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  1. Cameroon Country Study Guide (World Country Study Guide Library) by International Business Publications, USA, 2003-03-11

81. The Post Online (Cameroon): Central African Experts Crusade For Environmental Go
Interactive site of The Post Newspaper, cameroon West africa According tohim, the forests and natural resources in the region are facing threats of
http://www.postnewsline.com/2005/08/central_african.html
The Post Online (Cameroon)
Interactive site of The Post Newspaper, Cameroon - West Africa
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Central African Experts Crusade For Environmental Governance
By Kini Nsom
Members of Parliament, MPs, and other stakeholders in the Central African Sub-region have been called upon to fight for the sustainable management of natural resources by ensuring environmental good governance.

82. Global Volcanism Program Volcanoes Of The World Volcanoes Of
Volcano Photo National Museum of Natural history Home Page. Volcanoes of theWorld » Volcanoes of africa and the Red Sea » Volcano List
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=02&rpage=list

83. French Colonies - Cameroon
The Republic of cameroon is an independent state in western africa, now foundthroughout africa to the southeast, spread from the cameroon region.
http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Cameroon.shtml
home boutique bookstore travel center ... help! Colonies France Paris Provinces Introduction: Colonies Algeria Cameroon Chad Comoros Cote d'Ivoire Crozet Islands Dahomey (Benin) French Equatorial Africa French Guiana French Guinea (Guinea) French Polynesia French Somaliland (Djibouti) French Sudan (Mali) French West Africa Gabon Guadeloupe Haiti Indochina Kerguelen Islands Louisiana Madagascar Martinique Mauritania Mayotte Middle Congo (Congo) Montserrat Morocco New Caledonia New France (Canada) Niger Pondicherry Reunion Rodrigues Senegal Seychelles St. Barthelemy St. Martin Terre Adelie Togo Tunisia Ubangi-Shari (Central Afr. Rep.) Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) Other Former Colonies Boutique Travel Center Site Map
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84. Famous Nigerians And Personalities - OnlineNigeria.com
history of Nigeria with significant timelines in it s history. 1961 (October1) Southern cameroon ceased to be a part of Nigeria.
http://www.onlinenigeria.com/history.asp
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News: National Sports Business Delta Region Brief Notes On Nigeria Leaders of Nigeria Country Profile Federal Capital: Abuja » Business Hours: Area: 923,768,64 Sq. Km Banks: 8 a.m. - 3 p.m. Monday only Population: 110 Million 8 a.m. - 1.30 p.m. Tues. - Fri. Principal Rivers: Niger and Benue Independence Day: October 1 » Federal Government Offices: Remembrance Day: January 15 7.30 a.m. - 3.30 p.m. Mon. - Fri.

85. The History Of Cameroon.
In World War I British, French, and Belgian African troops drove the Germans into Introduction to the history of cameroon Nineteenth and Twentieth
http://www.sfu.ca/archaeology/museum/ndi/History.html
The History of Cameroon
From Encyclopedia Britannica.com
Where is Cameroon?

Early history

The mandates
...
Bibliography

Early history From archaeological evidence it is known that humans have inhabited Cameroon for at least 50,000 years, and there is strong evidence of the existence of important kingdoms and states in more recent times. Of these, the most widely known is Sao, which arose in the vicinity of Lake Chad, probably in the 5th century AD. This kingdom reached its height from the 9th to the 15th centuries, after which it was conquered and destroyed by the Kotoko state, which extended over large portions of northern Cameroon and Nigeria. Kotoko was incorporated into the Bornu empire during the reign of Rabih az-Zubayr (Rabah) in the late 19th century, and its people became Muslims. Islam became a powerful force in the northern and central portions of the country through conquest, immigration, and the spread of commerce from north and northwestern Africa. The most significant bearers of this faith, the Fulani, entered northern Cameroon beginning in the 18th century. The first small groups of pastoralists were welcomed by the host populations. Eventually the Fulani, frustrated under non-Muslim rule and encouraged by the teachings of the mystic Usman dan Fodio, revolted. In the early 1800s Modibbo Adama was appointed by Usman to lead a jihad over large areas centred in northern Nigeria, which were incorporated into Usman's Sokoto empire. The Fulani expansion reached its southernmost point with the conquest of Bamoum, a kingdom founded in the 17th century by Nshare, the son of a Tikar chief. Bamoum was one of the largest of numerous kingdoms that emerged in the grassland areas of Cameroon at least 300 years ago. The Fulani conquest was brief and did not result in Islamization, although this faith was accepted by a later ruler, Sultan Njoya, in the early 20th century.

86. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria
history. Virtually all the native races of africa are represented in Nigeria, Bolstered by trade with the Nile region and TransSaharan routes,
http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml
HISTORY AND PEOPLE
NIGERIA
Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

87. AFRICAN HISTORY TIMELINE Independent Cameroon
AFRICAN history TIMELINE Independent cameroon the Bamileke community, wasshot to death at a police road block near Bafoussam in the anglophone region.
http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm
Africa Since 1875
AFRICAN HISTORY TIMELINE: Independent Cameroon
.......DATE............. ...........................EVENT............................. ......... Following World War II, nationalist movements began to press for independence. The Union des Populations Camerounaises (UPC) was the most radical party. The UPC demanded immediate and separate independence for each of the two Cameroons. When legal methods failed, the UPC launched a revolt in 1955 that resulted in extensive destruction and death. The French banned the UPC, but it continued to operate in Bamileke country, where it had wide support from the largest ethnic group in Cameroon. Northerner Ahmadou Ahidjo, leader of the Bloc D‚mocratique Camerounais , worked with the French for gradual independence and formed a new party, the Union Camerounaise , calling for reunification, independence and national reconciliation. Ahmadou Ahidjo became the first president of Cameroon at independence. Southern British Cameroon joined the Republic of Cameroon following a UN-directed plebiscite, while the northern portion voted to remain with Nigeria. Ahidjo suspended the constitution and invoked presidential emergency powers because of continued violence by the UPC.

88. Chad Relations With Other African States - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climat
Chad Relations with Other African States Flags, Maps, Economy, history, Climate, cameroon became an increasingly important trading partner during the
http://www.photius.com/countries/chad/government/chad_government_relations_with_

Chad Relations with Other African States
http://www.photius.com/countries/chad/government/chad_government_relations_with_other~11517.html
Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook
    Back to Chad Government Chad maintained generally close ties with its other African neighbors, but the primary base of these ties were Chad's economic and security needs, together with other governments' concerns for regional stability. Overall, African states sought to protect their own intereststo isolate or contain Chad's continuing violence without becoming involved militarily. As France was attempting to transfer more responsibility to former colonies and subregional powers, francophone African leaders urged each other and the former colonial power to increase assistance to Chad. Each side partially succeeded. African states had other reasons for ambivalence toward Chad in addition to their own security concerns. Chad's long-standing unrest, border conflicts, overall instability, and poverty contributed to its image as a relatively unimportant ally. It underwent frequent shifts in government; from 1979 to 1982, it was not always clear who was in charge. In 1982 Chad's new president, Habré, appeared to some African heads of state to be a Pariseducated northerner with aristocratic pretensions, who had not done enough to win their support. Because of Chad's landlocked status and limited air transport service, Cameroon was an important neighbor and ally throughout most of the 1970s and 1980s. Imports and exports were shipped between Yaoundé and N'Djamena by rail and road, as were military and food assistance shipments. Cameroon became an increasingly important trading partner during the 1980s, following unsuccessful attempts in the 1970s to conclude multilateral trade agreements with Congo and Central African Republic. In 1987 Cameroon was Chad's third largest source of imports after France and the United States, and Cameroon purchased Chadian cotton and agricultural products.

89. Afrol News - Africa's Early Ecologic-cultural History Studied
africaN NEWS AGENCY. The only independent news agency dedicated exclusively toafrica. africa s early ecologiccultural history studied.
http://www.afrol.com/articles/10304
Africa News
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01.08.2005 - afrol News closed for holidays in August

13.09.2004 - Nigeria's filmmakers "comply with censors board"

16.08.2004 - Bushmeat warning after new Cameroon virus

06.04.2004 - New uses for West Africa's miracle yohimbe tree
... Cameroon
Africa's early ecologic-cultural history studied afrol News , 25 July The two last millenniums BC represented a key change in Africa's ecological and cultural history, which has been poorly studied. German multi-disciplinary scientists now are investigating whether the spread of agriculture into Western and Central Africa had environmental roots or if it was related to events in the Sahel. Case studies are made in Cameroon and Nigeria. The research programme of the scientist group from the Frankfurt University is focusing on the time span between year 2000 BC and year of the Christian calendar. During these two millenniums, vast areas of the African continent experienced profound cultural and ecological changes that have influenced the history of Africa until present days.
The primary focus of the ample research programme was to be the transition from societies of hunters and gatherers to communities basing their economy and culture on agriculture and livestock farming. This cultural transition always "forms a profound point of change in the history of humanity," which "releases developments of great consequences" throughout the world, according to the German team.

90. Afrol News - Your Portal To Africa!
The only independent news agency dedicated exclusively to africa. Carney (1986),The social history of Gambian rice production an analysis of food
http://www.afrol.com/html/archive/groundnuts_gambia.htm
Africa News
afrol News
Frontpage
Latest News Subscriptions Countries ... Subscriptions
History The introduction of the Groundnut to The Gambia
In the Western Sudan, the groundnut is one of the most important cash crops and food staple nowadays. Unlike the African bambara groundnut, it is not an indigenous species, but was brought by Portuguese traders from the Americas in the 16th century. It quickly spread through the Sudan due to its high nutrition values, draught resistance and later, as a product of long distance trade for its oils. Now it is one of the main agricultural products of landscapes that far apart as The Gambia and Northern Cameroon. Related items Pages

The Gambia

Economic history of rural Gambia

Land Use in The Gambia

Map of The Gambia
...
Ingredients - groundnut
Articles
How cashew production in Mozambique came to an end
Library Fyhri (1998) The Gambia: The complexity of modernising the agricultural Sector in Africa , thesis in geography, University of Oslo.

91. Elephants Of Cameroon: Brazzaville Summit: Historic Milestones Achieved In Conse
The signing of africa’s first ever regionwide conservation treaty, and an agreement In addition, a trilateral agreement signed between cameroon, Gabon,
http://www.fieldtripearth.org/article.xml?id=1109

92. A Brief History Of African Popular Music
region) is also the homeland of juju music, the African equivalent of JeanMarie Ahanda s Les Tetes Brulees took cameroon s music into the punk age,
http://www.scaruffi.com/history/african.html
A brief summary of African Popular music
by Piero Scaruffi
excerpted from The History of Rock Music Piero Scaruffi During the 1980s, the West rediscovered the folk music of Africa. Afro-rock started with commercial groups based in the west, such as Osibisa. The cross-pollination took place in both directions: western popular music adopted elements of African music, while African music adopted elements (particularly the studio techniques) of western music. During the 1980s, the styles and genres of the various African countries, such as South Africa's "mbaqanga", Zimbabwe's "jit", Zaire's "soukous", Nigeria's "juju" and Ghana's "highlife", had a chance to develop and proliferate around the world.
Congo
Piero Scaruffi See
African music of the 1950s

African music of the 1970s

Afro-pop of the 1980s
A key figure was "Franco" (Francois Luambo Makiadi), the guitarist who in 1958 evolved the O.K.Jazz into the 20-member T.P.O.K.Jazz (including saxohpnist 'Verkys' Kiamanguana Mateta) and was largely responsible for the relaxed, sensual, languid version of soukous that became predominant, before the 1967 arrival of guitarist Mose Fan Fan led to a more lively sound. His collaboration with Tabu Ley, Omana Wapi (1976), contained only four lengthy dances.

93. Environment 'vital' In Making African Poverty History
Environment vital in making African poverty history. 2507-2005. Kribi, cameroon –More than 40 African conservationists from 23 countries around the
http://www.birdlife.org/news/pr/2005/07/africa_mdgs.html
@import url(../../../../styles.css); Tips News only Home Home BirdLife Worldwide National Partners ... BirdLife News Alerts
Sign up to receive free email alerts about the latest news on the BirdLife web site. Or change your current News Alerts settings. Home News Press Releases BirdLife Site Support Groups can help mobilise communities for conservation
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Environment "vital" in making African poverty history
Kribi, Cameroon – More than 40 African conservationists from 23 countries around the continent today stressed that environmental sustainability and natural resource management should play a vital role in current efforts to “make poverty history” on the continent. Members of the BirdLife Africa Partnership reiterated the need for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for Africa to be achieved by 2015 – especially Target 1 (to halve poverty by 2015) and Target 9 (to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources). [1, 2] However, they also drew attention to the recent UN General Assembly “interactive dialogue” with civil society at which it was pointed out that the governments of the world are failing to invest adequately in Goal 7 (MDG7) – which aims to “Ensure environmental sustainability”.

94. Africa Launches Largest Polio Immunization Campaign In Its History
One million polio vaccinators, 80 million children, 23 countries africa The recent spread of polio in the Darfur region of the Sudan and spread to
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=14666

95. Review Of African Crossroads And Kingdom On Mount Cameroon
African Crossroads Intersections between history and Anthropology in cameroon; Kingdom on Mount cameroon Studies in the history of the cameroon Coast,
http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/dz/xroads/historian.html
Review of African Crossroads and Kingdom on Mount Cameroon
THE HISTORIAN Vol LX, No. 4, Summer 1998 pp 842-3.
The Historian is a publication of Phi Alpha Theta, the History National Honor Society
African Crossroads: Intersections between History and Anthropology in Cameroon; Cameroon Studies, Volume 2. Edited by Ian Fowler and David Zeitlyn. (Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996, Pp. xviii, 213. $29.95.)
Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast, 1500-1970; Cameroon Studies, Volume 1. By Edwin Ardener. Edited and with an Introduction by Shirley Ardener. (Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996. Pp. xix, 380. $49.95.) In fact, both of these volumes stand at the methodological crossroads between history and anthropology in that they strive to unravel the sometimes-obscure chronology and context of the Cameroonian past using the tools and approaches of both of those disciplines. The first volume of the series constitutes a partial collection of the efforts of a scholar whose work mainly appeared in the 1950s and 1960s "when Cameroon Studies were in their relative infancy" (xviii). The second, dedicated to another ground-breaking researcher in the field, E. M. Chilver, is a diverse assembly of papers by more recent researchers who build on earlier work on the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon. In African Crossroads: Intersections between History and Anthropology in Cameroon, Ian Fowler and David Zeitlyn lead off with a discussion of the scholarly controversies surrounding the economic and linguistic diversity of the Grassfields area. An emphasis is placed on the "Tikar Problem", wherein the many dynasties claiming descent from the Tikar have neither linguistic nor cultural commonalities among them. The editors suggest that the Tikar introduced a "model" for a tribe, which Grassfields, chiefdoms emulated by claiming origin from them. Richard Fardon, in the first essay, "The Person, Ethnicity and the Problem of Identity in West Africa," confirms the view that the identity of the Chamba seems to be a product of the retrojection of the tribe's collective memory into a comprehensive historical narrative in which they could not have participated.

96. African Wildlife Foundation: Over 40 Years Of History
This is the first case in that region in 17 years. AWLF assists to institutewildlife management school in cameroon for Frenchspeaking Africans.
http://www.awf.org/about/history.php
ABOUT AWF Our Mission Over 40 Years of History AWF Publications A Message from Our ... Contact Us SIGN UP FOR OUR ENEWS! Donate Adopt an African Animal Members Contact Us This chronology highlights important steps in AWF's growth and success over the past 42 years. AWF begins a large carnivore research program focusing on lions and the spotted hyena in the Chobe National Park in northeastern Botswana and the eastern Caprivi Strip of Namibia. Award-winning author Peter Matthiessen agrees to be keynote speaker for the AWF Fundraising dinner in New York City. Mr. Matthiessen has written about Africa in his books "In Sand Rivers", "The Tree Where Man Was Born", "African Silences", and "Shadows of Africa". AWF collaborates on conservation business ventures with two community-run lodges in Okavango Delta, Botswana- Tsaro Elephant and Santawane lodges. AWF meets with Ron Wood, a member of the Rolling Stones and visual artist, in New York City. He generously donates a series of his endangered species prints to be auctioned in the fundraiser for AWF in New York City.

97. History Guide NG
Results for africa (Region) . (7 results, order by title) en Afrique offersdirect access to articles and informations about the history of africa,
http://www.historyguide.de/allegrosuche.php?modus=gok&suchterm=t2:6&ueberschrift

98. Brief History Of Traditional African BeadCraft
Even further to the south in what is the Transkei region of the Eastern Province, In the cameroon, beaded patterns and colours are remarkably similar to
http://minotaur.marques.co.za/clients/zulu/history.htm
A Brief Historical Review Of Traditional African Beadwork in Africa, South of the Sahara
It is generally assumed that African beadwork in regions south of the Sahara has its origins in the comparatively recent past when the colonisation of Africa opened up the Dark Continent to traders from Portugal, the Netherlands and England. Further south, in what is now KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Province of South Africa, the trade in beads is supposed to have had an even more recent origin. Henry Francis Fynn, who came to Port Natal (now Durban ) as a trader in 1824, was possibly the first Englishman to have offered glass beads as standard merchandise to the North Nguni, best known of which was the Zulu, whose colourful beadwork is unique because of it's singular eloquence in the way messages dealing with male-female relationships were traditionally woven into it's design. Even further to the south in what is the Transkei region of the Eastern Province , the South Nguni - of whom the Xosas, Pondo and Thembu are well-known sections - have had close contact with the British ever since the first settlers arrived in Delagoa Bay ( now Port Elizabeth) in 1820. Obviously, glass beads were common commodities offered by those early traders to Africans of the region whose beadwork, different in some respects from that of the Zulu, are in many ways as spectacular as the Zulu product. The beadwork tradition did not, however, begin with the traders of the early nineteenth century. The market for glass beads already existed in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Province. Fynn at Port Natal and British traders operating from Delagoa Bay merely supplied it, meeting a need for a commodity that had been well known to their customers long before they arrived in what is now KwaZulu-Natal and the Transkei.

99. Central African Republic: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com
history. Between the 16th and 19th cent., much of the region was subject todevastating slave Main article history of the Central African Republic
http://www.answers.com/topic/central-african-republic
showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Dialing Code Stats WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Central African Republic Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Central African Republic (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Cen·tral African Republic sĕn trəl
A country of central Africa. Part of French Equatorial Africa after the 1890s, it became independent in 1960. In 1966 Col. Jean-B©del Bokassa overthrew the government and later declared himself emperor, and from 1976 to 1979 the country was called the Central African Empire. Following further political instability in the 1980s, a civilian government was restored in 1993. Bangui is the capital and the largest city. Population: 3,740,000 . Encyclopedia Central African Republic, republic (1995 est. pop. 3,400,000), 240,534 sq mi (622,983 sq km), central Africa. The landlocked nation is bordered by Chad (N), Sudan (E), Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville) (S), and Cameroon (W). Bangui is the capital and largest city. There are 14 prefectures, two economic prefectures, and the Bangui federal district.

100. African History
Today few issues in African history are as contentious as this socalled Bantu This vast and densely-vegetated region would appear to be the African
http://www.zyama.com/Iowa/African History.htm
Issues in African History
Professor James Giblin, Department of History, The University of Iowa Like the art of all peoples, the art of Africans expresses values, attitudes, and thought which are the products of their past experience. For that reason, the study of their art provides a way of learning about their history. Through the study of African art we can study the questions which have long preoccupied historians of Africa. This essay written by a historian who studies the African past presents an introduction to these questions. Its purpose is to encourage students to use their knowledge of African art to think about issues in African history. As students of African art begin to consider the African past, they must also consider how Western conceptions of "race" and "racial" difference have influenced our notions of the African past. These ideas, which have usually contrasted the presumed inferiority of black peoples with the superiority of whites, arose in Western societies as Europeans sought to justify their enslavement of Africans and the subsequent colonization of Africa. Historians now recognize that ideas of racial inferiority have inspired the belief that in the past African peoples lived in a state of primitive barbarism. At the same time, they have realized that many of the European writings which they use to reconstruct the African past such as accounts by nineteenth-century missionaries and travelers, for example are themselves tainted by these same notions of African inferiority.

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