81. History (HRW Report - Leave None To Tell The Story: Genocide In Rwanda, March 19 10 René Lemarchand, Rwanda and burundi (New York Praeger, 1970), pp. 22226.11 Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, history of a Genocide (New York http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm

HISTORY Forerunners of the people who are now known as Hutu and Tutsi settled the region over a period of two thousand years. Originally organized in small groups based on lineage or on loyalty to an outstanding leader, they joined in building the complex state of Rwanda. They developed a single and highly sophisticated language, Kinyarwanda, crafted a common set of religious and philosophical beliefs, and created a culture which valued song, dance, poetry, and rhetoric. They celebrated the same heroes: even during the genocide, the killers and their intended victims sang of some of the same leaders from the Rwandan past. In early times, as now, most people in the region were cultivators who also raised small stock and occasionally a few cattle. A far smaller number of people scorned cultivation and depended on large herds of cattle for their livelihood. Cultivators and pastoralists lived interspersed in most areas, although the cool, wet highlands of the north had few pastoralists and the drier, hotter east had more. With fertile soil and regular rainfall, the region was productive and population grew to a point where Rwanda was in 1994 the most densely populated nation on the African continent. Rwandan institutions were shaped by both pastoralists and cultivators. Although the power of the ruler derived from control over the military and over cattle, his authority was buttressed also by rituals firmly rooted in agricultural practices.

82. The Sunday Mail - NEWS - WORLD THE G8 FORGOT SCOTLAND SAYS MAKE POVERTY history 3.6million starve in Niger after UNICEF regional insecurity has meant that Guinea has hosted a million refugees over http://www.sundaymail.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=15803273&method=full&siteid=86024&h

Search The Sunday Mail HOME NEWS SPORT OPINION ... SITEMAP News news feed Sunday Mail OPINION Rosie Kane Advertisement

83. Rwanda - History Of The Conflict Report on the history of the Conflict. Prepared by Emily Harpster In burundi,the Tutsidominated government began to systematically kill tens of http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~warcrime/Rwanda/Rwanda_History_of_the_Conflict

Rwanda Report on the History of the Conflict Prepared by Emily Harpster Intern - U.C. Berkeley War Crimes Studies Center A brief history of the conflict When Rwanda gained its independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority governed the country under President Gregoire Kayibanda. This represented an abrupt reversal of power. Prior to handing power over to the Rwandans, the Belgians realized that the rule of the Hutu majority was imminent and changed their policy of placing members of the Tutsi minority in politically powerful positions. Both the original German colonizers and their Belgian successors had maintained a sort of love affair with the Tutsi minority, primarily because they believed the Tutsis to be more "physically attractive" (the groups are not distinct in reality) and slightly wealthier (an arbitrary distinction made by the Belgians, who gave out Tutsi ethnic identity cards to anyone possessing more than ten cows). During his presidency, Kayibanda, who even before his rule had advocated the superiority of the Hutus and the inferiority of the Tutsi "foreign invaders," began to persecute the Tutsi living on the hills. Many Tutsis fled to neighboring Burundi and began to launch attacks from there. These attacks often led to severe Hutu reprisals on Tutsis still living in the country. In Burundi, the Tutsi-dominated government began to systematically kill tens of thousands of Hutus. In response, Kayibanda killed several hundred Tutsi and sent tens of thousands more out of the country.

84. Burundi - Atlapedia Online The central mountain region which is a series of ridges that lie north to south . MODERN history WWII TO 1993 After World War II the former German http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/burundi.htm

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi CAPITAL: Bujumbura SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Unitary Multiparty Republic with Transitional Government AREA: 27,837 Sq Km (10,747 Sq Mi) ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION CLIMATE: Burundi has an equatorial climate that is uncomfortably hot but varies with altitude and season. There are two wet seasons alternating with two dry seasons. The dry seasons are between June to August and January to February with the long wet season between March to May and the short one between September to December. Rainfall is irregular falling mainly in the northwest with violent rainstorms common at higher altitudes. Average annual precipitation in Bujumbura is 850 mm (33 inches) and the average temperature is 24 degrees Celsius (75 degrees Fahrenheit). The upper elevations of the Kumoso are generally cool with temperatures below 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit). PEOPLE: The principal ethnic majority are the Hutu who account for 82% of the population with the Tutsi also known as the Watutsi or Batutsi accounting for 14%. The Twa, a pygmoid group account for 1% with Europeans and Asians accounting for the remaining 2% of the population. DEMOGRAPHIC/VITAL STATISTICS: Density; 216 persons per sq km (560 persons per sq mi) (1991). Urban-Rural; 7.5% urban, 92.5% rural (1986). Sex Distribution; 48.5% male, 51.5% female (1990). Life Expectancy at Birth; 50.0 years male, 54.0 years female (1990). Age Breakdown; 45% under 15, 27% 15 to 29, 16% 30 to 44, 7% 45 to 59, 4% 60 to 74, 1% 75 and over (1990). Birth Rate; 47.0 per 1,000 (1990). Death Rate; 15.0 per 1,000 (1990). Increase Rate; 32.0 per 1,000 (1990). Infant Mortality Rate; 111.0 per 1,000 live births (1990).

85. CIA - The World Factbook history of The World Factbook Contributors and Copyright Information Several regional maps have also been updated to reflect boundary changes and http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

Text Version Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

86. Women, Peace And Security Resources: Burundi Women’s representatives from the Great Lakes Region wound up the Group for the first time in history, of the contribution of burundi women to the peace http://www.peacewomen.org/resources/Burundi/burundiindex.html

PeaceWomen Women's International League for Peace and Freedom HOME CALENDAR ABOUT US CONTACT US ... SITE MAP UNSC RESOLUTION 1325 Full text History and Analysis Who's Responsible for Implementing 1325 1325 in Action ... TRANSLATING 1325 WOMEN, WAR AND PEACE WEB PORTAL UNIFEM PeaceWomen UNITED NATIONS Women and the UN ... Gender Focal Points NEWS 1325 PeaceWomen E-News Country News Index International News Peacekeeping News ... News Sources RESOURCES Country-specific and thematic civil society, UN and government documents ORGANIZATIONS Country-specific International INITIATIVES In-country Regional and Global NGO WORKING GROUP ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY JOIN WILPF Fair Use Notice PeaceWomen.org distributes this material without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for Burundi: Index News Organizations WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY RESOURCES: BURUNDI Civil Society and NGO Reports, Papers and Statements UN Documents Government Reports Books, Journals and Articles ... Civilians Pay the Price of Faltering Peace Process Human Rights Watch, Backgrounder , February 2003 Plan Strategique de Renforcement des Capacites Operationnelles et D'Accompagnement a la Base des Associations Feminines Burundaises Par le CAFOB Collectif des Associations et ONGs Feminines Du Burundi (CAFOB), Pour la periode 2002-2004

87. DEZA DDC DSC SDC COSUDE Background information burundi. All countries in the Great Lakes Region sufferfrom a turbulent political history, marked by a succession of wars, http://www.sdc.admin.ch/index.php?navID=120

88. AEGiS: Burundi Information about burundi. regional and global structures and networks forimproved monitoring and surveillance of HIV/AIDS and STIs. http://www.aegis.com/countries/burundi.html

Local time in Bujumbura: Facts and Figures Official Name Republic of Burundi. Capital City Bujumbura. Languages Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area). Official Currency Burundi franc (BIF). Ethnic Groups Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000. Religions Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%. Population Land Area 25,650 sq km (9,903 sq miles). History Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only four months in office. Since then, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in neighboring countries. Burundian troops, seeking to secure their borders, intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998. More recently, many of these troops have been redeployed back to Burundi to deal with periodic upsurges in rebel activity. A new transitional government, inaugurated on 1 November 2001, was to be the first step towards holding national elections in three years. However, the unwillingness of the Hutu rebels to enact a cease fire with Bujumbura continues to obstruct prospects for a sustainable peace. UNAIDS Epidemiological Fact Sheets [English] [French] Global Surveillance of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a joint effort of WHO and UNAIDS. The UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance, initiated in November 1996, guides respective activities. The primary objective of the working group is to strengthen national, regional and global structures and networks for improved monitoring and surveillance of HIV/AIDS and STIs. For this purpose, the working group collaborates closely with national AIDS programmes and a number of national and international experts and institutions. The goal of this collaboration is to compile the best information available and to improve the quality of data needed for informed decision-making and planning at national, regional and global levels. The Epidemiological Fact Sheets are one of the products of this close and fruitful collaboration across the globe.

89. Government, Politics, Law Burundi burundi and the Greater Great Lakes Region Reports by country providesnumerous narrative articles on its history, culture, politics. http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQueryfb7d.html

90. Address To The United Nations Security Council On The Arusha Peace Process We must commence our report on the progress in the burundi Peace Process with That history will judge very harshly those that deliberately choose to http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/2000/nm0929.html

Address to the United Nations Security Council on the Arusha Peace Process 29 September 2000 Mr President Honourable Members of the Security Council We are honoured by the opportunity of returning to the Security Council to report to your honourable selves and our esteemed world body on progress and the current state of affairs in the Burundi Peace Process. Our role as Facilitator of the process to which the leaders of that region saw fit to appoint us, was in a sense inaugurated with a visit to the Security Council in January this year. On 16 January we paid our first acquaintance making visit to Arusha, the seat of the peace negotiations, from where we proceeded directly here to brief the Security Council and to seek its support for the continuation of the process started by the late Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. The support we received from the Security Council by way of resolution and the general expressions of encouragement from members inspired us. It allowed us to take on the daunting challenge of following in the footsteps of the great Mwalimu Nyerere and continue the sterling work he had done up to that point. We could do so in the confident knowledge that our world body, and through it the international community, took a serious and direct interest in the quest for peace in Burundi. That sense of the international community making the plight of a small and poor country its concern inspired us to involve a range of heads of states and governments in the Burundi Peace Process. We said here at our first visit to the Security Council that the continuation of preventable suffering of people anywhere in the world demeaned all of us. The manner in which the international community responded to calls for involvement in the Burundi Peace Process was a powerful demonstration that the shared responsibility for the fate of humankind was increasingly being accepted by the modern day leadership.

91. Brief History Of IPGRi In SSA located one collector in the LAC region and was based at IRAZ in burundi while IBPGR/IPGRI has played a major role in the region in encouraging and http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/regions/ssa/introduction/history.htm

myTitle = "ssatitle" Brief history of IPGRI in sub-Saharan Africa The first IPGRI (then IBPGR-International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) office was established in West Africa in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1981. It was later moved to Niamey, Niger in l987 and given responsibility for West and Central Africa, with a single scientist. The Nairobi office was established in 1982 with, at that time, responsibility for Eastern and Southern Africa. One scientist also originally ran it. At this time IPGRI (IBPGR) was a field programme of the FAO and the initial emphasis of the work in sub-Saharan Africa was assistance to national programme in procurement and development of conservation facilities; collection of germplasm through both local and international missions and training of national programme staff in plant genetic resources conservation and use mainly at the University of Birmingham through fellowships provided by UNEP and FAO . Because of the urgent need to rescue germplasm from a multiplicity of threats IBPGR (IPGRI) located one collector in the LAC region and was based at IRAZ in Burundi while another collector was based in Harare Zimbabwe to facilitate germplasm collection in the Southern Africa region. After an internal re-organisation and the establishment of IPGRI as an independent CGIAR institute, the sub-Saharan Africa Group was established, with a main office in Nairobi. The office had four staff members (2 IRS and 2 LRS) and a sub-office for West and Central Africa in Niamey with two staff members (1 IRS and 1 LRS, the latter on a special project). This latter office was relocated to Cotonou, Benin in June 1996.

92. Burundi: Protection Of Civilians Should Be Top Of Regional Heads Of State Agenda burundi Protection of civilians should be top of regional heads of state agenda.As a regional Heads of State meeting focusing on the armed conflict in http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/12932.shtml

This is an Amnesty International news release published on 8th October, 2002 See also: Death penalty Detention without trial Extrajudicial executions Impunity ... Burundi for more information If you are a UK-based journalist and require further information please call the AIUK Press Office on 020 7814 6238 or e-mail press@amnesty.org.uk If you are a journalist based outside the UK, please contact your local AI section If you are not a journalist, but would like to contact AI, please visit our contact pages for further details. Burundi: Protection of civilians should be top of regional heads of state agenda As a regional Heads of State meeting focusing on the armed conflict in Burundi begins in Dar es Salaam, Amnesty International is calling on the Heads of State to condemn in the strongest terms the escalation of unlawful killings of civilians in Burundi and to demand that the Transitional Government of Burundi and armed political groups take immediate measures to improve the accountability of their armed forces. On 9 September 2002, at least 174 unarmed civilians were extrajudicially executed by members of the Burundian Army in Itaba commune, Gitega province. The killings, which remained hidden for over a week, provoked strong international and national condemnation.

93. People's Daily Online -- Regional Leaders Extend Burundi Transition By Four Mont regional leaders extend burundi transition by four months. font size Tanzanian president to attend regional summit on burundi issue in Uganda http://english.people.com.cn/200504/23/eng20050423_182411.html

Newsletter Weather Community English home Forum Photo Gallery Features Newsletter ... Site Map languages Chinese Japanese French Spanish Russian Arabic China World Opinion Business ... Photos Services Newsletter Online Community China Biz Info News Archive ... Weather Forecast RSS Feeds China Business World Sci-Edu ... FM Briefings Search About China China at a glance Chinese history Constitution Chinese leadership ... World UPDATED: 12:43, April 23, 2005 Regional leaders extend Burundi transition by four months Leaders from Africa's Great Lakes region Friday endorsed a four-month extension of the mandate of Burundi's transitional government at their one-day emergency summit held in Entebbe, some 40 km south of Kampala. "The summit endorsed a further extension of the transitional period up to August 26, 2005 in line with the approved election calendar," said a joint communiqu¨¦ released after the summit. Heads of state from Kenya Tanzania , Burundi, Zambia and Uganda , and South Africa n deputy president and government delegations from Ethiopia and Rwanda attended the summit. "We have agreed that all elections should be held not later than August 19 and the swearing in of a new government will be on August 26," Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, who is also chairman of the Great Lakes region initiative on the Burundi peace process, told press after the meeting.

94. People's Daily Online -- Tanzanian President To Attend Regional Summit On Burund Tanzanian president to attend regional summit on burundi issue in Uganda. font size.Tanzanian President Benjamin William Mkapa is scheduled to travel to http://english.people.com.cn/200504/22/eng20050422_182341.html

Newsletter Weather Community English home Forum Photo Gallery Features Newsletter ... Site Map languages Chinese Japanese French Spanish Russian Arabic China World Opinion Business ... Photos Services Newsletter Online Community China Biz Info News Archive ... Weather Forecast RSS Feeds China Business World Sci-Edu ... FM Briefings Search About China China at a glance Chinese history Constitution Chinese leadership ... World UPDATED: 15:06, April 22, 2005 Tanzanian president to attend regional summit on Burundi issue in Uganda Tanzania n President Benjamin William Mkapa is scheduled to travel to Kampala of Uganda for an extraordinary regional summit to discuss the extension of Burundi's transitional government. President Mkapa will join in Kampala President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, Mwai Kibaki of Kenya , Domitien Ndayizeye of Burundi, Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia , President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa , Joseph Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Yoweri Museveniof Uganda, according to a statement issued by the Tanzanian State House. Museveni is the chairman of the Great Lakes Peace Initiative on Burundi. The Kampala summit is expected to decide on the fate of Burundi following failure to hold the presidential elections as originally scheduled.

95. Peace Corps | Meet A Recruiter | Regional Recruitment Offices | Washington DC| R Lynn Heichel Kneedler, MidAtlantic regional Recruiting Office Manager, He is currently Assistant Professor of history at Wake Forest University. http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=meet.regrec.washdc.rfacts

96. AFRICA General information about each country including history. burundi EthnicConflict and Genocide. Washington, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. 206 p. http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/africa/afr11.htm

97. South Africa Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provide rubric of the Millennium Africa Plan – has intervened in a number of regionalconflicts. These include Ethiopia/Eritrea, burundi and Congo (Dem Rep). http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/zaf/zaf580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/SouthAfrica/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research South Africa hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... South Africa South Africa History and Government History: Evidence of human and humanoid occupation of South Africa extends back two million years. Stone Age artefacts date from 40,000 years ago, from which time there appears to have been a continuous human culture. This culture has been identified as being related to that of the Khoisan people and it lasted until the arrival of the Europeans and the Bantus, who largely absorbed them. The Bantu population of the region arrived as a result of the great southward migrations of Bantu people across central and southern Africa, which occurred circa 300 BC to the 16th century AD. This largely displaced the Bushmen (whose aboriginal culture – still surviving in the Kalahari – is rivalled only in Australia) and the Khoikhoi (‘Hottentots’). The European discovery of South Africa was roughly contemporaneous – the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Dias, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In 1652, Dutch settlers, under Commander Jan van Riebeeck, arrived to start a victualling station for the Dutch East India Company. Numbers were swelled by French Huguenots in 1688 and again in 1820, by British settlers, after the British occupation of the Cape. During the 18th and 19th centuries, British and Boer settlers fought a series of wars with the local tribes. Control of the Cape region was also a matter of dispute between the Dutch and the British. The latter finally gained control in 1806 and, dissatisfied with their new rulers, the Boer pioneers, or

98. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach Outreach World Download interdisciplinary, crossregional and A Brief Historyof Vietnam (1858-2004) and Its Evolving Communist System http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?timeperiodid=5

99. Online NewsHour: Conflict In Central Africa-- December 24, 1996 Charlayne HunterGault reports on ethnic conflict in Rwanda and burundi. The Hutus, who arrived in the region first between five hundred to a thousand http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/december96/africa_12-24.html

THE HEART OF THE MATTER December 24, 1996 In the troubled heart of Africa, there are a number of factors feeding the multiple crises in Rwanda, Zaire and Burundi, where millions have been killed or turned into refugees. Charlayne Hunter-Gault reports on ethnic conflict in Rwanda and Burundi. Crisis in Central Africa index March 25, 1998: President Clinton visits Rwanda. Jan. 7, 1998: Hutus and Tutsis take up fighting again. Sept. 2, 1997: An interview with author Philip Gourevitch Dec. 24, 1996: A historical perspective on Rwanda and Burundi. Nov. 29, 1996: Rwandan refugees return home Browse the NewsHour's coverage of Africa Rwanda Information Exchange The U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda The 1994 Genocide, from Frontline Human Rights Watch on Rwanda Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT: In the spirit of the holidays, Marie Rose Malik is trying to remember how to play the “First Noel.” (music in background) It was long ago and far away that Marie Rose Malik, now in her thirties, first took piano lessons in a place called Rwanda, a place she remembers for its beauty and its community. MARIE ROSE MELIQUE: When I think about it, I remember also in the old days, Rwanda is representative of Africa, and Rwandawhen other man took powerwhen he took power, people did what they called convened with the world, convened to work together, so Rwanda was developing quickly, quickly, quickly.

100. Address By Nelson Mandela To The Security Council Honoured that the leaders of the Great Lakes region found it fit to call upon usto step into To that task the leadership of burundi now stands called. http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/mandela.htm

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