21. African Masks African peoples often symbolize death by the colour white rather than Having conquered the indigenous peoples, the Lunda gradually assimilated with them http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-mas

Pictures / photos / images of some MASKS and headdresses in the African tribal, antique, ritual, ethnographic, classical, "primitive" art collection (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Many African societies see masks as mediators between the living world and the supernatural world of the dead, ancestors and other entities. Masks became and still become the attribute of a dressed up dancer who gave it life and word at the time of ceremonies. In producing a mask, a sculptor's aim is to depict a person's psychological and moral characteristics, rather than provide a portrait. The sculptor begins by cutting a piece of wood and leaving it to dry in the sun; if it cracks, it cannot be used for a mask. African sculptors see wood as a complex living material and believe each piece can add its own feature to their work. Having made certain the wood is suitable, the sculptor begins, using an azde to carve the main features, a chisel to work on details and a rough leaf to sand the piece. He then paints the mask with pigments such as charcoal (to give a black colour), powders made from vegetable matter or trees (for ochre/earth tones) or mineral powders like clay (to give a white colour).

22. Weapons In Context: Extract By contrast, many central African peoples believe that except on a few designated For example among the bushoong, the ruling group of the Kuba people of http://pittweb.prm.ox.ac.uk/Kent/shieweap/weaobj2.html

Weapons in Context Extract from Spring's African Weapons Weapons and Society Weapons and Warfare History and the 'Ethnographic Present' Earth and Fire: Iron Technology and the Blacksmith ... Main 'thinking about objects' page Introduction (pp 9-19; references given by Spring are fully cited in the bibliography This book is primarily intended as a celebration of African artistry and ingenuity. It also attempts to show the way in which arms and armour are incorporated into the complex material systems which express the structure of non-industrialised societies. The book takes as its subject a particular category of artefact which may not conform to Western preconceptions of what constitutes African art, but this should not be allowed to detract from our appreciation. Furthermore, the creativity which has gone into the production of African arms and armour must not be obscured by the fact that these artefacts are often used in a context which attests to man's most negative and destructive cultural proclivity. At the risk of playing devil's advocate, I believe that to underrate the significance of these artefacts within the societies which produced them would be to overlook a whole range of human endeavour and activity. Weapons and Society It is difficult both to detect and to analyse the concept of aesthetic appreciation in societies which do not appear to have a perception of 'art' as we in the West understand it. However, there is some evidence to suggest that there is a considerable difference between the type of object which might be considered of aesthetic significance in an African as opposed to a Western context. As Vaughan (1973) has pointed out, the Marghi of Northern Nigeria 'do not consider rock paintings or calabash decorations fitting topics for artistic activity, while they do view weapons as products which are worthy of an aesthetic appreciation'.

23. MA: Art And Society In Africa, 2001-2002 The Course Is Broadly Concerned With Th For two million years people have been making things in africa. Some of theseacknowledge the authority of the king of the bushoong, one of this group http://www.glaadh.ac.uk/documents/j_picton_course_ma.htm

Professor John Picton School of African and Asian Studies, London. MA Course Outline Academic Session 2000-2001 This set of course outlines has been kindly given to us by Professor John Picton, School of African and Asian Studies, London. The dates have been left in to emphasise that this is intended as a snapshot of the curriculum. 02 (p. 2 – READINGS IN ART AND SOCIETY IN A FRICA (p Selected reading: The Yoruba Artist, Washington DC Arnoldi M J, 1995: Playing with Time . . . Central Mali, Indiana Africa and the Renaissance, New York Bradbury R E, 1973: Benin Studies Deliss C [et al], Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, London Enwezor O [ed], 2000: Fardon R [ed], 1995: Counterworks, London (see especially his introduction) Liberated Voices: contemporary Art from South Africa, New York Kasfir S, 1999: Contemporary African Art, The Gelede Spectacle, Seattle Reading the Contemporary: African Art from Theory to the Marketplace Onobrakpeya B, 1992: The Spirit in Ascent Ottenberg S, 1997: New Traditions from Nigeria:. . the Nsukka group, Washington DC Pemberton III J [ed], 2000:

24. INTRODUCTION TO THE ART & ARCHAEOLOGY OF AFRICA ii To what extent do indigenous cult traditions in West africa withstand, Black and african people have lived in Britain for several centuries (John http://www.glaadh.ac.uk/documents/j_picton_course_ba.htm

Professor John Picton School of African and Asian Studies, London BA Course Outline Academic Session 2000-2001 This set of course outlines has been kindly given to us by Professor John Picton, School of African and Asian Studies, London. The dates have been left in to emphasise that this is intended as a snapshot of the curriculum. AFRICA (p. AFRICAN ART I. CONTEXT, REPRESENTATION, S I p ... RAPHY AND THE VISUAL ARTS (p. 45 – 73) th century "discovery". Both propositions have long since been proved untenable. Peter Garlake, 1978, The Kingdoms of Africa, a succinct account of much of the material discussed in this course, unfortunately out of print, but probably worth buying if you can find it; Thurstan Shaw, P Sinclair, B Andah, A Okpoko [eds],1993, The Archaeology of Africa, Martin Hall, 1986, Archaeology Africa,; a textbook of archaeology as a discipline with its theories and methods as practised in Africa. Its organisation does not fit easily with the current layout of this course, but it can be read alongside much of what happens here, as in the Theory and Method course; Frank Willett, 1971:

25. ISGEm, Volume 4 Number 2, May 1989 Marcia Ascher discusses the interest among the bushoong and Tschokwe of central materials based on indigenous African practiceshouse construction, http://web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem42.htm

Volume 4 Number 2, May 1989 ISGEm Advisory Board Gloria Gilmer, President Milwaukee, WI 53205 Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, Vice President Universidade Estadual de Campinas Gilbert J. Cuevas, Research Coordinator University of Miami Patrick Scott, Editor University of New Mexico Elisa Bonilla, Assistant Editor Claudia Zaslavsky, Secretary New York, NY 10040 USA Luis Ortiz Franco, Member-at-Large Chapman College David Davison Eastern Montana University Anna Grosgalvis, Treasurer Milwaukee Public Schools Sau-Lin Tsang, Research Coordinator Southwest Center for Educational Equity ISGEm NEWS Minutes of the meeting of the ISGEm in Orlando, Florida, as reported by Luis Ortiz-Franco. The annual business meeting of the ISGEm was held on Thursday, April 13, 1989, during the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). We saw some familiar faces and many new faces. The fact that there were many new people in the meeting is a sign that we are growing. The meeting was chaired by Dr. Gloria Gilmer and the agenda included the following items: 1. Kathy Layton from NCTM conveyed information to ISGEm regarding affiliation with NCTM and the benefits that accompany such a relationship. Some of those benefits are: consultant services available at no cost; national and regional representatives are available to affiliates; NCTM underwrites conferences, membership drives, and provides grants for special projects and mailing labels. NCTM can also provide assistance in incorporating without paying legal fees provided the constitution and by-laws of the group seeking affiliation contain a dissolution clause and a non-restrictive membership clause. The current draft's of ISGEM's constitution and by-laws do contain these clauses so it looks like we are a good position to proceed with affiliation with NCTM if we so desire.

26. Joshua Project - Peoples Listing Location Data Map All Affinity Blocs Affinity Bloc East Asian peoples People Cluster Taiwan indigenous People Babusa. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=100700

27. Joshua Project - Peoples Listing Location Data Map All Affinity Blocs Affinity Bloc East Asian peoples People Cluster Taiwan indigenous People Bunun. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=114020

28. UnityDemocracy that compelled Traditional africa, such as the Asante People, to unite to confront land, but all political decisions are made by the bushoong court, http://www.unitedafricaorganization.org/UnityDemocracy.html

Unity In Traditional Africa and the trust of the component States of the African Kingdom in the leadership of the kingdom never waned attesting to the wisdom of African Ancestors that autonomy in exchange of political allegiance to the political center builds internal political and economic strength against external aggression as well as maintains internal stability and progress. Whether unity was achieved by conquest or by consent in Traditional Africa, the result was stability, security and prosperity of the kingdom and the component States, which was quite unlike European imperialism in Africa. To remind this and future generation of Africans of the imperative of solid African Unity, UAO has published here the Below, in alphabetical order, are some examples of how unity was achieved in Traditional Africa The Unity of Asante ...... a lesson to Modern Africa The Asantehene Centuries ago, in the 1600, several States of the Asante Ethnic Group in present day African States of Ghana in West Africa united to form a kingdom and recognized one chief as the King, the first among equals. The

29. Web Server Statistics For The University Of Iowa Zealand) 0.05% 51 0.03% 8138 0.06% 3017 .za (South africa) 0.05% 49 0.03% 8116 147 /~africart/toc/people/bushoong.html 179 http://www.uiowa.edu/stats/stats-2000-07.html

Web Server Statistics for The University of Iowa Program started at Tue-Aug-01-2000 00:46 local time. Analyzed requests from Sat-Jul-01-2000 00:01 to Tue-Aug-01-2000 00:02 (31.0 days). Total successful requests: Average successful requests per day: Total successful requests for pages: Average successful requests for pages per day: Total failed requests: Total redirected requests: Number of distinct files requested: Number of distinct hosts served: Number of new hosts served in last 7 days: Corrupt logfile lines: Total data transferred: 98,510 Mbytes (23,993 Mbytes) Average data transferred per day: 3,178 Mbytes (3,428 Mbytes) (Figures in parentheses refer to the last 7 days). Go To Daily Summary Daily Report Hourly Summary Weekly Report ... Browser Summary Daily Summary Go To Top Daily Report Hourly Summary Weekly Report ... Browser Summary Each unit ( ) represents 60,000 requests for pages, or part thereof. day: %bytes: Mbytes: %reqs: #reqs: %pages: pages: - - Sun: 10.62%: 10466: 8.53%: 2324177: 13.24%: 645018: Mon: 19.51%: 19224: 20.66%: 5625280: 17.16%: 835859:

30. Web Server Statistics For The University Of Iowa .th (Thailand) 0.03% 34 0.02% 6234 0.04% 2161 .za (South africa)0.05% 55 0.03% 59 /~africart/toc/people/bushoong.html 1 122 http://www.uiowa.edu/stats/stats-2000-02.html

Web Server Statistics for The University of Iowa Program started at Wed-Mar-01-2000 00:38 local time. Analyzed requests from Tue-Feb-01-2000 00:01 to Wed-Mar-01-2000 00:05 (29.0 days). Total successful requests: Average successful requests per day: Total successful requests for pages: Average successful requests for pages per day: Total failed requests: Total redirected requests: Number of distinct files requested: Number of distinct hosts served: Number of new hosts served in last 7 days: Corrupt logfile lines: Total data transferred: 102,904 Mbytes (26,404 Mbytes) Average data transferred per day: 3,548 Mbytes (3,772 Mbytes) (Figures in parentheses refer to the last 7 days). Go To Daily Summary Daily Report Hourly Summary Weekly Report ... Browser Summary Daily Summary Go To Top Daily Report Hourly Summary Weekly Report ... Browser Summary Each unit ( ) represents 80,000 requests for pages, or part thereof. day: %bytes: Mbytes: %reqs: #reqs: %pages: pages: - - Sun: 9.76%: 10040: 7.63%: 2164619: 11.69%: 614020: Mon: 16.83%: 17317: 17.48%: 4957854: 15.55%: 816982:

31. African Art, Trade Beads, Masks, Carvings, Artifacts, Textiles and there is little friendship between the people. Kuba handwoven raffia Bushoongtextile16 feet $600.00. indigenous repair by braiding on top back corner. http://www.africadirect.com/ccproducts2.php?category=11&subcategory=100&affiliat

32. Emory University> African Studies > Graduate Studies > Graduate Students Zaïre, Kuba, bushoong, 19th century AD Wood, fiber, shells, cloth, beads, skin, 1994.4.93(Carlos Museum African Collection), Yet people survive these http://www.ias.emory.edu/graduate_students.cfm

Experts and Expertise in Colonial Africa' reassessed: Colonial Environmental Science and the Interpenetration of Knowledge [View more events] Home Faculty Forthcoming events ... Credits Africanist Graduate Students Our community of graduate students brings together Ph.D. candidates from a variety of departments and programs. With the help and the funding of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of African Studies supports a series of academic and intellectual happenings designed to strengthen the graduate African Studies community at Emory University. Each year, graduate students affiliated with the Institute coordinate book discussions, film screenings and lecture under the auspices of the Graduate Student Forum. In 2003-2004, the Graduate Student Forum organized a two week series of events entitled "Diamonds, Oil and Africa: the Violent Cost of Consumption" which featured a lecture by Ian Smilie on the question of "conflict diamonds". Below are the profiles of some of the graduate students, current or alumni, who have been recently affiliated with the Institute. Andrea Arrington (B. A

33. Reference List Abstract The Shoshoni are an indigenous people who traditionally EthnomathematicsAn African American perspective on developing women in mathematics. http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/isgem.dir/texts.dir/er_Duranczyk.htm

Ethnomathematics Reference List By Irene Duranczyk Ethnomathematical origins of algebra. (1986). Mathematics Teaching, 115 Abstract: A collage of the remnants of ethnomathematical history from which algebra sprung. Bibby , N. (1988). Mathematics and society: Ethnomathematics and a public educator curriculum. For the Learning of Mathematics, 8 Abstract: The aim of this article is to provide a conceptual picture of a "Mathematics and Society" curriculum. Examples of such curricula are described, along with discussion of ethnomathematics and self-generated mathematics, the social institution of mathematics, critical thinking and conscientization , and policy issues. (MNS) Adam, M. (2002). Helping students "Shine like never before" UMDNJ's special commitment to diversity. The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, 12 Abstract: This article showcases the efforts of the Hispanic Center of Excellence, a federally funded program which is part of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. The Center's goal is to increase the number of Latinos in the health professions.

34. Calendar Of Chicago Area Progressive Events -- Updated May 5, 2005 - CCAWR News Sunday, May 15 The Impact of American Foreign Policy on africa. Many youngLGBTQQ people that attend high schools from the area don t get to enjoy http://archives.zinester.com/20778/47596.html

CCAWR News Archives Index Subscribe < April29, 2005 - M19 Arrestees' Appeal for Support May13, 2005 - Calendar of Chicago Area Progressive Events Updated May 13, 2005 >> Subject: Calendar of Chicago Area Progressive Events Updated May 5, 2005 - May06, 2005 All activities are in Chicago, unless otherwise noted. Events outside of the Chicago metro area are advertised ONLY if sponsors/endorsers are organizing publicly accessible transportation from here. DON'T see your item listed?!? Don't let us make that mistake again! Please send your calendar listing to CCAWR@aol.com with the subject heading "CALENDAR." FEATURED ITEM: Thursday, May 19 On Malcolm X's birthday and the eve of an important court date, demand justice for Howard Morgan, shot 25 times by four white Chicago cops on February 21st. Morgan remains handcuffed to his hospital bed with $2 million bond, deemed a "flight risk" despite his nearly fatal injuries and his barely being able to walk. The next day, May 20th, Morgan's lawyer, Leo Holt, will file a motion to get Morgan's bail reduced. On May 19th, please join a community rally for justice -

35. African Art Course Slide List - Bowles Kakilambe of the Baga people, Guinea. Natl. Mus. African Art, Smithsonian. indigenous West African women. ca. 1970s. Photograph, Dr. Gloria H. Dickinson http://members.aol.com/GRBowles/art-hist/af-slide-list.html

African Art Slide List (no images shown) Personal Slide Library of Gerard Bowles July 1999 I now have 709 African art slides. Of these 542 are African (incl. Egypt-Nubian), 117 Egyptian (non-Nubian), and 47 African American introduction slides. This page lists the African, Egypt-Nubian, African American introduction, and a few of Western art influenced by African art. This page does not list my Egyptian non-Nubian slides, and additional African American and African European slides, which are on different lists. In addition to the above slides, I show additional works or art on the 20 videotapes I have on African art and related culture, and art processes. The timeframes of these tapes range from approximately 15 to 90 minutes. I plan to write a Web page of notes on these tapes. In teaching African art, I use all or part of these slides, videotapes, and other materials, depending on the nature and purpose of the course, and the course's place in the institution's curriculum. This list divides the continent into three geographic divisions, North, East and Southern, West, and Central. Each division is subdivided by traditional, crafts, and neo-African art as recent as 1999. The list concludes with African-influenced art and crafts, and an introduction to African American art if the latter is appropriate. Use your Web browser's search engine to find a specific artist, title of work, type of art, people, culture, society, town, country, or continental division.

36. APFT Pilot Report - English - III - FOREST POPULATIONS Systems of exploitation in forest areas of Central africa the first patternincludes societies in which people regularly attend markets (where they use http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Sonja/RF/Ukpr/Report133.htm

III - FOREST POPULATIONS A) TYPES OF EXPLOITATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT B) THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREST SOCIETIES 1) Traditional populations and the forest 2) From symbiotic to specialized economies ... 2) The main ethnic groups A) TYPES OF EXPLOITATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Throughout the forest, from the Atlantic to the East African Lakes, from the 4th Parallel North and 4th Parallel South, different strategies for exploiting the forest co-exist. Traditional swidden agriculturists living in dense rainforest areas make up about 80 % of forest populations. Shifting agriculture provides the basis of their food system, supplemented by hunting, gathering and fishing. All these populations are dependent on wild forest products, whether they themselves engage in hunting, gathering and fishing or whether they obtain them from groups specializing in these activities, hunter-gatherer Pygmies or fishing populations along the rivers. In the Congo Basin, vast swampy areas of flooded forest have emerged around the big rivers ; these particular ecological niches have lead to the development of specific economic systems which include fishing populations living on the islands on the rivers and fishing-agriculturist populations exploiting the silted land. These areas have long since been characterized by a symbiotic network of regional exchanges and the high degree of specialization in fishing and commercial exchanges.

37. Blackwell Synergy - Cookie Absent Similarly, it also becomes difficult to judge how indigenous actors may (or Living Indian histories Lumbee and Tuscarora people in North Carolina (2nd http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00241.x

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38. African Cultures, Searchnoodle.com are Asante political expansion, Batimalliba twostory architecture, Islam andindigenous African cultures, Shawabtis bushoong. Bwa. edu/~africart/toc/people. http://www.searchnoodle.com/gnome_results/african_cultures_search4it.html

Look for african cultures Find african cultures at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer! Looking For AFRICAN CULTURES? Find african cultures and more at Lycos Search. No clutter, just answers. Lycos Go Get It! Find AFRICAN CULTURES at eBay Looking for african cultures? eBay has great deals on new and used electronics, cars, apparel, collectibles, sporting goods and more. If you can t find it on eBay, it probably doesn t exist. Shop for AFRICAN CULTURES Looking for african cultures? MonsterMarketplace shopping directory has african cultures and everything else you re looking for at one secure online location. Click to view top selling african cultures. Accoona - Your Link to AFRICAN CULTURES Supertarget your search for african cultures here. Find it on the web, in the business world, or in the news. AFRICAN CULTURES? Gimme More Results Do you need better listings for african cultures? Gimme gimme always gets it for you. Click here to get more listings for african cultures. Search4 it Search your favorite search engines, all at the same time* * Only 1 entry required Webcrawler Altavista Lycos Google Excite Yahoo LookSmart HotBot Dejanews Weather Intellicast MapQuest CNN ... NHL Search Engine Report Query: african cultures Looking For african cultures?

39. Sources For The Numbers List Thanks to the following people who ve sent me numbers over the net R.The Harris volume (The indigenous Lgs of the Caucasus) also has Old Georgian but http://www.zompist.com/sources.htm

Sources for the Numbers List This file gives the sources I've used for the [Numbers Index] Sources for the Numbers List This page gives the sources for each language on the Numbers from 1 to 10 page . Sometimes half the work in dealing with a new language is finding out what it is, and relating it to the sometimes wildly varying classifications from Ruhlen , Voegelin, and the Ethnologue. There are notes relating to this, as well as information on dialects , and names of languages I don't have yet. M.R. Totals :5020 entries -238 conlangs -444 dead langs -386 dialect/variant = living languages I have 83.2% of Ruhlen's 4750 languages. Dialects I have but not in the list: 835, so the grand total is about 5612. Thanks to the following people who've sent me numbers over the net (biggest contributors first; abbreviations in boldface): Jarel Deaton JD Eugene S.L. Chan Ch Nicolas Ossart ( NO Pavel Petrov ( PP Jess Tauber, Carl Masthay ( CM Rick Schellen ( RS Claudio Salvucci ( CS Ivan Derzhanski, Reinhard Hahn, Jennifer Runner (who has a common expressions in many languages page)

40. Index Of All Items Sorted On Type, Ethnic Group And Origin Arts africains African Arts Galerie d art africain - African art gallery . Ethnic group Kuba (bushoong) Material Raffia, natural pigments http://www.artheos.org/eng/contents.html

Index of all items Items are sorted on type, ethnic group and origin This table of contents is crafted for web search engines. Please proceed through the home page by clicking here : home page Dogon granary shutter This granary shutter is carved of various iconographic registers. One notices two « sun lizards », a snake ( lebe , the first hogon ) and a water tortoise (symbol of fertility, and guardian of the ginna lineage). The rectangle symbolizes « the pond », one the symbols associated with Dogon cosmogony, and the chevrons on the left the fertilizing rain (and the course of the nommo when they fall on the earth). Animal representations across a shutter symbolize their collective magical strength ; strength which the Dogon believe is then imparted to the shutter. Origin : Mali (Kani Kombole area) Type : Architectural components Ethnic group : Dogon Material : Thick wood with a deep brown patina Dogon granary shutter This very old small shutter was placed midway up the granary wall. It provided access, throughout the year following harvests, to the goods stored inside (millet, sorghum, rice, corn). The Dogon granaries are narrow, four-sided or round, with a structure made of wood and covered with cob, and generally a thatch roof or a terrace roof (see picture). The chevrons symbolize the lebe snake, as well as the rain. The central motif represents the origin of the universe, and the four primordial

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