41. Byzantine Empire - All About Turkey byzantine empire and its foundation in Asia Minor having Constantinople as its capital. Home history byzantine empire http://www.allaboutturkey.com/bizans.htm

Home Regions of Turkey Top Tourist Sites History ... History > Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, for it was in fact a continuation of the Roman Empire into its eastern part. At its greatest size, during the 500's AD, Byzantine included parts of southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa. The Byzantine people called themselves Romans although they were actually descendants of various ancient peoples and they spoke Greek. The word Byzantine, in fact, comes from "Byzantium," which is the Greek name for a city on the Bosphorus . The Greeks colonized the area first, in the mid-600's BC, even before Alexander the Great brought his troops into Anatolia (334 BC). Greek culture continued its influence long after the region became part of the Roman Empire, in the 100's BC. But it was when Roman emperor Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople ( Istanbul today), in 330 AD, that the Byzantine Empire really began. It lasted over 1000 years, ending finally in 1453, when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul Christianity had a strong influence on Byzantine art music , and architecture . Since Constantinople was the political center of the Empire, it also was the educational center, where future

42. Explore Byzantium A site devoted to the history and culture of the byzantine empire. Includes photographs, maps and articles. http://byzantium.seashell.net.nz

The Byzantine Empire stood at the geographical and cultural centre of the European and Middle-Eastern world for more than one thousand years. For much of that time, and over several cycles of decline and recovery - from inception as the eastern half of the partitioned Roman Empire in the fourth century AD through to final disappearance in the fifteenth century - Byzantium played the role of an economic, political, and cultural superpower. On this site you will find a historical overview, timelines, maps, articles and bibliographic material - all dedicated to the fascinating civilisation of Byzantium. The site also features an extensive photographic gallery, which details some of the surviving examples of Byzantine architecture and public art - from Italy through to the empire's heartland in modern Greece and Turkey. Home Introduction Timeline Articles ... About and Contact Explore Byzantium 2003 Email Search this site: Email Us Four Star Listing on Best of History Web Sites New on this site: New image galllery: More from Hagia Sophia Byzantium in Five Books : The Byzantines, Cavallo Meet the People ... The Empire in 1453

43. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS history and Culture. The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the After adopting Christianity, the influence of the byzantine empire grew. http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/History/

Monday, 19 September 2005 21:06 Back Print History and Culture The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the earliest historical times: the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. Archaeological discoveries from that time have been made near Karlovo, in the region of the towns of Nova Zagora, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Sofia, Teteven, Troyan and in the Rhodope Mountains. The oldest gold treasure in the world, discovered near Varna, is dated to that time. During the Bronze Age the present-day Bulgarian lands were inhabited by the Thracians, mentioned for the first time by Homer. They were engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding, and left evidence of a rich culture (the Vulchitrun gold treasure). The first Thracian state unions emerged in the 11th-6th centuries BC, which flourished in the 7th-6th centuries BC. In the 1st century BC their lands were conquered by Rome, and after the 5th century AD they were incorporated in the Byzantine Empire. The Thracians were later gradually assimilated by the Slavs who settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century AD. In the second half of the 7th century, the Proto-Bulgarians - an ethnic community of Turkic origin - settled on the territory of the present-day Northeastern Bulgaria. In alliance with the Slavs they formed the Bulgarian State, which was recognised by the Byzantine Empire in 681 AD. Khan Asparouh stood at the head of that state and Pliska was made its capital.

44. The Byzantine Empire, Early Russia, And Muslim Expansion With Justinians death in 565 the greatest period in byzantine history had ended and the tired empire entered a period of instability lasting from 600 to 900 http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/byzmuslm.html

The Byzantine Empire, Early Russia, and Muslim Expansion It is important to point that when we speak of the fall of the Roman Empire we are speaking about the fall of the Western part of the empire and not the eastern part. In the east the Roman Empire for almost 1000 years protected the West from Muslim expansion and invasion. By the time the empire collapsed in 1453 its religious mission had been accomplished and its political concepts had spread among the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe and Russia. The 2 nd great civilization that will be discussed is that of the rise of Islam and the Islamic civilization was religious in its origins for it had developed from the teachings of the prophet Mohammed. The ancient Greek city of Byzantium was formally christened as "new Rome" in AD 330. New Rome eventually was to be called Constantinople and as the western part of the Roman empire fell to foreign invaders, Constantinople turned eastward to secure its economic livelihood and culture and gradually became less and less Roman and Western and more Greek and oriental. In the 6 th century Justinian ruled the eastern empire from 527 to 565 and his ambition was to restore the Roman empire to its previous size and power.

45. The Reign Of Justinian, 527-565 The Emperor responsible for the transition of the empire from Eastern Roman to byzantine. Lectures in Medieval history, by Lynn Harry Nelson, Emeritus Professor of Medieval history, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/justinian.html

The Reign of Justinian, 527- 565 The reign of Justinian was an extremely significant period. It marked the final end of the Roman empire; the establishment of the new, Byzantine empire; the beginning of Western Europe's unique position within the civilizations of the Old World; and made possible the spread of Islam and the rise of the Franks. Although this lecture concentrates on the role played by the Gothic Wars in Justinian's reign, there is a great deal more to be known about this remarkable man and about Theodora , his even more remarkable wife. Procopius, a prominent historian of Justinian's time has left a Secret History of those days, a book which is rather scandalous and may even be true Map of the Mediterranean World in 530 But the Westerners did not want a return of Roman taxation, Roman justice, and imperial interference in their affairs. Consequently, even the Roman inhabitants of some areas joined their German overlords in attempting to fight back the eastern armies determined to restore a situation that many people simply did not want to see restored. The Easterners did not want to waste money defending these western conquests and were impoverished by the cost of these wars. One should note, however that even when he was sending tribute in gold to the Persians and spending immense sums in the Gothic Wars, Justinian still had enough money to embark on an unprecedented building program. Justinian's dreams of conquest have long ago been forgotten by most people. What he is remembered for it the magnificent

46. AllRefer.com - Byzantine Empire (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - En AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on byzantine empire, Ancient history, Late Roman And byzantine. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/B/ByzantinEmp.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 19, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine ... Byzantine Empire By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z B Byzantine Empire, Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine Related Category: Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine Byzantine Empire, successor state to the Roman Empire (see under Rome ), also called Eastern Empire and East Roman Empire. It was named after Byzantium, which Emperor Constantine I rebuilt ( A.D. 330) as Constantinople and made the capital of the entire Roman Empire. Although not foreseen at the time, a division into Eastern and Western empires became permanent after the accession (395) of Honorius in the West and Arcadius in the East. Throughout its existence the Byzantine Empire was subject to important changes in its boundaries. The core of the empire consisted of the Balkan Peninsula (i.e., Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Greece proper, the Greek isles, and Illyria) and of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). The empire combined Roman political tradition, Hellenic culture, and Christian beliefs. Greek was the prevalent language, but Latin long continued in official use. See the table entitled Rulers of the Byzantine Empire for a list of all the Byzantine emperors and the years they reigned.

47. AllRefer.com - Nicaea, Empire Of (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine) - E Nicaea, empire of, Ancient history, Late Roman And byzantine. Related Category Ancient history, Late Roman And byzantine. Nicaea, empire of, 1204–61. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/N/Nicaea-e.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 19, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine ... Nicaea, empire of By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z N Nicaea, empire of, Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine Related Category: Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine Nicaea, empire of, Epirus, despotate of Trebizond, empire of ). The empire of Nicaea preserved the continuity of emperors, patriarchs, and institutions of Byzantium. Founded by Theodore I (Theodore Lascaris) in NW Asia Minor, with Nicaea as its capital, it played the decisive part in reuniting the Byzantine Empire. Theodore I and his successors of the Lascaris family expanded their domains, defeated their neighbors to the south, the Seljuk Turks, and in alliance with Ivan II of Bulgaria weakened their chief rivals, the despots of Epirus. They successfully warred against the Latins, and when the Mongol invasions weakened the Turks of Iconium, Nicaea became supreme in Asia Minor. Michael VIII (Michael Palaeologus), who usurped the throne of Nicaea in 1259, captured Constantinople from the Latins and restored (1261) the Byzantine Empire.

48. Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Multiple-Choice Question Archive Question 1 of 3 byzantine empire. “Western Europe owed a debt of gratitude to the empire that for almost a thousand years ensured the survival of http://regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/question.cfm?Course=GLOB&TopicCode

49. Byzantine Empire Byzantium Later Roman Empire Questia.com Roman empire of the West and the byzantine history of the byzantine empire Vasiliev, history of the byzantine empire , Eng. trans., pp. 565 79. http://www.questia.com/library/history/european-history/medieval-&-renaissance-e

50. History Of The Byzantine Empire: From Constantine The Great To The Epoch Of The IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND history NUMMR 13. history OF THE byzantine empire. BY AA VASILIEV. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I From Constantine the Great to the Epoch http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=904969

51. Byzantine Empire The byzantine empire http //campus.northpark.edu/history//WebChron/East The byzantine World Information about the art, history of the byzantine World. http://cybersleuth-kids.com/sleuth/History/Medieval/Byzantine_Empire/

Home Fun and Games Science Math ... CLIPART A Great Site to find school related clipart. Over 37,000 pictures, illustration, clipart and images to download!! CLIPART INDEX Clipart History Animals, Dinosaurs ... Central Free Lesson Plans in Math, Social Studies, Art, Language Arts, and Science. Rubrics, Worksheets, and Teacher Productivity Tools!! Math Worsheets Math Flash Cards Online Word Search Stay up-to-date! Sign up for our mailing list Subject Themes Dinosaurs Civil War Educational Software US States ... Ancient Civilizations Clipart Mathematics Explorers Inventors ... Lessons US History Search: Home History Medieval Byzantine Empire SEARCH RESULTS 1 - 12 of 18 ByzNet Byzantine Studies on the Net Site dedicated to resources and links relating to the Byzantine Empire.

52. History, Mythology, Greece, Byzantian History The byzantine empire was to regain strength from the 9th to the 11th century, getting back areas Greek history Ancient Hellenistic Roman byzantine http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/history/general/byzantine.htm

The Byzantine Period In AD 313 the Roman emperor Constantine had a vision: he saw a cross in the sky, which made him convert to Christianity and as a consequence the Roman persecutions of Christians stopped. After his death it became the official religion. Constantine decided to found a new Rome, and in AD 324 he moved the capital to the East, to the Greek city Byzantium on the Bosporus. He named the city Constantinople after himself. The empire was still Rome, though, and the inhabitants called themselves Romans or Romei in Greek. The Byzantine, or East Roman, Empire covered today's Balkan Peninsula, plus western Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus, Egypt and east Libya. Most people spoke Greek, but other languages such as Latin, Armenian and Coptic were also spoken. There was a close relationship between the emperor and the church, and it was during the Byzantine period that many standards were set for the Orthodox Church. Most land was owned by the emperor and the church, and the empires major economical factor was agriculture but also trade. In the 5th and 6th century the Byzantine armies had to fight both the invading Huns and Goths, but managed to secure the Empire.

53. Turkey Rome And The Byzantine Empire - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Almost until the end of its long history, the byzantine empire was seen as ecumenicalintended to encompass all Christian peoplesrather than as a http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkey/turkey_history_rome_and_the_byzantine_empire.

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Turkey Rome and the Byzantine Empire http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkey/turkey_history_rome_and_the_byzantine_empire.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS The Aegean coast of Anatolia was an integral part of a Minoan-Mycenean civilization (ca. 2600-1200 B.C.) that drew its cultural impulses from Crete. During the Aegean region's so-called Dark Age (ca. 1050-800 B.C.), Ionian Greek refugees fled across the sea to Anatolia, then under Lydian rule, to escape the onslaught of the Dorians. Many more cities were founded along the Anatolian coast during the great period of Greek expansion after the eighth century B.C. One among them was Byzantium, a distant colony established on the Bosporus by the city-state of Megara. Despite endemic political unrest, the cities founded by the Ionians and subsequent Greek settlers prospered from commerce with Phrygia and Lydia, grew in size and number, and generated a renaissance that put Ionia in the cultural vanguard of the Hellenic world. At first the Greeks welcomed the Persians, grateful to be freed from Lydian control. But when the Persians began to impose unpopular tyrants on the city-states, the Greeks rebelled and called on their kinsmen in Greece for aid. In 334 B.C., Alexander the Great crossed the Hellespont, defeated the Persians at the Granicus River (Biga Çayi), and during four years of campaigning liberated the Ionian city-states, incorporating them into an empire that at his death in 323 B.C. stretched from the Nile to the Indus.

54. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE The byzantine empire was established with the foundation of Constantinople, but the final separation of the eastern and western empires was not complete http://www.gogreece.com/learn/history/Byzantine_empire.html

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE The Byzantine Empire was established with the foundation of Constantinople, but the final separation of the eastern and western empires was not complete until the late fifth century. With its political structure anchored in Greek tradition and a new religion stimulated by Greek philosophy, the Byzantine Empire survived a millennium of triumphs and declines until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Separation from Rome Justinian and the Empire of the East The Decline of the Empire, 565-867 Revival and Collapse, 867-1453 ... Contact us

55. History Of Byzantium, Byzance, Constantinople And Istanbul long history as the Roman empire and their nation as the Nation of Rome. The byzantine empire began with the Emperor Constantine who reigned for http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/thebyzantium.html

The Dark Ages Byzantium means Istanbul Hagia Sophia ... of the Church A Great Empire; The Byzantines In the year 395, when the Roman emperor Theodosum I divided the empire and placed his son Arcadius at the head of the Eastern side and his other son Honorius on the throne of the Western side, he could not have known what kinds of effects this action was to have on the future. The Western Roman Empire, with Honorius at its head, was to have a short life. The Eastem Roman Empire, however, was to last almost one thousand years until it was finally put to an end by the Ottoman Empire Mehmet II when he conquered the city of Istanbul in 1453. The city of Byzantium was chosen to be the capitol of the Eastern Roman Empire. Sixty five years later, however, the name of the city was changed to Constantinople in honor of its founder, Constantine. Even though this radical change was made in the concept of the empire, the Byzantines always referred to themselves during their one thousand year long history as the Roman Empire and their nation as the Nation of Rome. After the collapse of the empire, however, historians began to refer to this empire as the "Byzantine" Empire and so it is remembered today. This empire began in 330 and lasted until 1453, for 1123 years. A struggle between Moslems and Christians began to arise in the Middle Ages. Those warriors known as the Crusaders were the most concrete example of the struggle between these two major religious beliefs.

56. Byzantine Empire Outline History An outline history of the byzantine empire Constantine and Justinian. http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/byzantine_empire.html

Constantine, Justinian Byzantium Home > Byzantine Empire Site Map Slide Shows Guest Book Links ... Support Us The Byzantine Empire An outline history Serious overcrowding in the Greek homelands in the eighth century BC led several city-states to attempt to establish trading colonies to the east and to the west throughout the Mediterranean basin. Thus it happened that, in the year 667 BC, one Byzas of Megara, after consulting the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, founded a settlement which became known as Byzantium at the entrance of the Black Sea. The city state of Megara functioned as a sponsor to this settlement. The location chosen proved to be extremely advantageous for purposes of trade as it was approachable by water from both the Mediterranean and Black Seas and by land from both Europe and Asia Minor. The site was also favourable for defence in that there was only a limited landward perimeter and, if Byzantium were to come under attack, it could hope for relief from the seas. As the sway of the kingdom of Macedon expanded in the second half of the fourth century BC under the leadership of Philip II (382-336 BC) and of his son Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) Byzantium was brought within its orbit. After the death of Alexander the Macedonian Empire decayed but Macedonian Greek influence was continued within the several kingdoms that powerful Macedonian generals established on the ruins of Alexander's Empire.

57. History Of Anatolia For the later history of the area, see byzantine empire, SELJUKS, OTTOMAN empire, and TURKEY. byzantine empire. The byzantine empire is the name given to http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/anatolia/history.html

Discover Turkey ANCIENT ANATOLIA Anatolia is the Asiatic portion of contemporary Turkey, extending from the Bosporus and Aegean coast eastward to the borders of the Soviet Union, Iran, and Iraq. The Greeks and Romans called western Anatolia "Asia." Later the name "Asia Minor," or "Little Asia," was used to distinguish Anatolia from the land mass of the greater Asian continent. Already in late prehistoric times, occupation by cave dwellers in various subregions set the stage for Anatolia's emergence as a center of the agricultural revolution identified with the NEOLITHIC PERIOD. Villages and towns of this era appear at Siirt, Diyarbaker, and Urfa (southeastern Anatolia); Tarsus and Mersin in the Cicilian Plain; the Amuq Plain; at CATAL HUYUK (southeast of Konya); Hacilar (southwestern Anatolia); and Suberde (southwest of Konya). The 13-ha (32-acre) site at Catal Huyuk (c. 7000-5600 BC) has produced outstanding artifacts revealing it as a metalworking, specialized-craft, and religious center. Individual city-states abound during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages (3d to early 2d millennium BC). Between 1940 and 1780 BC, Assyrian merchants from Mesopotamia peacefully established a score of trading colonies in central and eastern Anatolian cities, thereby drawing the region into wider politico-economic focus. The Hittites Enduring political unification of Anatolia was achieved by the HITTITES, an Indo-European confederation that subdued the kingdoms of the central plateau about 1750 BC. They established the Old Hittite Kingdom, eventually ruling from BOGAZKOY (Hattusa). The confederation, whose chief members were Luwians, Palaites, and Neshites, entered Anatolia from Europe well before 2000 BC. For the first century and a half, the Old Hittite Kingdom was internally strong and militarily secure. Under Hattusilis I (fl. c. 1560 BC) the Hittite kingdom began to expand into northwest Syria. His adopted son, Mursilis I (fl. c. 1620 BC), raided down the Euphrates Valley and defeated Babylon (c. 1600 BC). Thereafter the kingdom struggled under a series of internal coups and royal assassinations until stability was reestablished by Telepinus I (c. 1525 BC). About 70 years later came the second major phase of Hittite political and military power.

58. Albanian Information - Albanian.com history THE byzantine empire In the course of several centuries, under the impact of Roman, byzantine, and Slavic cultures, the tribes of southern http://www.albanian.com/information/history/byzantin.html

Countries Albania Kosova Macedonia ... Culture THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE From Illyria to Albania Medieval culture Our Partners

59. Lecture 17: Byzantine Civilization A lecture on the early history of the byzantine empire, with special reference Although the byzantine empire remained in existence until it was defeated http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture17b.html

Lecture 17 Byzantine Civilization In 410, the "eternal city" of Rome was sacked. From 451 to 453 Italy suffered the invasions of Attila the Hun who was known by all as the "scourge of God." By the 5th century, power in Western Europe had passed from the hands of the Roman emperors to those of barbarian chieftains. In 476, the date usually assigned to the fall the Roman Empire, the barbarian Odovacer (c.434-493), deposed the western emperor Romulus Augustulus and ruled in his place (on the Fall of Rome, see Lecture 14 By the end of the 5th century the western Empire was split into various Germanic kingdoms. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy, the Franks in northern Gaul, the Burgundians in Provence, the Visigoths in southern Gaul and Spain, the Vandals in Africa and the western Mediterranean, and the Angles and Saxons in England. Barbarians were clearly the masters of western Europe, but they were also willing to accommodate themselves to the people they conquered. (See map of barbarian migration , Shockwave required.)

60. UT - MENIC: Arts And Humanities: History: Byzantine Empire Home Arts and Humanities history byzantine empire Catholic Encyclopedia The byzantine empire Constantinople features information and images http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/Arts_and_Humanities/History/Middle_Ages/Byzantine_

Site Index F.A.Q. Search the Site Suggest a Link ... History Byzantine Empire The following links are external. MENIC does not maintain these sites, and is not responsible for their content. Belisarius' Bid for Rome - Military History Feature on Emperor Justinian's plan to recover the western provinces from their barbarian rulers. Bibliography on Women in Byzantium - This is an annually published document by Professor Thalia Gouma-Peterson of The College of Wooster. Brothels, Baths and Babes - concerning prostitution in the Byzantine Holy Land. Byzantine Coinage - eBook from Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Coins - collection of late Roman, Byzantine and western contemporary imitative gold coins. Byzantine Garden Culture edited by Antony Littlewood, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn - eBook from Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Magic edited by Henry Maguire - eBook from Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents - eBook from Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Studies Conference - nonprofit association for the presentation and discussion of scholarly papers embodying current research on Byzantine history and culture. Byzantines in Renaissance Italy - overview of Greek immigration to Italy in the 15th century and the contribution of the Byzantines to the Italian Renaissance.

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