21. Indigenous Peoples And The Millennium Development Goals The impacts of this on indigenous peoples in central america, as described Unfortunately, the general response to this by governments, whether at the http://www.tebtebba.org/tebtebba_files/ipr/mdg.html

Indigenous peoples and the Millennium Development Goals by Victoria Tauli-Corpuz Back E-mail Us Bottom of Page This paper was submitted to the 4th Session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, 16-27 May 2005, Agenda item 3 of the provisional agenda. Economic and Social Council, Dist.:GENERAL March 2005, Original: ENGLISH I f the MDG Development aggression Poverty Situation of Indigenous Peoples One conclusion is that the poverty map in the region coincides with indigenous peoples territories. A subsequent study in the region conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank came up with similar conclusions and observations: alarming conditions of extreme poverty and marginality. Statistics in Guatemala show that 50 to 60 per cent of a total population of 11 million belong to 23 indigenous peoples. Of these number, 54.3 per cent of them are poor and 22.8 per cent extremely poor. Sixty per cent of households do not have the capacity to earn half of the cost of their minimum food needs despite spending a greater part of their earnings on it. Eight out of every ten indigenous children in this country live in poverty according to the indicators published in the 2001 Human Development Report The Asian Development Bank also undertook a study in 2002 on the poverty situation of indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia and Indonesia. This study could not establish trends in the relationship between poverty and ethnicity because there is a lack of disaggregated and data based on ethnicity. However, in the case of Vietnam such disaggregated data is available. The finding is that the worst poverty situation in Vietnam is among the ethnic minorities

22. Indigenous Peoples: A Backgrounder | MADRE: An International Women's Human Right have a life expectancy 10 to 20 years less than the general population.1 In central america, data show that indigenous peoples have less access to http://www.madre.org/articles/int/indigenous.html

@import "/common/madre2.css"; Home About Programs Articles ... Print Text size: A A A Articles by Theme Armed Conflict and Forced Displacement Economic Justice and Community Development Food Security and Sustainable Development Human Rights Advocacy ... Youth Articles by Region Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East Inter-Regional ... Get emails with the latest news and analysis from MADRE Search the MADRE site! © Elizabeth Rappaport Indigenous Peoples: A Backgrounder The United Nations estimates that there are currently over 300 million Indigenous Peoples living in 70 different countries. But this number, like most figures on Indigenous Peoples, is imprecise. Indigenous activists cite the lack of data on Indigenous Peoples as an urgent concern because it creates a barrier to understanding and meeting the needs of Indigenous communities. Related Materials Indigenous Women and Sustainable Development Voyages with a Vision Delegation to Kenya: July 2-14, 2005 Other News and Views on Indigenous Peoples Available statistics paint a picture of deadly poverty and inequality. Indigenous Peoples in the Americas have a life expectancy 10 to 20 years less than the general population. In Central America, data show that Indigenous Peoples have less access to education and health services, are more likely to die from preventable diseases, suffer higher infant and maternal mortality rates and experience higher levels of poverty than non-Indigenous populations.

23. Nativelands - Homepage of indigenous peoples and the Natural Environment in central america, the Kuna general Congress, which is the maximum authority of the Kuna people, http://www.nativelands.org/

Native Lands Joins ELI On April 1, 2003, the Center for the Support of Native Lands became a program of the Environmental Law Institute (ELI). With our new status, we keep our institutional identity with the shortened name of "Center for Native Lands." more Central America Map Update Indigenous Landscapes In January 2003, Native Lands’ new map, Indigenous Peoples and Natural Ecosystems in Central America and Southern Mexico, was completed. It is an update of an earlier map, The Coexistence of Indigenous Peoples and the Natural Environment in Central America, published in 1992. Both maps were collaborative efforts between Native Lands and the National Geographic Society. more Native Lands has written an in depth analysis of participatory mapping projects in Honduras, Panama, and Bolivia and draws lessons from them. Framed as a narrative case study of these three projects, together with insights from additional projects in Cameroon and Suriname, this book constitutes a practical guide to community mapping with indigenous peoples. 152 pp. with 25 figures, plus 3 bound maps. Published October 2001. more Mapping in Kuna Yala URACCAN Work Plan From May 2000 through April 2004, Native Lands worked with the Kuna General Congress, which is the maximum authority of the Kuna people, to map the Kuna homeland, the Comarca of Kuna Yala. The Comarca (Indigenous Reserve), covering an area of more than 5,000 km2 of land and sea in the northeast corner of Panama

24. Oxford University Press: Weaving The Past: Susan Kellogg A History of Latin america s indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the and Afroindigenous peoples, such as the Garifuna, of central america. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryWorld/LatinAmerican/?ci=019

25. General Assessment In recent years, central america has been the only region in the world capable of multicultural and multilingual societies shelter indigenous peoples, http://www.estadonacion.or.cr/InfoRegion/english1/ing-01a.html

THE STATE OF THE REGION SUMMARY State of the Region Synopsis General Assessment In spite of the advances cited, the economic and political achievements won are precarious and, in terms of social equity and environmental sustainability, negative for the region, though not necessarily for all of the countries. Central America is torn by regional fractures in its human development, with the following still in existence: Gaps in human development achievements among countries; in the isthmus there are two (or three if Belize is included) countries who are leaders in Latin America, and four who hold the lowest positions in the hemisphere. Internal territorial divisions in all of the countries. Alongside modern enclaves in capitals and major cities lie vast zones of poverty and low productivity, usually in rural and border areas. Multiple and wide divisions exist among social groups: between rich and poor, between men and women, between indigenous, Afro-Caribbean, and nonindigenous peoples for example. These divisions in terms of equity have generated widespread poverty and excluded the majority of people from access to social services and the benefits of development. Divisions between economic performance, policies, and legal frameworks exist among the countries, which affect the business climate in the region. In addition, countries like El Salvador and Nicaragua, affected by war, are just now recovering the GNP that they had twenty and thirty years ago, respectively (MIDEPLAN, 1998).

26. American Indians Of North America, Central America, And The Caribbean - Native A assist people of the Cherokee descent and the general public in learning about Organization of indigenous peoples from North, central, South america http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/native_americans.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents The Americas American Indians Related Categories: Canada United States First Nations keywords: native american nations, native americans, indian tribes and bands, native american tribes, american indians, first nations of north america and canada, Amerindians Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Maps :: First Nations of: Canada/USA Caribbean and Central America Flags Culture ... Additional Links Native American Indians Maps of Indian Reservations Map of Canada Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, 2001 Maps of Inuit, Metis, and North American Indian Identity population. The Atlas of Canada - Aboriginal Population, 1996 Interactive map of Aboriginal population Inuit Settlement Areas (Canada) Map of the USA Federal and Indian Lands Map Small map of Indian Lands. Maps of Federally Recognized Indian Reservations Maps by regions Indian Reservations in the Continental United States Full Size Map (PDF 860k) - Map Index Contemporary Indian Reservations of Northwest Coast and Plateau Cultural Groups Some Existing or Proposed Threats to Native Lands in Western North America First Nations Online First Nations of North America Alaska Federation of Natives Alaska Native community of interests, formed in 1966 representing 17 Native organizations.

27. Human Rights And Global Security - 2002 Grants Ecumenical Program on central america and the Caribbean general support forwork to empower indigenous peoples in Chiapas, Mexico to defend and promote http://www.publicwelfare.org/grants/human_rights_global_security/2002_grants.asp

Civic Participation Fund Community Development Criminal Justice Disadvantaged Elderly ... Evaluations Human Rights and Global Security - 2002 Grants Advocacy Committee for Agricultural and Rural Development San Salvador, El Salvador General support to strengthen the productive capacity of small farmers and cooperatives by developing and promoting rural and agricultural policies in El Salvador. American Indian Law Alliance Albuquerque, NM General support to help the Alliance continue to strengthen its organizational capacity as it helps to define ways in which international human rights standards can be used to improve the lives of Native and other peoples at the community level. Appalachian Women's Alliance Floyd, VA General support for the Alliance's efforts to address issues of economic justice, racism, homophobia and violence against women in low-income and disenfranchised Appalachian communities. Arms Control Association Washington, DC General support for efforts to promote public understanding of and support for effective arms control policies. Astraea Foundation New York, NY

28. NativeWeb Resources: Central & South America Articles about the Taino people from NATIVEL, Taino, america - central, 1857 indigenous peoples in Ecuador, Quechua, america - South, 1439 http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/nations_web_sites_information/central_south_a

Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Get your FREE EMAIL @NativeWeb.Net! Community About Us DONATE NOW! ... Resource Database Resources: 67 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits 1996 articles on Brazil Decree 1775/96 from NATIVE-L America - South Following are articles concerning the decree promulgated by the government of Brazil on 8 January 1996 with regard to the demarcation of Indian lands. More sites on bioc09.uthscsa.edu Amanaka'a Amazon Network America - South Amanaka'a works directly with Amazon leaders in support of their projects for survival, human rights, the environment, health, sustainable development, education, and more. Articles about the Taino people from NATIVE-L Taino America - Central Articles about the Taino people from NATIVE-L More sites on bioc09.uthscsa.edu Asociacion de Cabildos Indigenas del Norte del Cauca (ACIN) America - South La Asociación de Cabildos Indígenas del Norte el Cauca-ACIN, se ha constituido como entidad de apoyo al proceso de comunitario zonal de organización, conformación de la entidad territorial indígena, consolidación de su autonomía política y jurídica y creación de un sistema propio en educación, salud, manejo de recursos naturales y economía solidaria.

29. Indigenous Peoples Of South America The Abipon were an indigenous people of South america. This site presentsinformation on indigenous peoples in Mexico, central, and South america. http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/indigenouspeoples/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Travel South America for Visitors History Indigenous Peoples Travel Go South America Essentials Plan Your Trip ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the South America for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses Search South America for Visitors Indigenous Peoples of South America History, anthroplogy, descriptions, customs, languages and current status of the indigenous tribes of South America. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Abipon "The Abipon were an indigenous people of South America. They lived in the lower Bermejo River area in the Argentine Gran Chaco. The tribe was one of the tribes that belonged to the linguistic group Guaycuru." Abya Yala Net "This site presents information on Indigenous peoples in Mexico, Central, and South America." Amazon Tribes: Isolated by Choice? "No one knows precisely how many people live in isolation from the industrial-technological world. Many of these people, perhaps thousands, are believed to thrive in the remote stretches of the Amazon River Basin of South America." Andean History "At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the last years of the fifteenth century, the native population of the South America, was estimated to have numbered 10 to 15 million, more than half of whom lived in the the northern and central Andes and adjacent areas."

30. Encyclopedia: Native American Other indigenous peoples that are native to territorial possessions of american central america is the region of North america located between the http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Native-American

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Native American" also viewed: Native american American Native American Indian Native America ... Native American pottery What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Main Page Zerging Zakk Wylde Yuna ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Native American Updated 69 days 6 hours 12 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Native American A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, about 1908 Native Americans Indians American Indians First Nations First Peoples Indigenous Peoples of America Aboriginal Peoples Aboriginal Americans Amerindians Amerind Native Canadians indigenous to the Americas , living there prior to European colonization . This term encompasses a large number of distinct tribes states , and ethnic groups , many of them still enduring as political communities. A comprehensive tribal list can be found under " Classification of Native Americans Download high resolution version (818x1024, 125 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (818x1024, 125 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

31. Language Centre - Language Learning Links Weblinks for the Languages of indigenous People. Back to List . general;North america, central america and South america; Australia, New Zealand and the http://www.lang.ox.ac.uk/langlinks/indivlangs/indigenous.html

Home Text Version Search Site Index ... Feedback Oxford University Language Centre 12 Woodstock Road Oxford Tel: (01865 2) 83360 Fax: (01865 2) 83366 e-mail: admin@lang.ox.ac.uk Individual Languages Weblinks for the Languages of Indigenous People Back to List General North America, Central America and South America Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific ... Europe General links to materials useful for the learning, teaching and study of indigenous languages Alphabet Street . Transliterations and special characters. The Conservation of Endangered Languages . Information about a seminar at The Centre for Theories of Language and Learning , Bristol University. The Creolist Archives Homepage Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: Online Index Endangered- Languages-L Forum Email list and associated web pages which aim 'to provide a world-wide communications vehicle and a central electronic archive for anyone working on, or interested in, the study and documentation of endangered languages'. Ethnologue . A catalogue of more than 6700 languages. From the Summer Institute of Linguistics. The Foundation for Endangered Languages Handout on Endangered Languages . An excellent introduction compiled by Randy J. LaPolla.

32. MSN Encarta - Native Americans Of Middle And South America For a discussion of the indigenous peoples of North america, see Native americans The Mesoamerica culture area stretches from presentday central Mexico http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509044/Native_Americans_of_Middle_and_Sou

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items ancient civilizations – Aztec ancient civilizations – Inca more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Native Americans of Middle and South America Search for books and more related to Native Americans of Middle and South America Encarta Search Search Encarta about Native Americans of Middle and South America Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Native Americans of Middle and South America ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Native Americans of Middle and South America Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 106 items Article Outline Introduction Culture Areas History Native Americans Today I Introduction Print Preview of Section Native Americans of Middle and South America , indigenous peoples of Middle America ( Mexico Central America , and the West Indies ) and South America . Native Americans were the first humans to inhabit these regions, arriving thousands of years before European explorers laid claim to the “New World.”

33. Maya, Indigenous People Of Mexico And Central America All Infoplease, Almanacs, • general, • Entertainment, • Sports, Biographies Maya , indigenous people of S Mexico and central america, occupying an area http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0832330.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 19, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Maya u Pronunciation Key Maya basin of Mexico), the population of Maya today is over 4 million. Sections in this article: Introduction Maya Prehistory Colonial-Period Maya Independence Period The Twentieth Century ... Bibliography The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia

34. General Resources: Text Only Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink cultures of indigenous Tribes in central america and the Caribbean (in progress) . Caribbean indigenous people This page includes links onGeneral http://www.kacike.org/cac-ike/General.html

Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink (CAC) General Information Pages This "general information" page consists of some sites that are difficult to list in other categories of the CAC, as well as sites focused on pre-colonial and post-colonial history of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean that do no neatly fit into the other categories. In addition, sites pertaining to the indigenous peoples of other territories than those listed on the current community pages are listed here. They are listed here given that either they are insufficient in number to form their own category, or, they do not yet possess any organized asssociations of indigenous peoples. MISCELLANY The Ameribbean: Information, pictures and cultures of Indigenous Tribes in Central America and the Caribbean (in progress). “Ancient Beadmakers of the Caribbean”, By David R. Watters: “ The exquisitely crafted beads, pendants and related objects from Trants attest to the skill of its Saladoid inhabitants in working stone and shell. Our research involves analyzing beads held in museum collections as well as conducting new excavations to document these artifacts in their stratigraphic context, from which we can interpret their antiquity and cultural implications ” The Fire this Time: a comprehensive website utilising text, photos, animation and numerous musical mp3's to examine the links between black and indigenous peoples (Black Indians). Among other things the site examines the history of indigenous (Amerindian) people in Jamaica, Cuba, Belize, Bolivia, Peru, Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil and their struggles and cultures were linked and often joined with those of black people to form "Black Indian" culture. See especially the sections on "Black Indian Resistance" and "Supai Reservation".

35. South & Central America Links Center for Cuban Studies www.cubaupdate.org/. Chilean indigenous People Portalwww.beingindigenous.org general Latin American Library lal.tulane.edu/ http://users.skynet.be/kola/link-sa.htm

Interesting Links... AILLA (the archive of indigenous Languages of Latin America): www.ailla.utexas.org/site/welcome.html www.albumdesierto.cl/ Anthro Net home1.gte.net/ericjw1/indigenous.html APA (The Amerindian Peoples Association of Guyana): www.sdnp.org.gy/apa/ Association for Traditional Studies www.traditionalstudies.org/ Aymara Net www.aymaranet.org/ai1english.html Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink www.centrelink.org/ CEDIN www.cedin.iwarp.com CEDM Liwen (Centre for Indigenous Studies LIWEN - info on current Mapuche situation and culture): liwen_temuko.tripod.com/liwen.html Center for Cuban Studies www.cubaupdate.org/ Chilean Indigenous People Portal www.beingindigenous.org Chilean Indigenous spoken living languages and extinct languages www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Chile www.naya.org.ar/index.htm COICA APA (Guyana) www.sdnp.org.gy/apa APA (Guyana) www.asambleanacional.gov.ve/ns2/partidos.asp?codp=4 CIDOB (Bolivia) www.cidob-bo.org COIAB (Brasil) www.coiab.com.br CONFENIAE (Ecuador) www.unii.net/confeniae FOAG (French Guyana) www.inheemsen.com/orgas/ois/introois.htm

36. Indigenous Peoples Of Latin America Many specialized materials on indigenous peoples are available from South america, central america and the Caribbean (Regional Surveys of the World). http://www.skidmore.edu/library/courses/Indigenous/

Indigenous Peoples of Latin America Introduction Print Resources Related Quick Links Electronic Indexes/Databases ... Internet Resources Related Quick Links AN243 Syllabus Library Resources: Anthropology Resources Indigenous Peoples of the World Interlibrary Loan Library Homepage Anthropology Dept. Homepage Skidmore College Homepage Introduction This web page was developed to help students in Professor Michael Ennis-McMillan's courses at Skidmore College find information on Indigenous Peoples of Latin America at the Scribner Library and beyond. It is not a comprehensive survey of Latin American resources but rather an attempt to direct users to an appropriate starting place. For assistance using these and other resources in the library, please contact Elizabeth Putnam , Social Sciences Librarian at ext. 5542 or in Library Office #211. You are also welcome to seek help at anytime from the librarian at the reference desk. Subject Headings A subject search will often provide you with more relevant results than will a keyword search. Use the following chart as an introductory guide to creating Library of Congress (LC) subject headings (LC subject headings can be used for searching Lucy2, Anthropological Literature Index and Handbook of Latin American Studies). Discover other relevant subject headings by browsing each catalog or index's Thesaurus or Subject Index.

37. RELIGION-LATIN AMERICA: Indigenous Peoples Divided By Faith Among the 40 million indigenous people who live in Latin america today, the Mayans (the main indigenous ethnic group in central america) are witchcraft, http://www.ipsnews.net/new_nota.asp?idnews=28583

38. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY: New Universities For A Multicultural Mexico ”The authorities want indigenous people to acquire new scientific knowledge andapply it in their central america Opposition to CAFTA Continues to Grow http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29824

39. Bank Information Center USA: Amazon Alliance Proposal For A Consultation Process We propose that the members be selected by region (eg central america, Andes,Amazon, Proposal for the IDB indigenous peoples’ Policy Consultation http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/misc_resources/1409.php

BIC is not responsible for any 'sponsored links' that appear on this Google search. Many documents on this site are in Adobe PDF format. Get Adobe Reader Français Español Other Languages This Entry relates to : Misc Resources Amazon Alliance proposal for a consultation process for the IDB Indigenous Peoples Policy [disponible en español Amazon Alliance with Indigenous Peoples       1367 Connecticut Ave NW, Ste 400 Washington, DC 20036 March 24, 2004 Mr. Enrique Iglesias        Inter-American Development Bank Washington, DC Re: Proposal for Consultation Dear President Iglesias: We are very pleased that you will soon begin consultations regarding the indigenous peoples’ policy profile and strategic framework. As indigenous leaders of the Americas we congratulate you for initiating policy consultations rather than limiting the discussion to a strategic framework as originally planned.  We wish you every success in this important endeavor. We would like to state at the outset, however, that the consultation plan should be developed in agreement with representative indigenous peoples. In that spirit, please accept the attached proposal for the consultation process. Based on careful analysis of past consultations and of the methodology you have proposed we suggest an alternative methodology. Although it might take longer than you originally proposed, we believe that if you carefully plan this process from the beginning with indigenous participation at all stages you will obtain the best results. We estimate fifteen months minimum for the entire process.

40. National Profile : Indigenous Peoples Of Mexico National Profile of Maya and indigenous peoples Of Mexico. the geographicalterm used to describe the region that includes Mexico and central america. http://www.travelyucatan.com/maya/mayan_national_profile.php

Indigenous Peoples Of Mexico Indigenous Peoples Introduction Locations History Identity ... Conclusion FEATURES Mayan Ruins Modern Maya Story of Color Maya Fashions Once upon a time there was a little newsboy who was very, very poor and he only sold old newspapers because he didn't have enough money for new ones. People didn't by his newspapers because they were all so out of date, and they wanted new newspapers. So the little newsboy never sold any, and every day he accumulated more and more old newspapers. What the little newsboy did was put up a paper recycling plant, and he became a millionaire, bought out all the newspaper businesses and the news agencies, prohibited publishing current news, and thus obliged people to read only news of the past. In the papers on sale today, for example, you'd read that the Zapatistas are about to arrive in Mexico City and that they'll meet with the Villistas there. You can't quite make out the date, but it seems to either 1914 or 1997. Once upon a time, there was a little seamstress who sewed mightily on his sewing machine. The other machines in his neighborhood laughed at him, and shouted: "Fairy! Only old women are streamstresses!" So the little seamstress sewed shut the mouths of everyone who made fun of him. That is why, to this day, we do not know how the story ended, because no one could tell it. NATIONAL PROFILE INTRODUCTION General Overview of the Indigenous Populations of Mexico 1. The discovery of the Americas in the sixteenth century revealed to the European invaders two great civilizations: the Inca in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Mesoamerican in the Northern Hemisphere. The latter was characterized, until colonization began, by all the elements commonly associated with "advanced civilizations." These included a great concentration of sedentary populations; sophisticated political organization of hierarchical states; intensive agriculture; monumental constructions including temples, and civil structures; a great tradition of sculpture and pictorial art; hieroglyphic writing; the use of sophisticated calendars, and; mathematical computation. It also included a variety of social classes, centralized religious systems with priestly castes.

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