41. History Of The Census Of Canada Censuses before confederation. canada s first census was initiated by Intendant Jean Talon in 1666. The census counted the colony s 3215 inhabitants and http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Info/history.cfm

History of the Census of Canada Censuses before Confederation The first national census in 1871 The beginnings of census traditions Canada's growing population: censuses at the turn of the century ... The 2001 Census Censuses before Confederation Canada's first census was initiated by Intendant Jean Talon in 1666. The census counted the colony's 3,215 inhabitants and recorded their age, sex, marital status and occupation. In light of the need for information to help plan and develop the Colony of New France, Talon did much of the data collection personally, visiting settlers throughout the colony. The years leading up to 1871 (Canada's first national census) saw a long string of 98 colonial and regional censuses. During this period, notably in enumerations between 1710 and 1760, there was a particular need to collect information on housing stock and armaments such as muskets and swords owned by households. Previous censuses had been more concerned with raising taxes or armies and assessing resources. Later, as other needs arose, questions were added on livestock, crops, buildings, churches, grist mills and firearms. In 1765 for example, priorities included assessing the balance between Catholics and Protestants, and recording the number of Acadians, settlers

42. Cric.ca - Canada's Portal - Quick Guide During the years before confederation, there was much happening in the At the time of confederation, the Province of canada was divided into two http://www.cric.ca/en_html/guide/confederation/confederation.html

Confederation was the response of British North America (BNA) to a vast range of challenges and opportunities above and beyond the influence of the American Civil War. However, such Civil War-related incidents as the Trent Affair, the Chesapeake Incident, the St. Albans Raid, abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, the Alabama Claims, the Fenian War, and the ever-present Fear of Annexation all contributed to the ultimate union. Source: National Library of Canada QUICK GUIDE CANADIAN CONFEDERATION In this guide: History Constitutional Documents Dates of entry of the provinces adn territories into the Canadian Confederation Territorial evolution HISTORY Pre-Confederation Source: National Library of Canada Upper Canada From the Constitutional Act (1791) to the Act of Union (1841) Lower Canada The Constitutional Act of 1791, or the Birth of Lower Canada

43. Canadian Confederation - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Canadian confederation, or the confederation of canada, was the process that ultimately While the BNA Act gave canada more autonomy than it had before, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation

Canadian Confederation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Canadian Confederation , or the Confederation of Canada , was the process that ultimately brought together a union among the provinces colonies and territories of British North America to form the Dominion of Canada, a dominion of the British Empire , which today is the federal nation state called Canada Contents Colonial organization Early projects British North America Act, 1867 Confederation as a political term of art ... edit Colonial organization Before , British North America was a collection of six separate colonies: Nova Scotia New Brunswick , the Province of Canada (now Quebec and Ontario Newfoundland Prince Edward Island , and British Columbia . Only the first three listed here joined Confederation at first, but all did eventually, the last being Newfoundland in . (The remainder of modern-day Canada was made up of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory , which were owned by the Hudson's Bay Company and ceded to Canada in , and the Arctic Islands , which were under direct British control and became part of Canada in 1880.) edit Early projects Lord Durham The idea of a legislative union of all British colonies in America goes back to at least , when the Albany Congress was held, preceding the

44. Post-Confederation History Of Canada - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia while it was still a colony, but abrogated the treaty before confederation. before joining canada, Newfoundland had been an independent dominion of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Confederation_history_of_Canada

Post-Confederation history of Canada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. History of Canada Pre-Confederation Post-Confederation Military history Economic history Timeline Edit this box This is an outline of the history of Canada from to the present day. Contents Confederation The Red River Rebellion Expansion westward Macdonald's "National Policy" ... edit Confederation In the , in the wake of the American Civil War , the British were concerned with possible American reprisals against Canada for Britain's tacit support of the Confederacy . Britain also feared that American settlers might expand to the north, into land that was technically British but which was sparsely settled. There were also problems with raids into Canada launched by the Fenian Brotherhood , a group of Irish Americans who wanted to pressure Britain into granting independence to Ireland . Canada was already essentially a self-governing colony, and Britain no longer felt it was worth the expense of keeping it as a colony. Both sides would, it was felt, be better off politically and economically if Canada was independent. These factors led to the first serious discussions about real political union in Canada. However, there were internal political obstacles to overcome first. The Province of Canada had little success in keeping a stable government for any period of time; the Tories, led by

45. Canadian Forces Before 1914 - Canadian Genealogy Centre For the period before confederation, Library and Archives canada holds records relating to the former British North American colonies of Upper canada http://www.genealogy.gc.ca/10/100905_e.html

Contact Us Help Search The Centre ... Links You are here: Home Military Index of Topics Ethnic Groups ... Other Topics Canadian Forces before 1914 Militia units have existed in British North America and post-Confederation Canada for most of its history. They were formed from able-bodied men locally recruited to defend against invasion or rebellion, in support of British Regular Forces. Units were formed on a county basis, and unit officers were chosen from the local elite. They were required to muster once a year, allowing the military authorities to calculate how many men would be available in a military emergency. Equipment was to be provided by the militiaman himself, although some training in the use of weapons might be provided. Consult our Bibliography for further information on this topic. In 1871, British garrisons in Canada were replaced by a newly formed Permanent Active Militia, at first composed of only two batteries of artillery, and later expanded to include other elements such as cavalry and infantry. These were to be supplemented by the Non-permanent Active Militia in emergencies. Research at Library and Archives Canada , reel T-10377.

46. Land - Canadian Genealogy Centre before confederation in 1867, canada consisted of several British colonies Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the canadas (presentday http://www.genealogy.gc.ca/10/1012_e.html

Contact Us Help Search The Centre ... Links You are here: Home Land Index of Topics Ethnic Groups Births, Marriages and Deaths Government ... Other Topics Land Before Confederation in 1867, Canada consisted of several British colonies: Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Canadas (present-day Quebec and Ontario). The British North America Act of 1867 established Crown Lands as a provincial responsibility. Only land petitions for Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec) were retained by the Government of Canada. With the acquisition of Rupert's Land in 1869, western lands came under federal control. In 1930, responsibility for Crown Lands was transferred to the provincial governments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The federal government retained a copy of the original patents issued for these lands, which are indexed in the Western Land Grants database. The actual homestead applications and files relating to the grants were transferred to the provincial archives Our Databases contain many references to land records.

47. Mapleleafweb.com: Feature - Economy - Bank Of Canada - Banking In Canada Before Here is a brief history of banking in canada before and after the Prior to confederation, fewer banks were established in canada than the United States, http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/economy/bank_canada/before.html

Site Map Contact Help Feature Sections Features Spotlight Voter Almanac Interviews Political Action "How To" Guides Interaction Discussion Forums Mailing List Web Chats Polls Link Directory View Links Submit Link Research Supreme Court Charter Cases Site Info Contact Us Help Site Search About Us Features: You are here: Home Features The Bank of Canada Jump to . . . Introduction Understanding the BOC History of the BOC Role in Economy Former Governors Assessments of the BOC Glossary of Terms More Information Loonie in the Crosshairs Web Features Bank of Canada Site Government of Canada History of the Bank of Canada To understand the Bank of Canada, it helps to understand the conditions that led to the creation of a central banking system. Here is a brief history of banking in Canada before and after the creation of the Bank of Canada. Early Years of Banking in Canada Canada’s first bank, the Bank of Montreal, opened in 1817. Twenty-eight banks were operating in Canada by Confederation in 1867

48. Population Growth Before Confederation In Lower canada, most of the population growth through this period was from natural by a labour force of given size for the period before confederation. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~reak/hist/prepoplf.htm

Population and Labour Force in British North America Growth of the Population Throughout the colonial period, population growth in the North American colonies was seen to be a good thing. Unlike the situation in some developing parts of the world today, it seemed likely that, given the abundance of land resources available in North America , additions to the population would raise rather than lower per capita incomes. The colonial governments in British North America consequently welcomed immigrants, although it was assumed that they would be from the British Isles or the US. As for natural increase, it seemed likely that in what was still a predominantly agrarian society, large families would be "natural". As for the mother countries, the position on emigration was less uniform. In France, at least in the 18 th Century, there had been a perception that labour was in short supply and consequently emigration was in most cases discouraged. In Britain, however, the effects of industrialization were already being felt and emigration was seen as a way of easing the burden of reallocating surplus agricultural labour to other employments. As for natural increase, the material benefits of having children in the setting of a land rich and labour poor economy were great relative to the costs. Children were a cheap and almost immediate source of additional labour for use in farming, fishing, or other primary pursuits. The marginal cost of supporting additional children was relatively low in the traditional rural household. All this began to change, of course, as British North America also began to experience industrialization, but through most of the 19

49. CanadaInfo: Symbols, Facts, & Lists: Official Symbols Alexander Muir wrote The Maple Leaf Forever as canada s confederation song in There were an estimated six million beavers in canada before the start of http://www.craigmarlatt.com/canada/symbols_facts&lists/symbols.html

Official Symbols W hat represents Canada? What do people recognize with our great country? Among the most popular universal symbols of Canada is maple syrup, the sport of hockey, and for certain the Mountie as even further popularized in Paul Gross' Due South. Below are the official symbols of Canada, and a historical note to go along with each. MAIN MENU : OFFICIAL SYMBOLS Arms of Canada D uring the first decades after Confederation, questions relating to the Arms of Canada had not received the attention they deserved. The Royal Arms of the United Kingdom were then freely used to identify the offices of the Government of Canada. S hortly after Confederation, a Great Seal was required and a design was approved by a royal warrant dated May 26, 1868. This design displayed, quarterly, the arms of the original four provinces of the new federation: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It was never used as the Great Seal, but was gradually adopted as the Arms of Canada. W hen other provinces joined Confederation, the attempt to add the arms of the new provinces to this federal composite design resulted in a crowded and confused appearance. For this reason, the Canadian Government submitted a request to the Sovereign for a grant of arms. This request was approved and the arms assigned to Canada were appointed and declared in the proclamation of His Majesty King George V dated November 21, 1921. Great Seal T he Great Seal of Canada is used on all state documents such as proclamations and commissions of cabinet ministers, senators, judges and senior government officials.

50. Canada: History Resources For Students: Canadian Symbols The Flags of canada before confederation, the flags of many nations flew over what is now canada. They were carried by natives, explorers, traders, http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/canada10.htm

Gander Academy Canadian Symbols Symbolism Canadian Flag Emblems National Anthem ... Teacher Resources Symbolism Appreciating Our Symbols "Symbols reflect who we are and where we live by providing visual expression to our identity. From our school colours to our municipal coat of arms, our provincial/territorial flag, and our national anthem, symbols establish our identity within ourselves, our communities, and our country. They provide bonds that bring us together and that reinforce our sense of "family"." Symbolism "Symbols are things that stand for something else. For example, the cross is the symbol of Christianity. The Star of David is the symbol for the Jewish religion. Both Canada and the United States, and many nations around the world, have flags that are symbols of their countries.The Confederacy is symbolized by wampum." Social Studies Lesson Plans: Identity Students will know that various symbols have come to be associated with Canada and its regions. Lesson Plans: Canadian and Provincial Symbols Know what symbols have special meaning for our country, the provinces and territories. Canadian Symbols "Symbols originated as a means of human communication and identification centuries before printing, photography, and other technologies existed. "

51. Oxford University Press Just before confederation 2. The Push to Nationhood 3. confederation Investigated 7. confederation Update Unit 2 The Development of Western canada http://www.oup.com/ca/isbn/0-19-541478-0

/local_assets/ca Click here for quick links About OUP Contact Us Search the Catalogue Services and Resources Site Map How to Order OUP Worldwide Home OUP Canada Home Education K-12 Higher Education English as a Second Language General and Reference Book Information Online Order Form Search the catalogue Features Table of Contents ... Web links Canadian Author Flashback Canada - Fourth Edition J. Bradley Cruxton and W. Douglas Wilson Retail price: $ 54.94 CDN School net price: $ 43.95 CDN ISBN: 0-19-541478-0 Publication date: November 1999 OUP Canada 304 pages, 4-colour; 25 photos, 26 maps, 20 charts, 50 illustrations, 8 1/4" x 10 7/8" Series: Oxford Canadian History Series Ordering Customers in Canada can place an order using our online order form Examination copies of Student Books may be ordered by teachers who would like to consider texts for adoption in their classrooms. Teachers' Guides may be ordered on a 30-day approval basis only. New Features: Includes a unit covering Canada and World War I New features boxes: TechLink, CulturaLink, EconoLink, Civics and Society, and Profiles of key individuals Also includes Fast Forward boxes that make connections between historical events and people, places, things, or events in today's world

52. Serving Agriculture : Canada's Ministers Of Agriculture 1867-1997 before confederation, the province of canada had a small and relatively ineffective bureau of agriculture. Chapais oversaw a small Ottawa office of just 23 http://www.agr.gc.ca/bios/index_e.php?page=chapais

53. Provinces And Territories Of Canada: Information From Answers.com and Prince Edward Island were separate colonies before joining canada. Ontario and Quebec were united before confederation as the Province of canada. http://www.answers.com/topic/provinces-and-territories-of-canada

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Provinces and territories of Canada Wikipedia Provinces and territories of Canada This article is part of the series Politics of Canada Executive The Crown Governor General ... Regions Provinces and territories Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories. The major difference between a Canadian province and a Canadian territory is that a province is a creation of the Constitution Act , while a territory is created by federal law. Thus, the federal government has more direct control over the territories, while provincial governments have many more competences and rights. Provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, having a large measure of control over spending on social programs such as medicare education welfare , and the like. They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers in late by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status 'eventually'. He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the need to assert

54. Canadian Confederation: Information From Answers.com Canadian confederation Canadian confederation , or the confederation of canada , was the While the BNA Act gave canada more autonomy than it had before, http://www.answers.com/topic/canadian-confederation

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Canadian Confederation Wikipedia Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation , or the Confederation of Canada , was the process that ultimately brought together a union among the provinces colonies and territories of British North America to form the Dominion of Canada, a Dominion of the British Empire , which today is the federal nation state called Canada Colonial organization Before , British North America was a collection of six separate colonies: Nova Scotia New Brunswick , the Province of Canada (now Quebec and Ontario Newfoundland Prince Edward Island , and British Columbia . Only the first three listed here joined Confederation at first, but all did eventually, the last being Newfoundland in . (The remainder of modern-day Canada was made up of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory , which were owned by the Hudson's Bay Company and ceded to Canada in , and the Arctic Islands , which were under direct British control and became part of Canada in 1880.)

55. Firsts In Canadian Elections History Women in what is now known as canada could vote before confederation if they owned property, but after confederation in 1867 they were legally barred from http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/elections/a/electionfirsts.htm

var zLb=1; var zIoa1 = new Array('Canadian Elections','Elections in Canada','http://canadaonline.about.com/od/elections/','Federal Elections','http://canadaonline.about.com/od/federalelections/','Provincial Elections','http://canadaonline.about.com/od/provincialelections/'); var zIoa2 = new Array('More on Canadian Elections','Canadian Federal Ridings','http://canadaonline.about.com/od/federalelections/a/federalridings.htm','Canadian Members of Parliament','http://canadaonline.about.com/od/houseofcommons/a/mps.htm','Glossary Terms on Elections','http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/elections/a/electionsterms.htm'); zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Canada Online Government Basics Elections in Canada ... Federal Elections Firsts in Canadian Elections History Canada Online Essentials Federal Government of Canada Prime Ministers of Canada ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Canada Online newsletter!

56. Canadian Aboriginal History News The first native residential schools were set up before confederation by church Keywords Canadian History canada Education Aboriginal Legal http://northernblue.ca/ablog/

Canadian Aboriginal History News The Heritage of Canada's First Nations Quicksearch Recent Entries R. v. Powley Anniversary Monday, September 19 2005 Louis Riel : a Comic-strip Biography Friday, September 16 2005 Aboriginal Peoples Party (APP) Monday, September 12 2005 Inukshuk and Inunguak Sunday, September 4 2005 Aboriginal Spiritual Journey Wednesday, August 24 2005 Huron Burial Site Found in Vaughan, Ontario Thursday, August 18 2005 First Nations Sites Thursday, August 18 2005 Residential Schools Lawsuit Backed by Nishnawbe Aski Nation Friday, August 5 2005 Port Alberni Indian Residential School Case Goes to Supreme Court Friday, July 22 2005 Supreme Court of Canada to Hear New Brunswick's Appeal in Cases of Logging For Personal Use Thursday, July 21 2005 More Canadian Content... Canadian History News Canadian Military History News Canadian Business History News ... Today in Canadian History Calendar September '05 Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Archives September 2005 August 2005 July 2005 Recent... ... Older... Please Support Our Advertisers Comments casino games about Aboriginal Spiritual Journey Mon, 19.09.2005 03:23

57. CRICKET IN CANADA: An Historical Chronology Before Confederation CRICKET IN canada An historical chronology before confederation Prepared and collated by Jon Harris, with contributions from K. Boller. http://www.canadacricket.com/history/pre-confederation.htm

CRICKET IN CANADA An historical chronology before Confederation Prepared and collated by Jon Harris, with contributions from K. Boller. Cricket “was probably the first of the major games played in Canada, being popular in the garrisons in the late 18 th century”. ( Canadian Encyclopedia Records show that in a game was played on an island near Montreal, in the colony of Lower Canada. The garrison of  Fort York was established in , and is now in the heart of Toronto. Cricket has a long association with the City of Toronto, for cricket had been played at the Home District Grammar School, which was founded in . Most of the early matches played in Toronto were ‘friendlies’, There is a record of cricket, in the form of an engraving, being played on the ice in The participants were the crews of two Royal Navy vessels, under the command of Capt. Parry, which became trapped in the ice near the island of Igloolik close to the Arctic Circle. Certainly these games were the venue of the first cricket played in Canada’s far north. Beyond playing cricket, the crews created a year long record of meteorological data.  According to the Canadian  Encyclopedia  “The first regular club formed was probably the St. John’s Cricket Club (

58. UTP Publishing canada Dry Temperance Crusades before confederation The Temperance movement has played a large part in the history of canada. http://www.utppublishing.com/pubstore/merchant.ihtml?pid=6733&lastcatid=130&step

59. The Atlas Of Canada - Territorial Evolution, 1867 They all kept the boundaries they had before confederation, except that what used to be the province of canada was divided into the new provinces of Ontario http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1867/1

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Site Search Our Site Enter your keywords Explore Our Maps Environment Economy History ... Territorial Evolution Territorial Evolution, 1867 Territorial Evolution, 1867 View this map Abstract This map shows the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick united in a federal state. The provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick retain their established boundaries, and Canada is divided into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. New provisional boundaries are assigned to northern Ontario. Confederation The British North America Act, which created the "Dominion" of Canada, was passed by the British parliament in 1867. The British parliament passed the Act as the Canadians had designed it. The Act gave general powers to the federal government, and described the powers of the provinces, but it did not allow Canada to be totally independent. Certain important powers, such as dealings with other states, immigration, command of the armed forces and especially the power to change the Act itself, stayed in the hands of the British parliament. The most important change between the proposals of the Canadians and the Act was in the name of our country. The Canadians had wanted to call it "Kingdom of Canada"; instead, the British changed the name to "Dominion of Canada", so as not to offend the Americans. [D] Click for larger version , 73 KB

60. HISTORY 2773 A1 cover just the period before confederation, others go right up to the present. JM Bumsted, The Peoples of canada A Preconfederation History (Don http://ace.acadiau.ca/history/gpoulter/hist27732005.htm

HISTORY 2773 A1 Pre-Confederation Canada Fall 2005 Slot 2: Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 9:30 to 10:30 am Dr. Gillian Poulter Office: BAC 403 Phone: (902) 585-1289 Fax: (902) 585-1070 E-Mail: gillian.poulter@acadiau.ca Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 10:30 am - 12:30 pm Course Description: This course is an introductory survey of Canadian history from c.1600 to 1867. The course will introduce students to the main themes in the evolution of what is now Canada from pre-European Aboriginal societies to the creation of a modern nation state. It traces the patterns of colonization, immigration and settlement; the political, social and cultural changes which resulted from them; and their effects on First Nations and European settlers. In addition, students will be introduced to various aspects of the discipline of history, and encouraged to develop their writing and critical skills. REQUIRED TEXTS: There are TWO required texts: THE 'READER' This is a text which contains a selection of primary and secondary sources. It is available from booksellers on-line, or in the campus bookstore. J. M. Bumsted and Ken Kuffert, eds.

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