81. Court Takes Another Step In Reshaping Capital Punishment Even beyond the debate over the juvenile death penalty, capital punishmentin Europe has become a hotter topic in Europe in 2005 than it was in 1965, http://www.thepowerhour.com/news/reshape_punishment.htm

Court Takes Another Step in Reshaping Capital Punishment By ADAM LIPTAK Published: March 2, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/02/politics/02juvenile.html?th (must register to view original article) After a decade of relative quiet, the Supreme Court has in the last several years fundamentally reshaped the nation's capital justice system. It has narrowed the class of people eligible for execution, excluding juvenile offenders yesterday as it had previously the mentally retarded. It has rebuked lower courts for sending people to their deaths without adequate safeguards. And it has paid increasing attention to the international opposition to capital punishment. "Early in the 1990's, we reached the high point in deregulating death," said Franklin E. Zimring, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, alluding to decisions in which the court refused to hear defendants' claims of innocence because they were raised too late. "Then there was very little from the Supreme Court through the 1990's. Now, in a whole series of substantive and procedural decisions, you have a re-regulation taking place." Opinions vary about where the process will end.

82. Death Penalty Georgia that the death penalty as applied was cruel and unusual punishment capital punishment include People of Faith Against the death penalty and the http://pewforum.org/death-penalty/

Bioethics Death Penalty Faith-Based Initiatives Just War Tradition ... September 11 and Beyond Sign up for weekly Pew Forum Updates Enter email address: Site Search Enter search terms: Few public policy issues have inflamed passions as consistently and as strongly as the debate over the validity of capital punishment. Religious communities have been deeply involved on both sides of the issue, drawing both on teachings and traditions of justice and on those that emphasize the dignity of human life. The debate over the death penalty has been complicated in recent years by questions regarding the fairness of the criminal justice system and questions regarding the possibility of reform and rehabilitation among death row inmates. Background In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty as applied was "cruel and unusual punishment," thereby violating the Eighth Amendment. The Court's ruling effectively voided 40 state death penalty statutes, commuting the sentences of death row inmates and suspending the use of the death penalty. Because the overall holding in Furman was that specific death penalty statutes, and not the punishment itself, were unconstitutional, states were free to revise their laws in order to eliminate constitutional problems. Many rewrote their statutes to provide sentencing guidelines for judges and juries, and the Supreme Court approved such guided discretion statutes in 1976 in the landmark case

83. Death Penalty - 34 States Permit Executions Stateline.org Backgrounder By every measure, the death penalty in the that allow capital punishment, according to the death penalty Information Center, http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&conten

84. Pendulum Begins Swing Away From Death Penalty / 'Culture Of Life' Agenda Pushes Culture of life agenda pushes advocates of capital punishment to rethink positions There is a sense that there are problems with the death penalty, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/04/10/MNGDHC62ET1.DTL

85. Capital Punishment: A Pollak Library Research Guide United States of America The death penalty and Juvenile Offenders (1991) CATALOG Academic Search Elite DEFAULT FIELDS capital punishment and juvenile http://guides.library.fullerton.edu/cap_punish/

Pollak Library Research Guides Special Topics CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Capital Punishment A Guide To Resources In CSUF's Pollak Library Encyclopedias Statistics Books Articles ... top Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States REFERENCE HV8694 .P35 2001 CATALOG RECORD Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice REFERENCE HV6017 .E52 2002 Vol. 1-4 CATALOG RECORD Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment REFERENCE HV6017 .E524 2002 CATALOG RECORD American Attitudes [in index, see Death penalty REFERENCE HN90.P8 M58 1998 CATALOG RECORD American Justice REFERENCE KF154 .A44 1996 Vol. 1-3 CATALOG RECORD American Law Yearbook REFERENCE KF154 .W472 1998 CATALOG RECORD Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook REFERENCE HV8699.U5 K76 1993 CATALOG RECORD Congressional Quarterly's Desk Reference on American Criminal Justice REFERENCE HV9950 .B364 2001 CATALOG RECORD Dictionary of American Criminal Justice: Key Terms and Major Supreme Court Cases REFERENCE HV7411 .C53 1998 CATALOG RECORD Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior REFERENCE HV6017 .E53 2001 Vol. 1-4

86. Narrow Majority On US Supreme Court Bans Juvenile Death Penalty Narrow majority on US Supreme Court bans juvenile death penalty The majorityargued that capital punishment for juvenile offenders violates the Eighth http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/mar2005/juve-m03.shtml

Enter email address to receive news about the WSWS Add Remove SEARCH WSWS English German ON THE WSWS Donate to the WSWS! Contact the WSWS ... Books Online OTHER LANGUAGES German French Italian Russian ... Indonesian LEAFLETS Download in PDF format WSWS North America Narrow majority on US Supreme Court bans juvenile death penalty By Kate Randall 3 March 2005 Use this version to print Send this link by email Email the author The US Supreme Court on Tuesday struck down the death penalty for crimes committed by juveniles. The ruling affects 72 death row inmates, whose sentences for the most part will be converted to life in prison without parole. The Court ruling upheld an earlier decision by the Missouri Supreme Court, which had overturned the death sentence of Christopher Simmons, who was convicted for a murder committed in 1993 at the age of 17. The five-four vote on the court puts an end to one of the most gruesome aspects of the death penalty in the US, while leaving the barbaric system itself intact. It is a telling statement on the state of democracy in twenty-first century America that four of the nine high court justices dissented from the majority opinion, arguing that execution should be an option for those convicted for crimes committed when they were under the age of 18. Instead of declaring the 1989 case wrongly decided and forthrightly reversing it, the majority claimed that while execution of juveniles was constitutional in 1989, it had ceased to be so in 2004 because of shifting public attitudes towards such executions. This was reflected in five states forbidding such executions over the past 15 years.

87. George W. Bush On Crime Q Do both of you believe that the death penalty actually deters crime? records thoroughly as each impending capital punishment case reaches his desk. http://www.issues2000.org/2004/George_W__Bush_Crime.htm

George W. Bush on Crime President of the United States, Former Republican Governor (TX) Sub-sections under Crime: Death Penalty Mandatory Sentencing Other issues under Crime America is the land of the second chance We know from long experience that if released inmates can't find work or a home, they are much more likely to commit crime and return to prison. So I propose a four-year, $300 million Prisoner Re-Entry Initiative to expand job training and placement services, to provide transitional housing and to help newly released prisoners get mentoring, including from faith-based groups. America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life. Source: 2004 State of the Union address to joint session of Congress Jan 20, 2004 Ignored Byrd hate crime bill despite plea by Byrd’s family The Gore campaign accused Bush of trying to deflect attention from his unwillingness to push for an enhanced 1999 hate crimes bill named for James Byrd that died in the State Senate. And Byrd’s daughter, Renee Mullins, who lobbied Bush in 1999 to help pass that bill, said in an interview today that the governor pointedly told her that he would not work to do so. “I pleaded with him,” Mullins recounted of her meeting with Bush. Mullins said she was offended when she learned that Bush expressed support for hate crimes legislation, saying “I just went to him last year and he didn’t support me. So how could he support one?” A Bush spokesman attributed the governor’s inaction on the Byrd bill in 1999 to several factors: It was not part of Bush’s own legislative package, and [strengthening penalties for one group] might weaken penalties under existing laws for [other groups which were not specified in the Byrd bill]. Advocates of the Byrd bill argued that the existing law was too vague.

88. FindLaw For Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal And State Resources, Forms, Five States that allowed the juvenile death penalty at the time of Stanford The number of States that have abandoned capital punishment for juvenile http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=03-633

89. High Court Tackles Ethics Of Juvenile Death Sentences - 10/14/04 death row. States that allow juvenile executions and the number of those inmates More on capital punishment; US pushes death penalty; effort makes few http://www.detnews.com/2004/politics/0410/14/a04-303825.htm

@import url(/includes/css/enhanced.css); Latest Politics/Government reports Home Page Essentials CyberSurveys Forums Photo Galleries Weather ... Contact Us Autos Autos Insider Drive New Car Photos Car Reviews ... Joyrides Business Business Careers Find a Job Real Estate ... Find a Home Metro Metro/State Wayne Oakland Macomb ... Detroit History Nation/World Nation/World Politics/Gov Census Health ... Technology Sports Sports Insider LIons/NFL Pistons/NBA Red Wings/NHL ... Scoreboards Entertainment Entertainment Rant/Rave Events Event Finder ... Michigan's Best Living Lifestyle Homestyle Fitness Forums News Talk Faith Talk Autos Talk Wings Talk ... Tech Talk Weblogs Photo Blog Politics Blog Pistons Blog Tigers Blog ... Entertainment RSS Feeds Previous Story Next Story Thursday, October 14, 2004 James A. Finley / Associated Press Bill Pelke, who is opposed to the execution of teenage killers, was one of many who arrived at the U.S. Supreme Court to hear justices argue the case for or against juvenile executions. High Court tackles ethics of juvenile death sentences U.S. is alone in world in controversial practice By David G. Savage / Los Angeles Times

90. CBS News | Court Ends Juvenile Death Penalty | March 2, 2005 06:30:09 The Supreme Court has permitted states to impose capital punishment since 1976and more than 3400 Background and opinions on the juvenile death penalty. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/01/supremecourt/main677219.shtml

SEARCH: CBSNews.com The Web document.write('') Home U.S. World Politics ... CBS News Video ET The Early Show CBS Evening News 48 Hours 60 Minutes ... Section Front E-mail This Story Printable Version Court Ends Juvenile Death Penalty WASHINGTON, March 1, 2005 Death Penalty Age Restriction (CBS/AP) "Our society views juveniles ... as categorically less culpable than the average criminal." Justice Anthony Kennedy (CBS/AP) The Supreme Court ruled Tuesday that the death penalty is unconstitutionally cruel for juvenile killers. In a 5-4 decision, the justices found that the Constitution forbids executing anyone for a crime committed before the age of 18. The ruling ends a practice used in 19 states and tosses out death sentences of about 70 juvenile murderers. It also blocks states from seeking to execute minors for future crimes. "This is by far the biggest decision of the term," says CBSNews.com Legal Analyst Andrew Cohen . "It's a huge victory for opponents of the death penalty and a major defeat for many prosecutors around the country." The court had already barred the death penalty for defendants 15 years of age or younger at the time of their crimes. Tuesday's ruling prevents states from making 16- and 17-year-olds eligible for execution.

91. Human Rights Watch: United States: The Death Penalty United States Supreme Court Abolishes Juvenile death penalty Across thecountry, studies have shown that the capital punishment system is arbitrary and http://hrw.org/doc/?t=usa_deathpenalty

92. HRW: The Death Penalty In The U.S.A. Beyond Reason The death penalty and Offenders with Mental Retardation Human Rights Watch opposes capital punishment in all circumstances because of its http://hrw.org/campaigns/deathpenalty/

Home News Releases About HRW Get Involved ... RSS People wait to get into the U.S. Supreme Court as justices debate whether juvenile executions are constitutional, Oct. 13, 2004 (Photo: Kevin Lamarque/Reuters). Human Rights Watch Reports: Beyond Reason: The Death Penalty and Offenders with Mental Retardation United States: A World Leader In Executing Juveniles Breach of Trust: Physician Participation in Executions in the United States Human Rights Watch opposes capital punishment in all circumstances because of its cruel and inhumane nature. The cornerstone of human rights is respect for the inherent dignity of all human beings and the inviolability of the human person. These principles cannot be reconciled with the death penalty, a form of punishment that is unique in its barbarity and finality. The intrinsic fallibility of all criminal justice systems assures that even when full due process of law is respected, innocent persons may be executed. Take Action Support a moratorium in your state Take action on death penalty legislation in your state Support the North Carolina Coalition for a Moratorium Stop the reinstatement of the death penalty in New York Learn More Latest HRW work on the death penalty in the United States Government, NGO, and media studies of state death penalty systems

93. [PRISONACT] Stop Capital Punishment For U.S. Juvenile Offenders Now, Says Amnest PRISONACT Stop capital punishment for US Juvenile Offenders Now, Says Amnesty or by court ruling, ac= cording to the death penalty Information Center. http://www.prisonactivist.org/pipermail/prisonact-list/2002-September/005903.htm

[PRISONACT] Stop Capital Punishment for U.S. Juvenile Offenders Now, Says Amnesty Anja van Dijk ajsloot@worldonline.nl Sun, 29 Sep 2002 00:53:57 +0200 Previous message: [PRISONACT] URGENT - EMAILS and LETTERS for EDDIE HATCHER ! Next message: [PRISONACT] Wrongful Convictions conference. Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] ... http://www.grisoft.com ). Version: 6.0.386 / Virus Database: 218 - Release Date: 9-09-02 Previous message: [PRISONACT] URGENT - EMAILS and LETTERS for EDDIE HATCHER ! Next message: [PRISONACT] Wrongful Convictions conference. Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ]

94. NewsHour Extra: Supreme Court Declares Juvenile Death Penalty Unconstitutional - The Supreme Court on Tuesday outlawed the juvenile death penalty, The questionof whether capital punishment is a good deterrent when imposed on people http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june05/death_3-02.html

Featured Lesson Plan Confirming a Supreme Court Nominee Click here for more current events lesson plans matched to national standards. How to use this story in a classroom... Online NewsHour: Special Report Supreme Court Watch Update: Supreme Court Strikes Down Death Penalty for Minors. 03.01.05 A reporter discusses the juvenile death penalty debate in the Supreme Court. A report on the Supreme Court ruling that the execution of the mentally retarded is unconstitutional. Browse the NewsHour's coverage of law NewsHour Extra: Lesson Plan: The Juvenile Death Penalty Lesson Plan: The Supreme Court Top Story: Juvenile Death Penalty Among Cases to be Heard in New Supreme Court Term Outside Links: Supreme Court of the United States American Civil Liberties Union: Death Penalty The U.S. Constitution The Vatican ... Sen. Bill Frist Extra is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites Supreme Court Declares Juvenile Death Penalty Unconstitutional Posted: 03.02.05 The Supreme Court on Tuesday outlawed the juvenile death penalty, the practice of executing those who commit murders before they are 18.

95. Librarians Internet Index Capital Punishment Http//lii2.wested history of capital punishment in California, lethal injection procedures, The Juvenile death penalty Today death Sentences and Executions for http://lii2.wested.org/pub/subtopic/45139

96. Monroe County (NY) Library System - Crime And Criminal Justice - Death_penalty International Law and the Juvenile death penalty jurisdictions authorizingcapital punishment, capital offenses, Supreme Court death penalty cases, http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/crime/death_penalty.html

Death Penalty Resources Death Row Opposing Views Supporting Views Juveniles and the Death Penalty ... The Death Penalty Worldwide Death Row The Constitution Project: Death Penalty Initiative The Constitution Project’s death penalty initiative is a " bipartisan committee of death penalty supporters and opponents who all agree that the risk of wrongful executions in this country has become too high. " Cornell School of Law: Death Penalty Resources The Legal Information Institute at Cornell University provides a wealth of information and resources concerning the death penalty. Death Penalty Information by State Provides death penalty information state by state Death Penalty Information Center A non-profit organization, this site offers the most comprehensive resources concerning the death penalty such as state-by-state info, women and juveniles on death row, teacher curriculum and international resources. Derechos : Human Rights and the Death Penalty Derechos Human Rights is the first internet based human rights organization. Their purpose is to work for the promotion and respect of human rights all over the world. Access facts, laws, general and regional sites, abolitionist and pro-death penalty sites, writings from death row and more.

97. Digging A Grave For Capital Punishment? Digging a Grave for capital punishment? State moratoriums have some in the But supporters of the death penalty say capital punishment is alive and well http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0511-05.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Saturday, May 11, 2002 in the Digging a Grave for Capital Punishment? State moratoriums have some in the U.S. predicting the end is near. by John Ibbitson They killed Lynda Block yesterday. The state of Alabama strapped her into Yellow Mama, as the chair is called, and poured 2,200 volts of electricity through her until a doctor pronounced her well and truly dead. The day before, the Governor of Maryland had put a temporary halt to executions in his state, joining what many believe is a swelling tide of government restraint that could see the death penalty eliminated in the United States, not in one grand gesture, but state by state, act by humanitarian act. But supporters of the death penalty say capital punishment is alive and well in the United States. And two economists have produced a report that maintains homicide rates actually increase when death-penalty moratoriums are imposed. Ms. Block, 53, was the first woman put to death in Alabama since 1957.

98. Echo Online Opinions Juvenile Death Penalty Wrong Often the original intent for capital punishment is forgotten. The issue ofinternational opposition to the juvenile death penalty certainly had an http://www.easternecho.com/cgi-bin/story.cgi?3794

99. The Juvenile Death Penalty - The Advocate: November 1999 The juvenile death penalty is even more arbitrary and capricious than the deathpenalty for capital punishment in America. New York Lexington Books. http://dpa.state.ky.us/library/advocate/nov99/juvdp.html

The Advocate Volume 21, No. 6, Nov.. 1999 The Juvenile Death Penalty by Gary W. Potter Department of Justice and Police Studies In the United States twenty-five states allow the execution of juveniles, twenty-one states set the minimum age for execution at 16 and four states at 17. No other Western nation, no other industrial nation, no other democracy in the world allows the execution of juveniles. In fact, since 1990, the United States joins only Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen as nations that have executed children. With nine executions of juveniles since 1990, the United States criminal justice system kills more children than the rest of the world combined. In fact, the state of Texas, with five juvenile executions since 1990, kills more children than any other country in the world (Amnesty International, 1998). One of the major reasons for this paucity of juvenile executions worldwide is that executing children, simply put, is a war crime. Almost all nations, even those with a death penalty, conform to the seven major international instruments which forbid juvenile executions. Those instruments are (Amnesty International, 1998): 1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 6(5))

100. Catholics Against Capital Punishment Catholics Against capital punishment was formed in 1992 to promote greaterawareness of Catholicoriented efforts against the death penalty. http://www.cacp.org/pages/585246/

USCCB committee head urges lawmakers to protect inmates` habeas corpus rights In a letter to U.S. senators urging them to oppose S.1088,, Bishop Nicholas DiMarzio of Brooklyn, N.Y., chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops` Domestic Policy Committee, cited the church`s opposition to capital punishment and added: "Nothing illustrates the need for non-lethal punishment more than the disturbingly large number of death row inmates across our country who have been exonerated (119 since 1973), some within days or hours of being put to death. At a time when there should be more safeguards put in place to protect the innocent from wrongful conviction and to prevent lethal mistakes in death penalty cases, S.1088 attempts to take away some of the safeguards already in place." At a July 28 Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Republicans yielded to Democratic complaints that the committee was moving too quickly on the bill, and agreed to delay action on it until September. At its Sept. 8 meeting, the committee postponed a vote on it, and is not expected to revisit the issue until after its hearings on the confirmation of Supreme Court Chief Justice nominee John Roberts. The House Judiciary Committee held hearings on H.R.3035 on June 30.

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