41. History Of Bulgaria: Information From Answers.com history of Bulgaria St Ivan of Rila, patron saint of Bulgaria The history of Bulgaria began in the 7th century CE with the arrival of the Bulgars in. http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-bulgaria

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping history of Bulgaria Wikipedia history of Bulgaria St Ivan of Rila, patron saint of Bulgaria The history of Bulgaria began in the 7th century CE with the arrival of the Bulgars in the Balkans . The Bulgars had been moving northwest across the Caucasus and what is now southern Russia and Ukraine ; their origin is not entirely clear. The established theory is that the Bulgars are related to the Huns , and more distantly the Turks . However, this position is increasingly being challenged by a theory claiming Aryan Pamirian origin for the Bulgars. Clues for this can be found in the advanced calendar and system of government of the early Bulgars. The Bulgars were governed by hereditary khans . There were several artistocratic families whose members, bearing military titles, formed a governing class. Bulgars were monotheistic , worshipping the Sun and a life-force. Later in the beginning in the 8th century the Bulgars in Volga Bulgaria converted to Islam . The Bulgars were warlike and spent much time on horseback , raiding neighboring tribes.

42. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bulgaria HISTORY. At the beginning of the Christian Era, what is now Bulgaria constituted the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace, a territory in which Christianity http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03046a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... B > Bulgaria A B C D ... Z Bulgaria A European kingdom in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, bounded by the Black Sea, the Rhodope Mountains, Servia, and the Danube; it embraces an area of 37,200 sq. m. The population according to the census of 1900 numbers 3,744,283, divided according to religion into 3,019,296 Greek Orthodox, 28,579 Catholics of the Latin Rite and Uniat Greeks, 4524 Protestants , 13,809 Gregorian Armenians, 33,663 Jews, 643,300 Mohammedans , and 1112 of other creeds; according to nationality into 2,887,860 Bulgarians, 539,656 Turks, 89,549 Gypsies, 75,223 Rumanians, 70,887 Greeks, 32,753 Jews, 18,856 Tatars, 13,926 Armenians, and 15,741 of other nationalities. The number of inhabitants in 1905 was 4,028,239. HISTORY At the beginning of the Christian Era, what is now Bulgaria constituted the Roman provinces of Moesia and Thrace, a territory in which Christianity was preached at a very early period, as proved by the Council of Sardica in 343. During the migratory period Slavic races pushed forward into this region. Some time after the middle of the seventh century, the Bulgars, a people of Hunnic and Finnic stock, who had been driven from their habitations on the Volga as far as the Lower Danube, began to make incursions into Moesia and Thrace. Completing their conquest of the country in a war with the Byzantine Empire, they founded an independent kingdom about 680. The Bulgars gradually became amalgamated with the former inhabitants, adopting the nationality and language of the latter, but giving their own name to the ethnographic mixture. The new State often came into conflict with the neighbouring Byzantine Empire, to which, however, in 718, it lent its support against the Arabs. Prince Boris, or Bogoris (844-845 or 852-888), d. 907), accepted

43. Economist.com | Country Briefings: Bulgaria History in brief Jun 16th 2005 From Economist.com. The territory of modern Bulgaria was once part of the Roman empire, falling to the Byzantine half when http://www.economist.com/countries/Bulgaria/profile.cfm?folder=History in brief

44. Bulgaria's History A site providing divers information on bulgaria. Daily press review, commentaries, history, ethnography, folklore,bulgarian cuisine. http://www.omda.bg/engl/common/history.htm

BULGARIA'S HISTORY The oldest gold in the world bearing regal marks 4000 years BC. Thracian kingdoms. Alexander the Great and his father Philip. Roman Emperors and legions. The splendour of Byzantium. Asparoukh - the horseman from the Steppes. The year of 681 - the First Bulgarian Kingdom. Saint Prince Boris - conversion to Christianity. The Seven Saints: the brothers Cyril and Methodius and their five disciples Clement, Naoum, Angelarius, Gorazd, Sava - the inception of the Slavonic script, public worship and literature. The survival of the Bulgarian language and Christian faith in the context of battles against, rivalry and collaboration with the Muslims. Waging a war over Macedonia for more than a century. The Comintern and Stalin against Bulgaria. To learn more TODAY: Asparoukh - the Horseman from the Steppes Saint Prince Boris Cyril and Methodius The Seven Saints ... The Lake Town Archeological Site THE BALKANS Albanian identities The three Albanian communities and their perspectives – six months later Macedonia and Kosovo after the military operations Between adaptation and nostalgia: ... The First Bulgarian Kingdom Bulgaria Within the Borders of the Byzantine Empire The Second Bulgarian Kingdom Bulgaria – a Province of the Ottoman Empire The Revival of the Bulgarian Kingdom Capitalism ... Perspective of the Day

45. Jews In Bulgaria Jews in bulgaria a brief historical account. it is Wonderland The bulgarians Land The People of bulgaria history Ethnography and Folklore http://www.omda.bg/engl/HISTORY/jewshist.htm

JEWS IN BULGARIA: A BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT The first Jews appeared in the Balkans as early as the 2nd century, after the conquest of their lands by Rome. This had been recorded on a tombstone found near the town of Nikopol by the Danube river. These Jews were known as Romagnotes. The Middle Ages In medieval Bulgaria Jews were concentrated in separate quarters of some of the country's larger cities. There were some very rich, as well as poor people and outcasts among them. It is known, for example, that in the capital city of Turnovo the executioners were Romagnote Jews. By the criteria of the Middle Ages, the attitude of the Bulgarians to the Jews was more or less tolerant. Towards the mid-14th century, two councils were convened in the metropolis of Veliko Turnovo to deal with the Jews (accused of blasphemy against the Christian Holy Scriptures); but these conventions persecuted to no lesser degree the Bulgarian heretics - Bogomils, Adamites, Barlaamites, etc. Repression was inflicted upon their top leaders only, the punishments involving castigation, branding, banishment, and - very rarely - death penalty. Sensationally, tzar Ivan Alexander (1331-1371), who arranged these councils, was married to a Jewish woman. She was tzaritza Sarah, mother of the last Bulgarian ruler in the Middle Ages - Ivan Shishman (1371-1396). Before their wedding, she was converted to Christianity and adopted the name of Theodora. It was she who initiated the mentioned councils.

46. Roman And Late Antique Archaeology In Bulgaria A brief history of archaeological research in bulgaria by Lyudmil F. Vagalinski. http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/muhlberger/orb/bulgbib.htm

ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE ARCHAEOLOGY IN BULGARIA With a brief history of archaeological research in Bulgaria by Dr. Lyudmil F. VAGALINSKI Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Dept. "Antique Archaeology", 2 Saborna St., BG-1000 Sofia e-mail: LVagalin@mail.techno-link.com Fax/Tel.: +359 2/659 688 http://www.techno-link.com/clients/lvagalin/index.html (Archaeologia Bulgarica) Last updated: 13.2.2000 Go directly to section 4, Select Bibliography Online Bibliographies of Late Antiquity 1. Territorial range: present Republic of Bulgaria. 2. Chronological frames: 1st - 6th centuries. 3. History of the investigations: 3.1. From 1396 to 1878 Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire. In this long period it was foreign scholars, travelers and diplomats who mainly provided data for monuments from the time of the Principate (1st-3rd c. AD) and the Dominate (4th-6th c. AD) on the Bulgarian lands. Count L. Marsigli (1658-1729) from Bologna is among the most notable. His study Danubius Pannonico-mysicus was published in 1726 in Amsterdam. Its second volume was related to the ancient monuments and marked in fact the beginning of the scientific archaeological studies in Bulgaria. 3.2. From the Liberation to the World War I

47. Wonderland Bulgaria Offers information from and about the country includes land, population, history, ethnography, folklore, and cuisine. http://www.omda.bg/indexa.htm

A Glimpse of Bulgaria History Why it is "WONDERLAND" Bulgarians' land Ethnography and Folklore Who we are The People of Bulgaria Bulgarian Cuisine Perspectives of the Day The Bull's Head A Mysterious Spot The Lake Town Arch ... Les coulisses d'une transition Reflections on Transition in Bulgaria (MS Word file, 100K, in French) OMDA Ltd All rights reserved

48. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS history and Culture. The territory of bulgaria has been inhabited since the earliest historical times the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/History/

Monday, 19 September 2005 19:04 Back Print History and Culture The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the earliest historical times: the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. Archaeological discoveries from that time have been made near Karlovo, in the region of the towns of Nova Zagora, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Sofia, Teteven, Troyan and in the Rhodope Mountains. The oldest gold treasure in the world, discovered near Varna, is dated to that time. During the Bronze Age the present-day Bulgarian lands were inhabited by the Thracians, mentioned for the first time by Homer. They were engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding, and left evidence of a rich culture (the Vulchitrun gold treasure). The first Thracian state unions emerged in the 11th-6th centuries BC, which flourished in the 7th-6th centuries BC. In the 1st century BC their lands were conquered by Rome, and after the 5th century AD they were incorporated in the Byzantine Empire. The Thracians were later gradually assimilated by the Slavs who settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century AD. In the second half of the 7th century, the Proto-Bulgarians - an ethnic community of Turkic origin - settled on the territory of the present-day Northeastern Bulgaria. In alliance with the Slavs they formed the Bulgarian State, which was recognised by the Byzantine Empire in 681 AD. Khan Asparouh stood at the head of that state and Pliska was made its capital.

49. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS bulgaria is situated in the south east part of Europe, about the country the state structure, the economy, the history and the national symbols. http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/

Monday, 19 September 2005 19:04 Back Print Bulgaria is situated in the south - east part of Europe, and in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsular. For centuries, the roads passing through the territory of the country have been connecting Europe with Asia and Africa. Four common European transport corridors, connecting West and North Europe with the eastern and southern part of the continent cross their roads here. Apart from its being situated on crossroads, Bulgaria is also known for its picturesque nature. In spite of its relatively small territory (110 912 km2), the country has various landscape. The scenery changes subsequently from vast plains, to hilly areas and high mountains. Large beaches and beautiful rocky shores stretch out along the Black sea coast. On this page, you will find general information about the country: the state structure, the economy, the history and the national symbols. Top Back Print

50. Bulgaria.com - History Of Bulgaria 681-1944 Extract from the book bulgaria Illustrated history . Bojidar Dimitrov, PhD., Autor Vyara Kandjieva, Photographer Dimiter Angelov, Photographer, Antoniy http://www.bulgaria.com/history/bulgaria/

I NTRODUCTION T HE THRACIANS ... ULGARIAN CULTURE OVER THE PERIOD 1878 - 1944 Extract from the book "Bulgaria Illustrated History" Bojidar Dimitrov, PhD., Autor Vyara Kandjieva, Photographer Dimiter Angelov, Photographer Antoniy Handjiysky, Photographer Maria Nikolotva, Translator Published by BORIANA Publishing House, Sofia,Bulgaria BULGARIA.COM 2116 Walsh Avenue Suite C6 Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Phone: (408)406-6811 FAX (408)378-7219 E-Mail: info@bulgaria.com Send mail to webmaster@bulgaria.com with questions or comments about this web site. Last modified: February 10, 1998

51. WHKMLA : History Of Bulgaria, ToC Virtual Library history bulgaria; Internet Resources for bulgarian Studies Wars of bulgaria 18001999, from ACED; Military history Encyclopedia on the http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/xbulgaria.html

Macedonia Greece First posted in January 2002, last revised on November 7th 2004 Bulgaria 852-893 Bulgaria 893-1018 Part of the Byzantine Empire : Bulgaria 1018-1185 Restored Czardom : Bulgaria 1185-1393 Ottoman Province : Bulgaria 1393-1760 National Revival : Bulgaria 1760-1848 Emergence of a Bulgarian Movement : Bulgaria 1848-1879 Early Independent Bulgaria : Bulgaria 1879-1896 Turn of the Century : Bulgaria 1896-1914 World War I : Bulgaria 1914-1918 Post-War Crisis : Bulgaria 1918-1926 Democratic Bulgaria : Bulgaria 1926-1934 Royal Dicatorship : Bulgaria 1934-1939 World War II : Bulgaria 1940-1944 Transition Years : Bulgaria 1944-1947 Early Cold War : Bulgaria 1948-1969 Late Cold War : Bulgaria 1969-1989 Historical Atlas, Bulgaria Page List of Wars, Bulgaria Page Documents, Bulgaria Page (at partner-site psm-data) EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook : Bulgaria ; BBC Country Profiles : Bulgaria ; World Reference Desk : Bulgaria Virtual Library History : Bulgaria ; Internet Resources for Bulgarian Studies, from Slavweb , click for history resp. culture; Internet Resources on Bulgaria, from SSEES Timeline of Bulgarian History, from

52. WHKMLA Historical Atlas : Bulgaria, ToC External Online Map bulgaria in the 7th/8th Century, from bulgarian historical atlas, Colin McEvedy, The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval history, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/balkans/haxbulgaria.html

Greece Romania First posted on March 11th 2002, last revised on June 10th 2005 click on the map to enlarge "Textfiles" leads to files from WHKMLA "Topical Maps" lead to further maps posted at WHKMLA "External Maps" lead to maps posted elsewhere on the web 7TH AND 8TH CENTURY External Online Map : Bulgaria in the 7th/8th Century, from Bulgarian historical atlas, posted by Dimiter Markovski , inscription illegible 9TH CENTURY Textfiles : Bulgaria 852-893 External Online Maps : from Freeman's Historical Geography (1903) posted by Perry Castaneda Library, UTexas External Online Maps from Balcanica : Balkan, BULGARIA UNTIL 1018 Textfiles : Bulgaria 893-1018 External Online Maps : Southeastern Europe from Freeman's Historical Geography (1903) posted by Perry Castaneda Library, UTexas External Online Maps : Europe 1000 Europe 1100 from euratlas External Online Maps from Balcanica : Balkan, External Online Map : Bulgaria in the 10th century (Droysen's Historischer Handatlas 1886), posted by Maproom.org ; map top left External Online Map : the Balkans peninsula in the 10th century, from

53. Balkan Info Home A Short history of Modern bulgaria (London Cambridge University Press, 1987). Crampton has also written bulgaria 18781918 A history (New York East http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/ref/05HIST.shtml

Links News Places Studies ... A Reader's Guide to Bulgaria History and Politics The Medieval and Ottoman Periods Two volumes by John V. A. Fine, Jr, The Early Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983) and The Late Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987) provide an extensive treatment of the medieval Bulgarian Empires and of the Turkish conquest. Both of these volumes have recently been rereleased in paperback editions. Sir Steven Runciman's A History of the First Bulgarian Empire (London: Oxford University Press, 1930) is an early work by the scholar who became the doyen of Byzantine specialists. The role of the Orthodox Church in the preservation of Bulgarian customs and in the origins of the national revival is the subject of Dennis P. Hupchick's The Bulgarians in the Seventeenth Century: Slavic Orthodox Society The Bulgarian Resurgence (Cleveland: published by the author, 1987). Another good survey is The Bulgarian National Revival Period (Sofia: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1977) by Nikolai Genchev, now the Rector of Sofia University. Thomas Meininger's, The Formation of a The Roman Theater in Plovdiv Nationalist Bulgarian Intelligentsia, 1835-1878

54. Bulgaria : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library Of Congress Overview of life, history, and culture by the US Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bgtoc.html

The Library of Congress Especially for Researchers Research Centers Home ... Country Studies Bulgaria Find in Federal Research Division Pages Researchers Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages A Country Study: Bulgaria Library of Congress Call Number Bulgaria Foreword Acknowledgments Preface ... Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF) Country Geography Society Economy ... Search Database Choose a Country Study Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Colombia Caribbean Islands Comoros Cyprus Czechoslovakia (Former) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Germany (East) Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Laos Lebanon Libya Lithuania Macau Madagascar Maldives Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union (Former) Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates

55. Bulgaria - History Sample bulgaria history Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets 2 For parts of its early history, the land of bulgaria belonged to different http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_Geography_244_1.html

Sample Bulgaria - History Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets edHelper.com Subscribers: Build a printable worksheet with the complete story and puzzles Build a proofreading activity With just one subscription, you will have access to the math, spelling, vocabulary, and critical thinking worksheets! Sign up now for the subscriber materials! Bulgaria - History By Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman The country of Bulgaria has been for hundreds of years a politically and geographically important country. Due to Bulgaria's location in southeastern Europe it has been neighbors with some of the biggest empires in the world. Despite having been ruled for many years by neighboring empires, the people of Bulgaria have maintained a sense of national pride that persists to this day. For parts of its early history, the land of Bulgaria belonged to different kingdoms. At first, Bulgaria was part of the Macedonian kingdom. The Romans threw the Macedonians out, and then the Thraco-Illyrians threw the Romans out. Finally, in 679, a group of people called the Bulgars moved in and took over. The Bulgars are believed to be of Indo-Iranian origin. They set up the first Bulgarian Empire and ultimately took over Macedonia in the 9th century. As Slavs moved into Bulgaria, the Bulgars became out numbered. Finally, the Bulgars adopted most of the Slavic ways of life and language. Bulgarian religion helped shape the next period of Bulgarian history. In 865, a Byzantine monk painted a picture of what he thought hell looked like on the Bulgarian ruler's palace walls. This really frightened the ruler, Tsar Boris I. In fact, it scared him so much that Boris accepted Orthodox Christianity. The church of Bulgaria in 870 became independent, with its own leader. This leader convinced Tsar Simeon to expand the Bulgarian empire. Simeon tried to expand the empire across neighboring Serbia to the Adriatic Sea. This put Bulgaria at odds with the Byzantine Empire and weakened the Bulgarian Empire.

56. Discover-Bulgaria.com - Insight - Insight - Bulgaria - History bulgaria Inside. General information and usefull tips for your travel in bulgaria. http://www.discover-bulgaria.com/Insight.aspx?CategoryID=203

57. Mythinglinks: Eastern Europe / The Balkans: Bulgaria, Page 1 http//www.binfo.com/places/bulgaria/ref/history.shtml Given the nature of bulgaria s history, political power was usually allied with religious power, http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~balkans~bulgaria.html

MYTHING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE BULGARIA The Balkan Mountain Range (from which the Balkans take their name) is the long, upper brown swath that looks like a half-moon lying on its side. A photo of the region is directly below.) [This map comes from "travel-bulgaria.com." For one of their larger, much more detailed maps, please click HERE . Then hit your "Back" button to return to this page.] Paradise Waterfall in Bulgaria's Balkan Mountains (From bgtv.com When I began this new section on the Balkans, I wondered why the region was called the Balkans. I checked an old dictionary and discovered that the name comes from a chain of mountains crossing Bulgaria from east to west. Prior to that, all I knew about Bulgaria was that an eerie music born in her mountains had recently become quite popular in the West. I could not have found the country on a map. I now know more about this country. What interests me most, given my focus on myth and ancient traditions, is that Orpheus is said to have come from Bulgaria's southern Rhodope Mountains (see below);

58. Business To Bulgaria / Guide Geography Business Portal Canadabulgaria, bulgarie.net - Inform Canadians companies about new market opportunities, Guides bulgaria history http://www.bulgarie.net/Bulgaria/english/guideHistoryBG-en.htm

BUSINESS PORTAIL BULGARIE BUSINESS PORTAL BULGARIA FRAN‡AIS ENGLISH Home Directories ... About us Guides BULGARIA : HISTORY Geography Politics History Canada Guides Promote your site here and now ! San Stephano (Istambul) Peace Treaty signed by Russia and Turkey on 3 March 1878 As a result of the Russian-Turkish War of Liberation (1877-1878), the Bulgarian State was restored The frontiers of the New Bulgaria were: - The Black Sea - East - Serbia Kingstom - West Danube River North - Vardar, Drama, Kavala, Svilengrad, Lulen Bourgas regions - South Map of San Stefano Bulgaria Accordingly of the same Treaty Serbia, Rumania, Tcherna Gora, became also Independent countries In conformity with the resolutions of the Berlin Congress 13 July 1878 Bulgaria was devided to the Principality of Bulgaria (including Sofia region) was proclaimed - with Prince Alexander Battemberg at its head

59. Elderhostel : Program Detail - Overview And Description bulgaria s history, Culture, Art and Architecture Through the Ages We learn about bulgaria’s rich art and architecture dating back to prehistoric times http://www.elderhostel.org/Programs/search_res.asp?Type=A&Src=1-1AP9E1&CountryCo

60. The National Museum Of History - Sofia, Bulgaria Bulgarian archaeological and historical archive on the Balkans. Virtual tour of museum galleries, fullysearchable exhibits and database. http://www.historymuseum.org/

The National Museum of History - Sofia, Bulgaria - The largest archaeological and historical archive on the Balkans. Virtual tour of museum galleries, fully-searchable exhibits database, souvenier shop section.

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