost always reliable. It is hoped that the information presented here will help consumers make more informed decisions before offering up their credit cards to those in the business of flogging pseudoscience. The Bunk House A-Z index and cross-reference of products and processes relating to water treatment and quackery, ranging from the merely unsupported-by-science to the definitely weird

72. Laboratory Of Biomarkers And Biotesting - Ukraine National Academy Of Sciences - Complex approach developed to assess acute and chronic toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in environmental and drinking waters as well as drugs, at Institute of Colloid and water chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev. http://www.celltest.kiev.ua/

english Sorry, your browser doesn't support Java(tm). visit number: start april 2003

73. Water Chemistry And Quality - Plant Management In Florida Waters water chemistry is what s in the water and is a specific term based on scientific When Discussing Florida s water chemistry and water Quality http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/chemqua.html

WATER CHEMISTRY and WATER QUALITY MAIN INDEX Water chemistry is "what's in" the water and is a specific term based on scientific measurements. All waters everywhere contain naturally-occurring elements (chemicals) dissolved in the water. Most of the elements dissolved in Florida freshwaters are beneficial or benign to humans, animals and plants. A very few elements, such as lead and mercury, and man-made chemicals such as certain pesticides, are harmful to humans, animals and plants at some levels. Water quality is "what the water's like" and is a less specific term which may be based as much on personal knowledge, perceptions and beliefs as on scientific measurements. Qualities of water may include color, clarity and so on. One person may judge a lake as having "poor water quality" while another person may judge the same lake as having "good water quality", depending on their knowledge, interests and concerns. Here's a bit more about water quality SOME THINGS TO CONSIDER When Discussing Florida's Water Chemistry and Water Quality Range in Florida Most FL waters: Alkalinity - 300 milligrams/L CaCO 75% have less than 35 milligrams/L CaCO Aquifers Our freshwaters come from rainfall and aquifers.

74. CMS—Computational Chemistry Study Of The Water–Air Interface Using computational chemistry and quantum density functional theory to examine the chemical composition of the waterair interface helps us understand a wide http://www-cms.llnl.gov/s-t/water_mundy.html

Relevance to CMS Strategic Themes Major Accomplishments in 2003 We put 216 water molecules into our computer model and described all of the forces acting among them. We then solved the equations of motion for all of the atoms, allowing the molecules to evolve as the interatomic forces demand. We used both classical and quantum mechanics methods to compute the forces. Once the simulation reached dynamic equilibrium, the results were used to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the system. Science. At the surface, the majority (66 percent) of the water molecules were oriented with one OH arm pointed out of the liquid and into the vapor direction, while another 13 percent had both H atoms oriented out of the liquid. This results in a surface that is more reactive than water in the bulk liquid phase. These findings have important implications for the reactivity of aerosols and their ability to accumulate reactive species such as pollutants into solution within the droplets ( Figure 1 ). Perhaps the most important result of this study was the demonstration that the chemistry of water can be studied computationally, which opens a new area for important studies in the coming years. Future Goals Figure 2 shows a simulation in which the presence of NaCl (salt) in water results in the chloride ions being pushed to the water surface, changing the reactivity of the surface region. In contrast, when the same amount of sodium fluoride is present in the water, the fluoride ions are more bound into the bulk water and less available to react with species in the vapor phase.

75. The Centre For Advanced And Renewable Materials ::: Intro A consortium of four Research Centres offering leading edge research and development to industry. CARM represents a single point of contact for the BioComposite centre, Optoelectronic Materials chemistry Laboratory and chemistry department of Bangor University and the water Soluble Polymers department of the NE Wales institute. UK http://www.carmtechnology.co.uk/

76. IONISING RADIATION Absorption spectra of water radiolysis intermediates measured by pulse radiolysis. There is a voluminous literature on gasphase radiation chemistry and http://www.photobiology.com/educational/len/part4.htm

Back to the previous section 4. RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF WATER The radiation chemistry of water has been studied since the discovery natural radioactivity. Early workers starting with Bequerel observed that radium emanations decompose water into the hydrogen and oxygen. This reaction was explained by dissociation of water molecules into the constituent atoms. Further studies with deaerated water led to the identification of the molecular yield consisting of H and H O which was attributed to the recombination reactions of primary H and OH radicals. The slow decomposition of H O explains the formation of O . The irradiation of inorganic and organic compounds in aqueous solution usually generate more products and higher yields under oxygenated conditions compared to oxygen-free solutions. The enhancing effect of oxygen was attributed by the formation of hydroperoxy radicals HO from reactions of H atoms with molecular oxygen. HO is the acidic form of superoxid e O with p K a = 4.88. This straightforward theory was unchallenged until the early 1960s. Very puzzling questions arose when accurate rate constant measurements with strong gamma-ray sources were inconsistent with the assumption that H atoms are the dominant reducing species in the radiolysis of deaerated water

77. The Saykally Group Active projects include nonlinear chemical imaging nanomicroscopy of nanostructured materials, polymers, and biological systems, terahertz laser spectroscopy of water clusters, infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy of ions and clusters, synchrotron Xray spectroscopy of liquid surfaces, chemistry at liquid surfaces, and single photon counting IR emission spectroscopy of PAHs. http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~rjsgrp/

Prof Rich Saykally People Research Publications ... Media Features last updated E-mail webmaster

78. Climate Impacts On Freshwater Systems An overview of observed responses of the largest lakes in Sweden to a warmer winter climate. Provides brief studies of lake ice, water temperature, water discharge and water level, water chemistry, and biological life. Includes maps, graphs, photographs, references, suggestions for further reading, and links to related sites. http://www.ma.slu.se/climate/Index.html

Climate impacts on freshwater systems The value of continuous monitoring programmes What kind of climate is predicted for the future? Effects of warmer temperatures on: Physical processes Chemical processes Biological processes Sweden's largest lakes Lake ice Water temperature Water discharge and water level Water chemistry ... Overview over observed responses of Sweden's largest lakes to a warmer winter climate Climate impacts on European freshwater systems are currently studied within the EU-project CLIME

79. WileyWater Encyclopedia Oceanography; Meteorology; Physics And water Encyclopedia Oceanography; Meteorology; Physics and chemistry; water Law; and water History, Art, and Culture Jay H. Lehr (Editor), http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471736848.html

80. Scribner Associates, Inc. Designers and manufacturers of hardware, software and accessories for electrochemistry. SolvTek, Inc - solvent purification system that removes water and other chemical impurities for use in chemistry labs. http://www.scribner.com

Home Products Support Download ... Links Scribner Associates, Inc. 150 E. Connecticut Avenue, Southern Pines, North Carolina 28387 Telephone: 910-695-8884 Fax: 910-695-8886 Products News Support Download ... Home ZPlot, CorrWare, FuelCell and MultiStat are registered trademarks of Scribner Associates Inc. This site is best viewed with IE6 webmaster@scribner.com

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