61. Ethiopia (08/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, Ethiopia now has two peacekeeping contingents in burundi and Liberia. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Ethiopia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Geography Area: 1.1 million sq. km (472,000 sq. mi.); about the size of Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico combined. Cities: Capital Addis Ababa (pop. 2.6 million). Other cities Dire Dawa (237,000), Nazret (189,000), Gondar (163,000), Dessie (142,000), Mekelle (141,000), Bahir Dar (140,000), Jimma (132,000), Awassa (104,000). Terrain: High plateau, mountains, dry lowland plains. Climate: Temperate in the highlands; hot in the lowlands. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Ethiopian(s). Population (2003 est.): 70.5 million. Annual growth rate: 2.7%. Ethnic groups (est.): Oromo 35%, Amhara 30%, Tigre 6.3%, Somali 6%, Sidama 6%, Gurage 4%, Wolaita 4%, Afar 2%, other nationalities 6.7%. Religions (est.): Ethiopian Orthodox Christian 45%, Sunni Muslim 40-45%, Protestant 5%, remainder indigenous beliefs. Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Arabic, Guaragigna, Oromigna, English, Somali.

62. History Of BURUNDI history of burundi from historyWorld.net including RuandaUrundi, A Belgian colony So the German influence is not yet extensive when the region is taken http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad25

63. Raceandhistory.com - Burundi History Bahutu agriculturalists migrate into the region and dominate the burundi history. 5th TO 11th CENTURIES AD Bahutu agriculturalists migrate into the http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/burundi.htm

- Pick a Site - Trinicenter TriniView Pantrinbago Online Forum RaceandHistory HowComYouCom Burundi History 5th TO 11th CENTURIES AD: Bahutu agriculturalists migrate into the region and dominate the indigenous tribal groups, including the Batwa. 14th TO 18th CENTURIES AD: Tutsi cattle-herders arrive. Among the first are the Banyaruguru from the North; later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Bahima group comes from the East. Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke explore the Ruzizi river. King Leopold of Belgium establishes a claim to the Congo region; Rwanda and Burundi become part of German East Africa. Oscar Baumann explores northern and central Burundi. German troops attack Mwezi Gisabo and force him to sign the Treaty of Kiganda on May 24, 1903, recognizing German authority. The first Protestant missions are founded. Borders between German East Africa, the Belgian Congo and British East Africa are established. Belgium is granted mandate over Ruanda-Urundi by the Allied Supreme Council. The League of Nations awards Belgium mandate over Ruanda-Urundi, which it accepts in 1924. Famines ravage Burundi.

64. Www.hirondelle.org : Agatashya: The History Of A Radio Station In 10 Dates The Uvira relay covers the West of burundi, including Bujumbura. An independentregional radio with a humanitarian vocation Agatashya Radio Charter http://www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/53955ed294f1d8bac12565a200629ce2?Open

65. The History Guy: New And Recent Conflicts Of The World The organization s goal is independence for the Basque region of northern q burundi Civil War—(1994Present) The Tutsi-dominated government is fighting http://www.historyguy.com/new_and_recent_conflicts.html

New and Recent Conflicts of the World Home Military History Historical Personalitie What's New ... Site Map The world is a violent place, and for various political, economic, religious and other reasons, wars and conflicts often erupt. The purpose of this web page is to chronicle these conflicts and attempt to explain why they occur and what may result from them. This page contains four current sections and one section not yet completed. The current sections are: Recently concluded or suspended wars and conflicts Major Acts of Terrorism More detail to be added as time allows Alphabetical listing. q Afghan War q Al-Aqsa Intifada (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict) (high-risk to become a regional war) q Algerian Civil War q Basque Separatist Conflict q Burma (Myanmar) Civil War Military operations near border areas have brought both rebels and the Burmese government into occasional conflict with neighboring Thailand. q Burundi Civil War The rebels use neighboring Congo as a base to launch attacks, thereby giving the Burundi government reason to involve itself in the Second Congolese War q Colombian Civil War The United States is providing military and logistical support to the government.

66. FMO Research Guide: The politics of the Great Lakes region comprising burundi, burundi werestuck with Belgium (for details of this diplomatic history, see Louis 1963). http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo027/fmo027-2.htm

Introduction Politics [TOP] Geography Website: Gacaca: Living Together Again in Rwanda? http://www.frif.com/new2002/gac.html [TOP] Ethnography [TOP] History But once the inevitable was accepted, Belgium threw itself into its 'civilizing mission' with gusto. The structural and institutional reforms undertaken during this period of Rwandan history, from about 1923-39, were to sow the seeds for much of the post-independence violence. Three elements should be stressed: fixation on Tutsi/Hutu, in education, civil service, clergy, and ID cards; the role of the Catholic Church; and the Mission d' Immigration de Banyarwanda (MIB). But it should always be born in mind that these seeds were sown in a context of a history extraordinarily violent political conflict, with all the forms of barbarism that are known from recent events. Fear, treachery, and the total annihilation of opposing groups are ever-present elements in the numerous dynastic chronicles, poems, and oral histories that have been recorded. [TOP]

67. Burundi On The Internet Great Lakes Region Environmental Aspects of the African Great Lakes Region From 33 page paper on the history of burundi from 1850 to the early 1990s. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/burundi.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Countries: Burundi See also: Burundi News Africa Confidential Short excerpts only from the latest issue and past issues of the well-known London political newsletter established in 1960. http://www.africa-confidential.com/countryindex.htm [Some universities have full text access. Stanford users see the Electronic Journals page . The full text is in Adobe PDF.] American Diplomacy Electronic journal with a "focus on foreign policy, diplomatic history, military affairs and military history, and issues of national security," Has articles such as "Burundi" by J. R. Bullington. Published with the cooperation of the Triangle Institute for Security Studies (T.I.S.S.) based at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/ Amnesty International. Great Lakes Region. Refugees Denied Protection "Standards of refugee protection in Tanzania have dropped dramatically again since late 1999 as scores of Burundian and Rwandese refugees have been forcibly returned to their countries in violation of Tanzanian law..." Full text report - AFR 02/02/00, May 2000. http://www.web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/index/AFR020022000 Association de Reflexion et d'Information sur le Burundi, ARIB

68. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach Outreach World Download interdisciplinary, crossregional and standard-specific Introduction to the history, geography and cultures of East Africa. http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?countryid=374

69. Online NewsHour: Burundi -- March 28, 1996 At a crucial moment in burundi s history, Charlayne HunterGault investigateswhether an ethnic conflict similar to the one that engulfed Rwanda will http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/burundi_3-28.html

BURUNDI: ON THE KNIFES EDGE March 28, 1996 At a crucial moment in Burundi's history, Charlayne Hunter-Gault investigates whether an ethnic conflict similar to the one that engulfed Rwanda will overtake the nation. Full coverage of the Central Africa crisis Dec. 24, 1996: A historical perpsective on the the troubled Central Africa region. Aug. 21, 1996: An Online NewsHour forum on Burundi. Aug. 1, 1996: A background report on Burundi's military coup. Aug. 1, 1996: UN Undersecretary General Kofi Annan on international intervention into Burundi's civil unrest. July 24, 1996: South Africa's Deputy President Thabo Mbeki discusses regional issues. July 23, 1996: UN Ambassador Madeleine Albright warns of national violence in Burundi. May 23, 1996: Susan Rice, deputy National Security Advisor for Africa, on growing tensions in Burundi March 28, 1996:

70. Africa Map, 1-500 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum Of Ar Timeline of Art history World Map Encompasses presentday Algeria, Angola,Botswana, Burkina Faso, burundi, Cabinda, Cameroon, Central African http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hm/05/af/hm05af.htm

World Map Tassili-n-Ajjer Game Pass Nomansland World Map Tassili-n-Ajjer Game Pass Nomansland ... Terms and Conditions

71. Postgraduate Prospectus : History - University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne regional history, MRes. 12 months full time. Aims. To study the history of regionsand regionalism across time and space at an advanced level, http://www.ncl.ac.uk/postgraduate/taught/subjects/history/courses/403

Skip to Content Skip to Navigation University of Newcastle upon Tyne ... Accessibility S earch Subjects Areas About Business Research ... Skip to Navigation History. Key Facts Research Areas Research Degrees Taught Programmes ... Contact Details Regional History, MRes 12 months full time Aims To study the history of regions and regionalism across time and space at an advanced level, through an extended programme of research training and teaching in the approaches used by regional historians. School Web pages: Historical Studies Programme Description This unique new research training programme is designed to provide a springboard to PhD-level work. It is offered in collaboration with the AHRB Centre for North-East England History, which means students benefit from the combined expertise of regional historians based in the universities of Durham, Newcastle, Northumbria, Sunderland and Teesside. Compulsory modules (120 credits) are offered through a programme of workshops and seminars, covering a wide range of topics including: introduction to information skills; dissertation preparation; research methods in history; IT and history; issues in regional history; approaches to regional history. All modules are assessed by submitted course work. In the final semester students complete a dissertation on their chosen aspect of regional history (60 credits). Entrance Requirements A good 2:1 Honours degree in history or a related field. Applicants whose first language is not English require IELTS 6.5, TOEFL 575 (paper-based) or 233 (computer-based), or equivalent.

72. H-Net Review: Kennell Jackson On The Great Lakes Of Africa: Two Thousand Years O Going Deep into Great Lakes regional history Africa, Centralhistory.Rwandahistory. Burundihistory. Ugandahistory. http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0d7k7-aa

H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online about search site map editors ... Discussion Networks Search Reviews Advanced Search Reviews Home Subscribe to H-Review Info. for Publishers ... Advanced Search Search by Year Books Multimedia All Volumes Jean-Pierre Chr©tien. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Translated by Scott Straus. New York: Zone Books, 2003. 504 pp. Tables, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $36.00 (cloth), ISBN 1-890951-34-X. Reviewed by: Kennell Jackson , Department of History, Stanford University. Published by: H-Africa (May, 2004) Going Deep into Great Lakes Regional History At first glance, Jean-Pierre Chr©tien's book looks like a longue-dur©e history because it spans at least two millennia. While Chr©tien criticizes Fernand Braudel's indifference to Africa as a historical area, he indirectly invokes him in calling one section of the book a "social history of the long term" (p. 70). In another instance, he is direct about Braudel's influence. Chr©tien says that his story of colonial economic change in Uganda's Buganda was done "in the spirit of Braudelian synthesis" (p. 239). Even with these allusions, though, Chr©tien's book differs from Fernand Braudel's conception of history. Events and individuals count. Political ideologies are active in the historical narrative. Historical processes are not inscribed with that Braudelian sense of inevitablility. Overall, Chr©tien's capacious and ambitious history has two purposes. The first goal is to provide what is arguably the first time-deep history of the whole region. The second goal is to proffer an interpretation of the forces that led to the genocidal years in Rawanda that actually began in the late 1950s, but appeared most tragically in the 1980s-1990s and particularly in 1994. To do justice to the first goal, Chr©tien resisted straitjacketing the region's past just to explain genocide. This allowed him to show when and how the region's ethnic composition took shape, and then how that composition was recast in some places into an ideology of "ethnic fundamentalism" (p. 37). The Braudelian model might have been suggestive to Chr©tien as a narrative format. But it was not as suitable for stressing historical contingency, which he insists on.

73. MSN Encarta - Burundi Great books about your topic, burundi, selected by Encarta editors However,political rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi threatened regional stability. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573494_7/Burundi.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items capital city Hutu-Tutsi power sharing more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Burundi Search for books and more related to Burundi Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Burundi Encarta Search Search Encarta about Burundi Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Burundi ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 7 of 8 Burundi Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 9 items Dynamic Map Map of Burundi Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources Population Culture ... History E Political Parties The dominant political party is the Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD), which won a majority in both the National Assembly and the Senate in 2005 elections. The FDD is predominantly Hutu, but under the 2005 constitution all political parties must be ethnically integrated. Other significant political parties are the predominantly Hutu Burundi Democracy Front (Front pour la D©mocratie au Burundi, or FRODEBU) and the predominantly Tutsi UPRONA. F Social Services Burundi’s health and social security systems are rudimentary and underfinanced. AIDS, typhus, tuberculosis, pneumonia, dysentery, and kwashiorkor (severe protein deficiency) are the most serious health problems.

74. Burundi 1972 Genocide Resources - Prevent Genocide International René Lemarchand, Selective genocide in burundi (Report Minority Rights Group Following a chapter on the history of the region before independence in http://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/burundi/resources/

Home Education prevent genocide international Burundi 1972: Selective Genocide of Hutus Resources on this website Books and Articles Reports Survivor testimonies ... Websites (Last revised March 28, 2005 FIRST DRAFT Other resources pages: Past Genocides 1901-1950 Hereros Armenian 1915 Holodomor 1933 ... Rwanda 1994 Resources on this website Books and Articles Michael Bowen, Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi, 1972 , (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp. René Lemarchand, Selective genocide in Burundi (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. Rene Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1996), 232 pp. Edward L. Nyankanzi, Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. Christian P. Scherrer, Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war ; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2002. Reports "Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy" by Stephen R. Weissman United States Institute of Peace http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html

75. Population Index - Volume 56 - Number 1 The demographic history of a village in the French Pyrenees from 1618 to 1975 is regional change in a preindustrial economy wealth and population in http://popindex.princeton.edu/browse/v56/n1/i.html

Volume 56 - Number 1 - Spring 1990 I. Historical Demography and Demographic History Studies dealing with the demographic events of any given period from the early historical to the modern, defined as being World War I. I.1. General Historical Demography Comprehensive surveys, notes of sources, and items on the state of research. Particularly concerned with the period before modern vital registration was introduced and censuses were taken. Historical items that primarily pertain to one specific demographic variable are classified first under the specific heading and then cross-referenced to this heading. Cordell, Dennis D.; Gregory, Joel W. Earlier African historical demographies. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1989. 5-27 pp. Toronto, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre. This article is an attempt to synthesize the papers contributed to the Second International Congress of the Society for Historical Demography and a workshop on African historical demography held in Paris, France, in June 1987. The main themes being pursued by researchers in African historical demography are identified, sources of data are described, and some methods of data analysis are outlined. Correspondence: D. D. Cordell, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275.

76. Conflict Resolution, Prevention, And Transformation: Search For Common Ground Through community peacebuilding and media work SFCGburundi informs and educates surrounding burundi, the forum quickly incorporated regional themes and http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/burundi/programmes_burundi.html

Studio Ijambo together with Burundi's media professionals Create National Radio Syndicate to Ensure Timely, Accurate, and Transparent Coverage of National Referendum Programmes Home Burundi In the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and in response to ongoing instability in the Great Lakes Region, Search for Common Ground opened its first office in Africa in 1995 in Bujumbura, Burundi. With additional up-country satellite offices now in Ngozi, Makamba, and Ruyigi, SFCG-Burundi operates a national programme that uses a variety of mutually enhancing methods targeting multiple sectors of society. Through community peacebuilding and media work SFCG-Burundi informs and educates the public around pertinent issues, builds the capacity of journalists and civic leaders, and strengthens the capacity for inclusive participation in local communities. SFCG-Burundi currently includes Studio Ijambo, the Women’s Peace Center, the Youth Project, and the Victims of Torture Project. Throughout the 1990s a civil war that was mainly along ethnic lines raged in Burundi and ultimately claimed the lives of nearly 300,000 people. The signing of the Arusha Peace Agreement in August of 2000 has laid the foundation for a stabilizing domestic security situation in most of the country, although ethnic tensions remain high and the overall situation remains fragile. The establishment of the United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) in June 2004 is working to help secure a lasting peace, while elections scheduled in Burundi for April 2005 indicate a commitment to the democratic process. It is within this context that SFCG-Burundi works to facilitate dialogue and reconciliation among Burundians.

77. MRG - Profile Summaries Of Our Profiles burundi Prospects for Peace, Filip Reyntjens burundi has experienced conflictduring most of its history since independence in 1962. http://www.minorityrights.org/Profiles/profile.asp?ID=19

78. MRG - Online Bookshop Outlines the political history of burundi, focusing on the situation since the A lucid analysis of the region s history, and assessment of the likely http://www.minorityrights.org/BookshopBody.asp

africa 'Erasing the Board': Report of the international research mission into crimes under international law committed against the Bambuti Pygmies in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo top UK £ US $ Minority Rights Group War crimes and crimes against humanity committed against the Bambuti in the Democratic Republic of Congo add to basket Burundi: Breaking the Cycle of Violence top UK £ US $ Filip Reyntjens Outlines the political history of Burundi, focusing on the situation since the 1993 coup. add to basket Burundi: Prospects for Peace top UK £ US $ Filip Reyntjens The search for peace and stability in Burundi. add to basket Eritrea and Tigray top UK £ US $ Colin Legum and James Firebrace 3rd Edition. An analysis of the background and course of the liberation movement. add to basket Eritrea: Towards Unity in Diversity top UK £ US $ David Pool Describes Eritrea's efforts to reconstruct a multi-ethnic society after 30 years of civil war. add to basket Ethiopia: A New Start ?

79. An MBendi Profile: Burundi - Overview General Information. Overview. Economy. history The burundi oil industryis one of the key elements in the economy; accounting for around 15% http://www.mbendi.co.za/cybucy.htm

Search for: Advanced Searches Services MBendi Business MBendi Travel ... Subscriptions Other MBendi Clients Newsletter Logon / Register About MBendi ... Home Page Burundi - Overview General Information Overview Economy History More For This Country: - Map - Travel Industries: - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing - Arts and crafts - Automotive Industry Engineering - Chambers of Commerce - Chemicals Industry - Development - Electrical Power - Engineering - Equipment - Exchanges Conferences - Financial Services - Food, Beverage, Tobacco - Government - Health Services - Leather - Manufacturing - Materials Handling - Media - Mining - Miscellaneous - Oil And Gas Industry - Packaging Industry - Professional Services - Public Utilities - Real Estate - Security - Trading - Travel, Tourism and Recreation - Waste Management/ Pollution Control/ Recycling - Wholesale And Retail Industry Regions: Country List World Africa Antarctica Asia Australasia Europe North America South America Directories: - Companies - Events - Employment - Facilities - Listed Companies - News - Organisations - Personalities - Projects - Publications - Stock Exchanges Business: - Employment - Internet Strategy - Opportunities - Tenders - Trade Services - Trade Leads General Information Capital(s): Bujumbura Population: Area: Currency: 1 Burundi franc (FB) = 100 centimes Language(s): French, Rundi

80. UNHCR - TEACHING TOOLS - HISTORY burundi has many of the same economic problems as in Rwanda. The country has goneinto debt 19001910 French Catholic missionaries arrive in the region. http://www.unhcr.ch/static/teaching-tools/tchhist/12-14jr3.htm

LESSON PLANS FOR AGES 12-14 IN HISTORY : THE RWANDA CONFLICT 1994 Ethnic conflict between Tutsi and Hutu people over many years has forced millions of people to flee as refugees. By Jill Rutter, "REFUGEES: We left because we had to", (London, Refugee Council 1996) pp. 66-73 Burundi Population 6 million Capital Bujumbura Economy Over 90 per cent of the population lives in the countryside and most people farm for a living. As in Rwanda, the main export is coffee. Burundi has many of the same economic problems as in Rwanda. The country has gone into debt because of a drop in the world price of coffee, its main export. As in Rwanda, Burundi is very densely populated. Farms are very small and many families cannot make a decent living from their land. Other problems are soil erosion and declining soil fertility. The declining quality of the soil reduces the yield of the crops. Burundi has a very poorly developed infrastructure. There are few roads and many people lack access to clean water. Ethnic groups As in neigbouring Rwanda, Burundi has experienced ethnic conflicts between the Tutsi and Hutu peoples for many years. There are three ethnic groups in Burundi. Most people are Hutu. The Hutu form 84 per cent of the population of Burundi. The Tutsi comprise 15 per cent of Rwanda's population. The Twa are pygmoid peoples who still live as hunter-gatherers in the forests. They make up less than one per cent of the population of Burundi.

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