81. College Physics For Students Of Biology And Chemistry - Magnetic Fields And Forc Further suppose that the element extends from z = l/2 to z = +l/2 and that thefield point lies in the xy plane. The field point is then in the r direction http://www.rwc.uc.edu/koehler/biophys.2ed/magnet.html

Magnetic Fields and Forces Our brief mention of the changing electric and magnetic fields in radio and light waves has already led the discerning reader to conclude that electric fields and magnetic fields are closely related. In fact, much of what we have learned about the electric field applies to magnetic fields as well: both exist in the presence of sources the force on a test object is given by the product of the test object and the field; both depend on 1 / r , and both include a dimensionful constant of proportionality. But whereas the electric field is caused by the presence of electric charges , the source of the magnetic field is a current element I l the product of a current and its length. And while the direction of the electric field is radial relative to the source, the direction of the magnetic field is a three-dimensional function of the current direction and the field point called the cross product We have already discussed the x and y components of forces in two dimensions, on a plane. In three dimensions, there is a z component as well which is perpendicular to the x-y plane. With the usual orientation of the x-y plane: the positive z direction points out of the page towards you and the negative z direction points into the page away from you.

82. #1 Site For Learning Chemistry Name of the element (symbol). Atomic number (Z). Total number of electrons.Electronic Configuration. K L M N. Hydrogen (H) http://home.att.net/~cat6a/chem_symbols.htm

Introduction to Chemistry - Part II Keywords: Help Chemical Symbols All Elements have been named by the scientists who had discovered them and do not have any particular nomenclature. Quite a few have Latin names. Some have English names also. Although the names are long, generally abbreviation of either first or first two letters represents the element. This is done for convenience only. Some elements are known commonly by their English names but the abbreviations followed are of their Latin names!! The abbreviations are called symbols and all the elements are represented by different symbols. Table below gives some of the names of the elements and their symbols. Common name of element Latin Name Symbol Hydrogen H Carbon C Sodium Natrium Na Chlorine Cl Iron Ferrum Fe Silver Argentum Ag Gold Aurum Au It has to be borne in mind that for an element represented by two lettered symbol, the first one is in capitals and second one is written as a lower case letter. This again is an adopted convention by scientists and is completely accepted by all. Chemical Formulae Substances (either compounds or mixtures) can be written in combination of the symbols, but have to be written in correct proportion of the elements that are the constituents. The written representation of a molecule of a substance using symbols of constituent element is called the molecular or chemical

83. Lecture 5 Periodic Trends Of Atomic Parameters Write out the electron configuration of an element in groups of (1s), (2s, 2p), each electron with different n and l values can have a different Zeff http://www.chemistry.uvic.ca/chem222/Notes/lect5v1.htm

84. Heavy Element And Nuclear Chemistry At LBNL - Publications Confirmation of Production of Element 110 by the 208Pb(64Ni,n) Reaction, PhysicalReview C First Chemical Investigation of Hassium (Hs, Z=108), Czech. http://heavyelements.lbl.gov/publications.htm

publications The list is also available as a PDF document. Gregorich, K.E., Ginter, T.N., Loveland, W., Peterson, D., Patin, J.B., Folden III, C.M., Hoffman, D.C., Lee, D.M., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J.P., Omtvedt, L.A., Stravsetra, L. Sudowe, R., Wilk, P.A., Zielinski, P.M., Aleklett, K., 2003. Cross Section Limits for the 208Pb(86Kr,n)293118 Reaction, European Journal Physics A 18, 633. LBNL-51215. Ginter, T.N., Folden, C.M., Gregorich, K.E., Hoffman, D.C., Kirbach, U.W., Lee, D.M., Loveland, W., Ninov, V., Nitsche, H., Patin, J.B., Seward, N., Sudowe, R., Wilk, P.A., Zielinski, P.M., Aleklett, K., Eichler, R., 2003. Confirmation of Production of Element 110 by the 208Pb(64Ni,n) Reaction, Physical Review C 67, 064609-1-5, LBNL-51696. Shaughnessy, D. A., Booth, C. H., Nitsche , H., Shuh, D. K., Waychunas, G. A., Wilson, R. E., Gill, H., Cantrell, K. J., Serne, R. J., 2003. Molecular Interfacial Reactions Between Pu(VI) and Manganese Oxide Minerals Manganite (MnOOH) and Hausmannite (Mn3O4), Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 3367 - 3374. LBNL- 51325. Knopp, R., Panak, P.J., Wray, L.A., Renninger, N., Keasling, J.D., Nitsche, H., 2003, Laser spectroscopic studies of interaction of U(VI) with bacterial phosphate species, Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 2812-2818. LBNL-48224.

85. General Chemistry Online: Glossary: General chemistry terms beginning with L. An effect that causes sixth periodelements with filled 4f subshells to be smaller than otherwise expected. http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/l.shtml

Home Common Compounds Exam Guide FAQ ... Glossary Glossary: L A B C D ... K L M N O P ... Z L-. L-isomer. Compare with D- Prefix used to designate a levorotatory enantiomer Lambert's law. The intensity of radiation passing through a material decays exponentially with path length b. lanthanide contraction. An effect that causes sixth period elements with filled 4f subshells to be smaller than otherwise expected. The intervention of the lanthanides increases the effective nuclear charge, which offsets the size increase expected from filling the n=6 valence shell. As a consequence, sixth period transition metals are about the same size as their fifth period counterparts. lanthanide. Compare with actinide and inner transition metals Elements 57-70 are called lanthanides. Electrons added during the Aufbau construction of lanthanide atoms go into the subshell. latent heat. Heat that is absorbed without causing a rise in temperature. For example, "latent heat of vaporization" refers to the amount of heat required to convert a liquid to vapor at a particular temperature. lattice.

86. General Chemistry Online: Glossary: General chemistry terms beginning with Z. Zn. Element 30, atomic weight 65.37,a reactive gray metal that dissolves in acids, used to galvanize metals http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/z.shtml

Home Common Compounds Exam Guide FAQ ... Glossary Glossary: Z A B C D ... Y Z Zeeman effect. The splitting of spectral lines when an external magnetic field is applied. zeta potential. electrokinetic potential. Electric potential across all phase boundaries between solids and liquids. In colloids, the zeta potential is the potential across the ion layer around a charged colloidal particle. Neutralizing the zeta potential can cause the colloid to precipitate zeolite. Addition compounds of the type Na O O, with calcium sometimes replacing or present with the sodium. The sodium in the zeolite exchanges with calcium in water, making zeolites useful for water softening. The porous structure of zeolites also makes them effective molecular sieves used as gas adsorbents and drying agents. Artificial zeolites are used as ion exchange resins zero order reaction. Compare with first order reaction and second order reaction A reaction with a reaction rate that does not change when reactant concentrations change. zero point energy. A minimum possible energy for an atom or molecule predicted by quantum mechanics . Electrons stay in motion and bonds continue to vibrate even at absolute zero because of zero point energy.

87. Search Minerals By Chemistry Click on an element to select it (matches MUST INCLUDE this element). Minerals A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z, or find http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php

88. Double-Shell PSE: Extended Discussion At this turning point of transuranium element chemistry, it is appropriate totake up n+l filling rule in the periodic system and focussing potentials http://www.neubert.net/PSEExten.html

www.neubert.net - Dr. Neubert's Website The Entropy Reduction Laboratory Double-Shell PSE: Extended Discussion Prolog The history and new developments of the periodic sytem are layed out. Theoretical and experimental aspects related to the new Double-Shell Periodic System are presented. Table of Contents Table of Contents Chemistry of Transuranium Elements From Empedokles to Mendeleev Electronic Structure of the Hydrogen Atom and the Periodic System The Double-Shell structured Periodic system ... Back to Welcome page Chemistry of Transuranium elements The Chemistry of the Transuranium elements At this turning point of transuranium element chemistry, it is appropriate to take up anew the question on the structure of periodic system of the elements, especially with respect to the position of the very heavy elements (2) in the system. Instead of asking " What predicts the periodic system as the position of current and future artificial elements? ", the question may be posed also from the opposite direction: " What can be learnt about the structure of periodic system from the chemical properties of current and future artificial elements? And What are the chemical properties of the first elements of new subshells, i.e. of the elements 113 and 119 ? " and especially " What are the new properties of element 121, which is expected to start with a shell of type g ( l = 4 ) ? "

89. Double-Shell PSE: Introduction Due to the magnetic quantum number m, there are 2l + 1 states for each l. For high atomic number Z, it correctly places the transuranium elements. http://www.neubert.net/PSEIntro.html

www.neubert.net - Dr. Neubert's Website The Entropy Reduction Laboratory Introduction to the Double-Shell PSE Prolog The Aufbau (Build-up) principle of the conventional periodic system of the elements is based on the consecutive filling of the states of the hydrogen atom. However, as widely discussed in the literature, there are many exceptions to that rule. One might raise the question, if it is not possible to find a simplified system, which conserves the chemical families of the conventional periodic system, but is characterized by a less complicated formulation of the Aufbau principle. Here a periodic system is introduced, which is of a high symmetry and is decribed by a very simple Aufbau principle, which does not require exceptions. We call it the Double-Shell Periodic System (PSE). Essential features of the Double Shell Periodic System Essential Features of the Double Shell Periodic System Some essential features of this system are: Up to element 120, the PSE consists of four shells.For a view on the new system, see

90. AllRefer.com - Element (Chemistry) - Encyclopedia element, chemistry, General. Related Category chemistry, General. element, inchemistry, a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/E/element.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 19, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Chemistry, General ... element By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z E element, Chemistry, General Related Category: Chemistry, General element, in chemistry, a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means. A substance such as a compound can be decomposed into its constituent elements by means of a chemical reaction, but no further simplification can be achieved. An element can, however, be decomposed into simpler substances, such as protons and neutrons or various combinations of them, by the methods of particle physics, e.g., by bombardment of the nucleus. Sections in this article: Introduction The Atom Properties of the Elements Official Symbols for the Elements The Elements through the Ages ... Bibliography Topics that might be of interest to you: atom atomic number atomic weight atomic mass ... ununquadium Related Categories: Science and Technology Chemistry More articles from AllRefer Reference on element SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities.

91. SparkNotes: SAT II Chemistry: Explanations But the easy way to get the answer is to guesstimate 50% of the element exists as The electron removed in each case is from the 1s sublevel, so Zeff http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter4section11.rhtml

saveBookmark("", "", ""); Jump to a New Chapter Introduction to the SAT II Introduction to the SAT II Chemistry Test Strategies for Taking the SAT II Chemistry Test The Structure of Matter The States of Matter Reaction Types Stoichiometry Equilibrium and Reaction Rates Thermodynamics Descriptive Chemistry Laboratory Basic Measurement and Calculation Review Chemical Formulas Review: Nomenclature and Formula Writing Practice Tests Are Your Best Friends < return to the previous section continue to the next section >> Atomic Structure—What We Know Today Nuclear Reactions ... Explanations Explanations A There are two ways to get this answer, the hard way and the easy way. To solve this problem the hard way, first multiply the percent abundance by the atomic mass of a given isotope and then add the products together. You’ll see that the hard way actually isn’t very hard: 30.00% = 40.00 amu: 30% is 3 10%, right? So if 10% of 40 is 4, then 3 4 = 30% of 40, which is equal to 12 amu. 50.00% = 41.00 amu, and 50% is of 41, which is 20.5 amu. 20.00% = 42.00 amu, and 20% = 2

92. Chemistry : Chapter 3 : Overview If l = 3, it is called an f orbital. These shapes are very complicated. A p3 element has one electron in each orientation of the p orbitals. http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/overview/ch3.htm

blue within the text below): actinide angular momentum quantum number Bohr de Broglie ... spectroscopy The theories describing the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom were developed from various experiments. The nuclear model of the atom , proposed by Rutherford , was based on an experiment where a particles bombarded gold foil. In this model, protons and neutrons are concentrated in a very tiny fraction of the volume of the atom, called the nucleus. Electrons were somewhere outside this nucleus and taking up most of the space of an atom. Rutherford Experiment Tutorial Because electrons take up most of the space in an atom and are on the outside of an atom, most chemical properties are due to electrons. When an atom encounters another atom (chemically react), it is the electrons that interact. When an atom interacts with light, it is the electrons that respond to that energy. Consequently, much of the theory of atomic structure is devoted to the study of electrons, and most of the experimental evidence for these theories is based on the interaction of electrons with light. The photoelectric effect is an example of the interaction of light and electrons. The

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94. Lee G. Sobotka | Washington University In St. Louis, Department Of Chemistry Department of chemistry Washington University in St. Louis This elementbuilding process is controlled by the masses and the density of states (at the http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/faculty/sobotka.html

@import "misc/drupal.css"; @import "themes/chem/style.css"; Home Faculty Low-Bandwidth Page Directory ... Contact Lee G. Sobotka About Us Faculty Research Facilities ... Links Professor Nuclear Chemistry Physical Chemistry Radiochemistry 259 Department of Chemistry Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 lgs@wuchem.wustl.edu Research Group Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1982-4) Ph.D., University of California- Berkeley (1982) B.S., University of Michigan (1977). Research Our interests in basic nuclear science span from the structure of nuclei far off stability to the mechanisms by which heavy nuclei react and highly excited nuclei decay. Topics under current investigation include: The influence of phase transitions in finite, two component quantal systems on the dynamics of collisions between heavy nuclei. Developing techniques to measure the density-of-states for nuclei along the rapid n-capture nucleosynthesis path. Clustering in low density nuclear systems. The evaporation of complex clusters of nucleons and the influence of final state interactions on the decay of these clusters. Development of new detector technology and pulse processing electronic for ionizing radiation.

95. General Chemistry Support Package Welcome to the online chemistry Dictionary for the General chemistry Self HelpPackage. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/teaching/GenChemWeb/Definitions/IndexDef2.htm

Welcome to the online Chemistry Dictionary for the General Chemistry Self Help Package A B C D ... Z A Acid Alkali/Base Alkali Metal Atom ... Atomic Number B C Catalyst Compound Conductivity Covalent Bond D Diatomic Dissolve E Electronic configuration Electrons Element Energy ... Experiment F G Gas Group (of Periodic Table) H Halogens I Ion Isotope Isomers J K L Liquid M Mass Mass Number Metal Mixture ... Monatomic N Neutrons Nobel Gases Nonmetal Nuclear Charge ... Nucleus O Oxidation P Period (of Periodic Table) Periodic table Proton Q R Radioactivity Reaction Redox Reduction ... Relative molecular mass S Saturated Solution Solid Solute Solution ... Subatomic particles T Transition Metals U V Valence electron Valence bond theory Valency W X Y Z Acid: Back To Top Alkali/Base: Back To Top Alkali Metal: group 1 elements (in periodic table), reactive metals.

96. Mineralogy Notes 3 elements up to Fe (iron, Z=26) formed by direct fusion of lighter elements. Lithophile (L) Those elements which form ionic bonds generally have filled http://ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth/G30103.html

Chapter 3. Mineral Crystal Chemistry 3.1 Elemental Abundances The distribution of solar element abundances is a consequence of element building in stars. Our solar system condensed from a gas which was produced from an exploding star (nova). The distribution (abundance) of the various elements is a function of the fusion cross section and the neutron capture cross section of the various parents and the neutron flux and other conditions in the parent star. Elements up to Fe (iron, Z=26) formed by direct fusion of lighter elements. The rest have formed by neutron capture and beta-decay. Elements of even atomic number and isotopes of even atomic weight are the most stable and hence have the greatest abundances. Alpha-particle stability is a prime example. The crustal abundances result from the convoluting of solar abundances by the chemical reactions in earth's accretionary processes. The accretionary processes are essentially chemical processes as opposed to nuclear reactions of the stars. H, He and the other noble gases plus C, N, S and the gases CH , H S, N

97. From Quantum Numbers To The Periodic Table l subsidiary (azimuthal, angular momentum or orbital shape) quantum number l elements and their orbitals are ordered with respect to atomic number Z. http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/34_qn/qn_to_pt.html

The Electronic Structure of Atoms: From Quantum Numbers to The Periodic Table Massive atomic nuclei are born naked, but their net positive charge, Z, quickly attracts Z comparatively massless electrons to produce neutral atoms. The electrons do not "nuclear react" with the protons in the nucleus (as they do inside neutron stars), instead they associate as three dimensional resonant standing waves; a subtle quantum mechanical dance about the point positive charge. l , proportional to Plank's constant, h , and its momentum p so that l = h/p (a property now known as wave-particle duality). The chemist's orbital is actually a conceptual model, but one which is enormously useful for thinking about atomic and molecular structure. Mathematically orbitals are used as the foundation of most computational quantum chemistry software. However, orbitals should not be considered as real, however tempting this might be in view of their effectiveness in chemistry and physics. Chemists recognise several types of orbital, including the s, p, d and f orbitals associated with atoms. The topology of these orbitals (orbital number, shape, phase and electron occupancy) are described by four quantum numbers:

98. Chemistry 101 There are seven orbitals in the 6f sublevel. All f orbitals have l=3 element Z, if element Z has the electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p4? http://www2.latech.edu/~dkuila/Chemistry101-02, Spring 2004/Chapter 7 - Objectiv

Chemistry 101; Chapter 7 Objectives and Homework Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Basic Skills Students should be able to: Explain the use of the quantum mechanical model of the atom to represent the energy and probable location of electrons (Section 7.4). Understand the spin properties of electrons and how they affect electron configurations and the magnetic properties of atoms (Section 7.5). Describe and explain the relationships among shells, subshells, and orbitals (Section 7.5). Use the periodic table to write the electron configurations of atoms and ions of main group and transition elements (Sections 7.6 and 7.7). Explain variations in valence electrons, electron configurations, ion formation, and paramagnetism of transition metals (Section 7.7). Explain how nuclear magnetic resonance works and how it is used in chemical analysis and medical diagnosis (Tools of Chemistry). Describe trends in atomic radii, based on electron configurations (Section 7.8). Describe trends in ionic radii and explain why ions differ in size from their atoms (Section 7.9). Use electron configurations to explain trends in the ionization energies of the elements (Section 7. 10).

99. Hydrogen Atom: Definition And Much More From Answers.com H n, l, m \rang = E_n n, l,. where. E_n = {{mc^2 Z^2 \alpha^2} and a is thefine structure For heavier elements, this is more significant (see 1 http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrogen-atom-2

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Medical Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping hydrogen atom Medical hydrogen-1 n. The most abundant isotope of hydrogen, having atomic mass 1. Also called protium Wikipedia hydrogen atom Hydrogen-1 Full table General Name symbol protium, H Neutrons Protons Nuclide Data Natural abundance Half-life stable Isotope mass u Spin Excess energy keV Binding energy 0.000 ± 0.000 keV A hydrogen atom is an atom of the element hydrogen . It is composed of a single negatively-charged electron , attending a positively-charged proton which is the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The electron is bound to the proton by the Coulomb force The hydrogen atom has special significance in quantum mechanics as a simple physical system for which an exact solution to the Schr¶dinger equation exists, from which the experimentally observed frequencies and intensities of the hydrogen spectral lines can be calculated. In 1913, Niels Bohr had deduced the spectral frequencies of the hydrogen atom making several assumptions (see The Bohr Model ). The results of Bohr for the frequencies and underlying energy values are confirmed by the full quantum-mechanical analysis which uses the Schr¶dinger equation, as was shown in 1925/26. The full analysis goes further, because it also yields the shape of the electron's wave function ("orbital") for the different possible quantum-mechanical states. This allows to determine the intensity of spectral lines (which correspond to transitions between these states), among other things. In addition, the full analysis is applicable also to more complicated atoms with more than one electron, as well as

100. Crystal Chemistry Nuclear chemistry. atomic number (Z) = number of protons written assuperscript in front of element symbol. Example Potassium (Z = 19) http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmartin/mineralogy/Fall03/Lectures_notes/Chemistry

Crystal Chemistry • Mineral  defined, but generally not fixed, composition - a review of basic chemistry • Chemical elements: - protons, neutrons (nucleus), electrons Nuclear chemistry: - atomic number (Z) = number of protons - specific for particularly elements (periodic table) - neutrons protons weight, differences in numbers create isotopes - Atomic weight = sum of protons and neutrons - written as superscript in front of element symbol Example: Potassium (Z = 19) - 40K has 21 neutrons - 39K has 20 neutrons Electrons • uncharged atoms, number of electrons = number of protons • orbit nucleus in systematic way - organized according to energy levels - energy depends on quantum number (n, l, ml, ms) - quantum number unique for each element • n = higher energy (similar to shells K, L, M ) • l refers to shape of region where electron likely to be found (similar to subshell s, p, d, f) • ml and ms have to do with orbitals within subshells and spin of electrons -important of magnetic properties • Specific energy corresponds to electron quantum number • Energy of different subshells overlap • Electrons fill subshells systematically in order of energy level • Configuration of electrons: - core: all orbital position of any individual shell filled with electrons - valence: electrons in shells that are not completely filled Formation of Ions Ions excess of deficiency of electrons relative to protons Anions – net negative charge Cations – net positive charge Valence or Oxidation state is the value of the charge on an ion.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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