81. Mineral Chemistry It can be used to measure all of the major elements in a rock or mineral as The proportionality constant, k, can be determined from the first equation http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens211/mineral_chemistry.htm

82. #1 Site For Learning Chemistry Resources and articles on physics, chemistry and maths for students, Some elements placed in between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table are http://home.att.net/~cat6a/metals-I.htm

Metals and Non-Metals - Part I Keywords: Help There are about 90 elements, up to Uranium, that are found naturally. Another 20 elements, beyond Uranium, called trans-uranium elements, have been produced artificially in the laboratories by nuclear reactions. Two elements, Technetium (Tc) and Promethium (Pm) that occur below Uranium are unstable in nature. Elements can be classified by the physical and chemical properties that they display. We have discussed about classification of elements in earlier chapters. The chemical behavior of all elements depends on their electronic configurations. It is the electrons that take part in chemical reactions and therefore their interactions are the main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction. The periodic table of elements has been made on the basis of electronic configuration of elements alone. Depending on the availability of “free” electrons, elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. Free electrons are unbound electrons, beyond closed shells. In metals, these unbound electrons are given off or donated during compound formation. In non-metals, there are no free electrons, instead there is a deficiency of electrons. While forming compounds, non-metals borrow electrons. Examples of metals are Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Gold (Au). Examples of non-metals are Carbon (C ), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl).

83. Marine And Freshwater Chemistry, University Of Otago, Publications, Rivers Geochemical cycling of major and minor elements in the Taieri and Waipori Increases in the concentrations of Mg and Na+K indicate the weathering of Mg, http://neon.otago.ac.nz/chemistry/research/mfc/pubs/rivers/rivers.htm

Publications relating to river water chemistry The Water of Leith, a small stream flowing through the Otago campus, is a few metres from our lab, and has been a useful test-bench for our river water research. Geochemical cycling of major and minor elements in the Taieri and Waipori river catchments. J.P. Kim and K.A. Hunter (2000). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand . (in press). Forms of Mercury and Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Long-finned Eels, Anguilla dieffenbachii, from Three Rivers in Otago, New Zealand . Redmayne, A.C., Kim, J.P., Closs, G.P. and Hunter, K.A. (2000). Science of the Total Environment This research project, which formed the major part of the MSc thesis of Amanda Redmayne, focuses on mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in the New Zealand long-finned eel ( Anguilla dieffenbachii The full text of this article is not yet available for download. Geochemical processes affecting the major ion compositions of rivers in the South Island, New Zealand. Kim, J. P., Hunter, K.A. and Reid, M. R. (1999) Marine and Freshwater Research This article reports on the major ion compositions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Cl, SO4 and reactive Si) of 7 rivers in the South Island, New Zealand (Manuherikia, Clutha, Takaka-Cobb, Haast, Grey, Aorere and Rakaia Rivers). All of the rivers were pristine when compared to global average river waters, and the concentrations of most major ions were close to the 1% percentile levels for global river water compositions. A geochemical model which attributes ion compositions to both rain input and to the weathering of various simple mineral types in the catchment was applied to these data, and to data already published by our group. It was found that this model, although simplistic, accounts for the main features of major ion composition in the rivers studied. The dominant sources of major ions were the weathering of limestones and feldspars. Atmospheric input was relatively small except for Na+ and Cl-.

84. ASDAL/chem chemistry Drill and Practice Tutorials = K 12 the tutorials begin withmatter and measurement, elements and atoms, and move to more advanced topics http://www.andrews.edu/library/RefDesk/ASDAL/chem.html

c h e m i s t r y t e a c h i n g c h e m i s t r y : for teachers all grades pre kindergarten k - grade 3 ... college + r e f e r e n c e : reference biographies calculators chemicals ... tutorials s u b j e c t s : analytical chemistry biochemistry safety teaching chemistry f o r t e a c h e r s Chemistry Coach = best !!! Current Course Activities Original Tutorials Local Study Skills Pages Pedagogy General Chemistry Online Common Compound Library a searchable database of over 800 common compound names, formulas, structures, and properties featured articles and tutorials Toolbox Interactive graphing, popup tables, and calculators Tutorials index of self-guided tutorials, quizzes, and drills on specific topics Glossary a searchable, crosslinked collection of over 1000 chemical terms now with audio pronunciations Trivia Quiz 45 randomly selected trivia questions Chemistry Exam Survival Guide Skills checklists and online self-grading examinations Interactive Textbook textbook for an introductory course in chemistry, mathematics and physics includes the Maple standard for teaching calculus Resource Lists for Chemistry Teaching LookSmart - Chemistry all Subjects projects / experiments chemical substances periodic table household chemistry a l l - g r a d e s ChemWebOnline = K - 12 the chemistry site which does it all if you are taking any Chemistry class, high school chemistry, A.P. level chemistry, or even college level chemistry, you will find this site to be an informative study helper

85. Chemistry Web Resources Curricular Area All Subjects Grade Level K12 Topic chemistry Topics includeatoms, molecules, elements, Physical chemistry, images and aqueous http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/sciweb/chem.html

Curricular Area: All Subjects Grade Level: K-12 Topic: Chemistry BigChalk.com - Chemistry Description : The biggest study site on the internet. Linking to everything that's fit to learn. Curricular Area: Science Grade Level: 7-12 Topic: Chemistry Chempire A kingdom of Chemistry Resources Description The Chempire is a site designed to aid both students and teachers with high school chemistry. Students can make use of its online, condensed textbook and interactive, randomly-generated practice problems. Teachers can use the Chempire at their school's computer lab in place of busy work, which they would otherwise have to create and correct. Curricular Area: All Subjects Grade Level: K-12 Topic: Chemistry Atomic Website (ThinkQuest) Description Now we know of 112 elements! When the elements are arranged in order, that's known as the Periodic Table. Learn about it at this site. You'll also discover how atoms bond with one another to form molecules. There is also an entertaining section with games. Curricular Area: All Subjects Grade Level: K-12 Topic: Chemistry ChemWeb Online Description ChemWeb Online, the chemistry site which does it all. If you are taking any Chemistry class, high school chemistry, A.P. level chemistry, or even college level chemistry, you will find this site to be an informative study helper.

86. Chemistry : Chapter 5 : Overview For example, since 1 mole of K2S dissociates into 2 moles of potassium ion and 1 In a redox reaction two elements will always change oxidation number. http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/overview/ch5.htm

blue within the text below): acid acid-base neutralization reaction aqueous base ... weak electrolyte Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. Usually the solution is a liquid, but this is not required. Gaseous and solid solutions do exist. Normally, a mixture has two components, the solvent and the solute. The solvent has the greater number of moles; the solute has fewer moles. The solute is also normally the substance of interest, whereas the solvent is a convenient vehicle for it. Consequently, solutions are generally labeled with the solute, and the solvent might not even be mentioned. The most common of all solvents is water. Solutions with water as the solvent may be described as aqueous Since solutions are a mixture, the ratio of solute to solvent varies. This ratio of solute to solvent (or to the entire solution) is called concentration. Many units can be used for concentration . The two emphasized in this chapter are molarity and molality. molarity ( M = moles of solute/liters of solution = mmol solute/mL solution (Equation 5.1)

87. Argonne-Crystal Chemistry Of Trace Elements In Spent Nuclear Fuel Server Status, Crystal chemistry of Trace elements in Spent Nuclear Fuel Molybdenum Kedge XAS from CSNF using Bent-Laue analyzer detection at the http://www.cmt.anl.gov/science-technology/processchem/crystal.shtml

Argonne National Laboratory is operated by The University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy Contact Us Visiting Argonne Comments about this website? Send mail to webmaster@cmt.anl.gov Server Status Crystal Chemistry of Trace Elements in Spent Nuclear Fuel Providing input to the Yucca Mountain repository license application Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrograph of CSNF showing Mo- and Tc-rich epsilon ( ) particles concentrated on the surface of a corroded fuel grain. Research Highlights Fig. 2. Molybdenum K-edge XAS from CSNF using Bent-Laue analyzer detection at the Advanced Photon Source. The molybdenum is present in the fuel at only 0.3 wt%. It is the ability of the Bent-Laue analyzer to resolve these weak features in the presence of a strong background that makes the XAS analysis of trace elements in CSNF possible. Fig. 3. X-ray line scans for uranium, technetium (Tc), and molybdenum (Mo), scaled to relative concentration in the CSNF. These show an anomalous enrichment of Mo and Tc at the surface of a uranium fuel fragment that had been corrosion-tested for more than 8 years. In addition to near-term applications that will allow a better understanding of radionuclide release from corroding waste in the Yucca Mountain Repository, this advance is expected to find applications in understanding fission product behavior in advanced fuel cycles (e.g., fission product behavior in nuclear fuels operating at high temperatures).

88. General Chemistry: Starting Points For Students General chemistry Online! an interactive guide and Web resource for Webelements (Sheffield, UK) The elements in this online periodic table are linked http://www.chem1.com/chemed/genchem.html

A selective, annotated collection of the best Web links for students in General Chemistry courses. This site provides a relatively small but selective set of Web links specifically for students enrolled in General Chemistry courses. Instructors and teachers who maintain course web sites for their own students are invited to link their sites to this one. I welcome suggestions for additions and improvements to this page. Contents of this page General resources and tutorial sites Chemistry-related apparel and accessories Humor Neat stuff to know ... Tutorials and help on specific topics Note: Links that have changed since our previous link check are indicated by Most recent link check: 24 Aug 2005 Links contained in are archives that presumably are no longer being maintained Links that were inaccessible at our last link check are indicated in strikeout type. General resources General Chemistry Online! Virtual Chembook - this nicely-done site by Charles Ophardt of Elmhurst College covers a wide swath of general, organic, and environmental chemistry. The text material is interesting and well written without attempting to be encyclopedic. Chemistry Web Resources - this site maintained by Ron Rinehart of Monterey Peninsula College contains a wealth of material oriented toward chemical education, all well organized in a visually-attractive way.

89. Radon Periodic Table Forum - chemistry Dictionary - chemistry Tools - Resources -Link to Us. Radon element facts. Search by name or symbol http://www.chemicool.com/elements/radon.html

90. Re: Which Elements Trigger The Highest Specific Heat Capacities In Materials? For example, lead has a heat capacity near 25 J/K*mole at 100 K while aluminumis only CRC Handbook of chemistry and Physics, RC Weast, Ed., CRC Press, http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/aug2000/967602320.Ch.r.html

MadSci Network : Chemistry Re: Which elements trigger the highest specific heat capacities in materials? Date: Tue Aug 29 15:41:22 2000 Posted By: David Ellis, Researcher, NASA Lewis Research Center Area of science: Chemistry ID: 966726462.Ch Message: Heat Capacity Heat capacity is defined as "The quantity of heat required to increase the temperature of a system or substance one degree of temperature." [1]. The value is either expressed as being at constant volume or constant pressure. The Specific heat capacity is the ratio of the heat capacity to that of water at 15 degrees centigrade. In 1819, Dulong and Petit offered the empirical relationship that the molar heat capacity of all elements was 3R or 24.9 joules/K*mole (R = gas constant = 8.319 joules/K*mole) [2]. While this is true for many elements around room temperature, the actual values approach at K and can exceed 3R at elevated temperatures. Theoretical calculation of heat capacity as a function of temperature was one of the first great triumphs of quantum physics. Einstein was the first to offer a model that was in good agreement with the experimental data by assuming all atoms in a material were vibrating at the same frequency. His calculations explain the high temperature heat capacity very well, but the heat capacity approaches at K too quickly. Debye modified Einstein's work by assuming a range of frequencies for the atoms in a material. This is closer to reality. The result was an equation that agrees very well with the experimental data.

91. Re: Li, K, Ca, Na Are Only Elements In Activity Series That Replace H In H2O? Re Li, K, Ca, Na are only elements in activity series that replace H in H2O?Date Thu Jan 25 121125 2001 Area of science chemistry ID 976759051.Ch http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/jan2001/980536661.Ch.r.html

MadSci Network : Chemistry Re: Li, K, Ca, Na are only elements in activity series that replace H in H2O? Date: Thu Jan 25 12:11:25 2001 Posted By: Area of science: Chemistry ID: 976759051.Ch Message: Current Queue Current Queue for Chemistry Chemistry archives Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Chemistry MadSci Home Information Search ... Join Us! MadSci Network, webadmin@www.madsci.org

92. K-12 HHMI/NWU Science Teaching Institute K12 Science Teaching Institute chemistry Links WEB elementshttp//www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/web-elements-home.html http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/HHMI/sciencelinks/chemistry.html

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Nebraska Wesleyan University K-12 Science Teaching Institute Chemistry Links Last Updated 3-3-2004 ChemCenter http://www.acs.org/ Chemistry! Chemistry! Chemistry! This site has a variety of links to help in your classroom, lesson plans, or even finding a job! Click here for more details. Chemistry Hypermedia Project http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/vt-chem-ed.html The Chemistry Hypermedia Project (CHP) Overview includes a list of CHP publications and presentations. Recent presentations are available on-line. This is a great tool for the High School Chemistry classroom. NIST Chemistry WebBook http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ This site provides thermochemical, thermophysical, and ion energetics data compiled by NIST under the Standard Reference Data Program. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained within have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. WEB Elements http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/web-elements-home.html

93. Lange S Handbook Of Chemistry (15th Edition) The reference books currently available are Handbook of chemistry and Physics, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the elements http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=47

94. Knovel K-News chemistry of the elements (2nd Edition) Readers of KNews have seven days of openaccess to a selected title each week. This week s pick is the chemistry of http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/mediakit/newsletters/nws_04-01-14.html

January 14, 2004 Vol. 4, Iss. 2 www.knovel.com In this issue: TITLE OF THE WEEK Open access to Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition) BRIEFS Knovel Critical Tables Expanded by 42,308 Records Spectral Databases Coming Soon to Knovel TUTORIAL This week's search: "periodic table" and "elements" KOOL TIPS F11 for More Browser Screen Space AutoComplete Saves Keystrokes Knovel Corporation 20 W 20th St, Fl 2 New York, NY 10011 30 Main St, Ste 402 Danbury, CT 06810 Please forward K-News to a friend or subscribe here TITLE OF THE WEEK Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition) http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402 Readers of K-News have seven days of open access to a selected title each week. This week's pick is the Chemistry of Elements (2nd Edition) . Published by Butterworth-Heinemann, the extensively updated second edition gives a balanced, coherent and comprehensive account of the chemistry of the elements for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. This crucial central area of chemistry is full of ingenious experiments and intriguing compounds. Such questions as: where do elements come from, how were they made, why do they have their observed terrestrial abundances, what determines their atomic weights, usually ignored in textbooks and difficult to answer, are actively pursued. Also covered are a brief description of chemical periodicity and the periodic table followed by the chemistry of the individual elements and their compounds.

95. Chemistry.html Periodic Table and elements by RH Logan, Instructor of chemistry, Dallas County Atoms, elements and Isotopes K-12 TLC Guide to Molecular Theory http://www.irysec.vic.edu.au/sci/ed_sci/chemistry.html

Chemistry Resources (suitable for Secondary Students) Discovery and History Separation of Mixture Periodic Table Chemical Reaction ... Pollutions General Chem101 "Home" - a site dedicated to Chemistry. - an online textbook, chat rooms, newsgroups, listings of experiments, and other neat stuff (for fun). HyperChemistry on the Web - information on History of Chemistry, Experiments, the Periodic Table, Chemistry Clossary and Help and Discussion. NSTA Lesson Plans - The Dow Chemical Company united with the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) to provide a summer workshop for 16 teachers from around the world. The participating teachers spent two weeks at Dow's Research Laboratories in Midland, Michigan. These high school teachers worked with scientists and engineers to keep current with the latest developments. 1995-1997 workshops. SCIENCE IS FUN in the Lab of Shakhashiri - The master of chemical demonstrations, University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Professor Bassam Z. Shakhashiri, shares the fun of science through home science activities, demonstration shows, videos, and books. A good collections of information on different chemicals such as ozone, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane etc. ChemTeam - A Tutorial for High School Chemistry from Diamon Bar High School, ChemTeam - suitable for year 10-12 students.

96. Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine For IUPAC E. Roth, PDP Taylor, RD Vocke, Jr., and Y. K. Xiao. Pure and Applied chemistry, For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2003/2502/pac3_coplen.html

Vol. 25 No. 2 March-April 2003 Making an imPACt Recent IUPAC technical reports and recommendations that affect the many fields of pure and applied chemistry. See also www.iupac.org/publications/pac Isotope-Abundance Variations of Selected Elements (IUPAC Technical Report) Pure and Applied Chemistry Vol. 74, No. 10, pp. 1987-2017 (2002) This compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio. www.iupac.org/publications/pac/

97. Lecture Help-Complete Tutorials If you are looking for the old version of the chemistry Drill and PracticeTutorials using (WP) Protons,electrons and neutrons elements,moles and mass http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/

Lecture Help Pages with Solutions These problems were developed by Prof. George Wiger ( gwiger@chemistry.csudh.edu ) at California State University, Dominguez Hills. They have been reorganized for use with "Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity" by Kotz and Treichel and are used here with his permission. If you are looking for the old version of the Chemistry Drill and Practice Tutorials using (WP) are word problems and (DA) are data analysis problems, these are still available but are no longer supported. Old Version Chapter 1, Matter and Measurement Significant Figures Exponents Scientific Notation Percentage ... Converting Temperatures Chapter 2, Atoms and Elements Protons,electrons and neutrons Elements,moles and mass Chapter 3, Molecules, Ions and Compounds Simple Naming Names-Stock Notation Names to formulas Calculating gfws ... Combustion Analysis Chapter 4, Chemcial Equations and Stoichiometry Balancing chemical equations Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions General Relationships in Chemical Reactions ... Combustion Analysis Chapter 5, Reactions in Aqueous Solution Predicting Precipitation Identifying acids and bases pH, pOH, [H

98. InfoSurf: Chemistry And Biochemistry Page 1 This is a compilation of magnetic resonance data on the elements in periodic table The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, http://www.library.ucsb.edu/subjects/chem/chemistr.html

Information Resources for: Chemistry and Biochemistry Reference Guides for Specific Branches of Chemistry: Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry General Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry ... Physical Chemistry Contents: Page 1: [Chemical Data Sources] [Materials Safety Data Sheets] [Chemistry Departments] [Super Sites] Page 2: [Awards and Prizes] [Professional Societies] [Conferences, Meetings and Symposia] [Publishers] Page 3: [Electronic Journals (Publishers A-E] [Electronic Journals (Publishers F-Z)] Page 4: [Chemical Suppliers] [Chemical Equipment Suppliers] [Chemical Software Suppliers] Page 5: [Commercial Information Providers] [Chemistry Databases for UCSB Users] Chemical Data Sources Britannica Online The Web version of the Encyclopaedia Britannica is an excellent source for general articles on scientific topics, and for biographical articles on noted scientists. Articles contain the full text of the print encyclopedia, as well as links to some relevant Web sites outside Britannica. NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty This National Institute of Standards and Technology has a searchable and browsable list of the important physical constants with bibliography, as well as a thorough description of the SI system of units and a description of methods of expressing degree of uncertainty in measurements. An excellent reference site. The Laws List This collection of laws, rules and constants in physics, compiled by Erik Max Francis, includes a number of interest in physical chemistry, e.g. the gas laws, Rydberg formula, etc.

99. Elements And Atoms Atomic Number, Element, Energy Levels or shells . K, L, M, N, O They haveno chemistry at all. Under normal conditions they do not interact with other http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Elements.html

Elements and Atoms Index to this page Structure of the atom Electrons Isotopes Isotopes as "tracers" Elements Elements consist of only one kind of atom and cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. Our planet is made up of some 90 elements 25 or so are used to build living things The table shows the 11 most prevalent elements in the lithosphere (the earth's crust) and in the human body. Elemental composition of the lithosphere and the human body. Each number represents the percent of the total number of atoms present. For example, 47 of every 100 atoms found in a representative sample of the lithosphere are oxygen while there are only 19 atoms of carbon in every 10,000 atoms of lithosphere. Composition of the Lithosphere Composition of the Human Body Oxygen Hydrogen Silicon Oxygen Aluminum Carbon Iron Nitrogen Calcium Calcium Sodium Phosphorus Potassium Chlorine Magnesium Potassium Titanium Sulfur Hydrogen Sodium Carbon Magnesium All others All others Living matter uses only a fraction of the elements available to it but, as the table shows, the relative proportions of those it does acquire from its surroundings are quite different from the proportions in the environment. So

100. Crystal Chemistry a review of basic chemistry. • Chemical elements 8 common elements O, Si,Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, and Mg make up most of earth - make up most minerals http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmartin/mineralogy/Fall03/Lectures_notes/Chemistry

Crystal Chemistry • Mineral  defined, but generally not fixed, composition - a review of basic chemistry • Chemical elements: - protons, neutrons (nucleus), electrons Nuclear chemistry: - atomic number (Z) = number of protons - specific for particularly elements (periodic table) - neutrons protons weight, differences in numbers create isotopes - Atomic weight = sum of protons and neutrons - written as superscript in front of element symbol Example: Potassium (Z = 19) - 40K has 21 neutrons - 39K has 20 neutrons Electrons • uncharged atoms, number of electrons = number of protons • orbit nucleus in systematic way - organized according to energy levels - energy depends on quantum number (n, l, ml, ms) - quantum number unique for each element • n = higher energy (similar to shells K, L, M ) • l refers to shape of region where electron likely to be found (similar to subshell s, p, d, f) • ml and ms have to do with orbitals within subshells and spin of electrons -important of magnetic properties • Specific energy corresponds to electron quantum number • Energy of different subshells overlap • Electrons fill subshells systematically in order of energy level • Configuration of electrons: - core: all orbital position of any individual shell filled with electrons - valence: electrons in shells that are not completely filled Formation of Ions Ions excess of deficiency of electrons relative to protons Anions – net negative charge Cations – net positive charge Valence or Oxidation state is the value of the charge on an ion.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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