101. NMAH: Kids: Things To Do At Home The National Museum of american history is one of the Smithsonian Institution buffalo Soldier Uniform Coat Odyssey 1 Dobsonian Reflecting Telescope http://americanhistory.si.edu/kids/athome.cfm

SHOP JOIN MAIN KIDS ... GET INVOLVED Home Collections Exhibitions Plan Your Visit History Explorer About the Museum ACTA Model 0100 CT Scanner Grand Piano Square Piano Upright Piano ... For Parents Kids: Things To Do At Home Exploring the past isn't just something you do at a Museum! Try these fun activities to turn your computer into the Museum's newest interactive exhibit. America on the Move Discover how transportation has changed the way people live, work, and play over the last 125 years. The American Presidency: A Glorious Burden Learn about the many responsibilities of the U.S. president, decode the symbols on the presidential seal, and write your own letter to the president. Build a Sod House Construct your own sod house on the open prairie the way settlers did in the 1800s. Will yours stay standing? Go Back in Time Travel back in time to visit five of the families that lived at 16 Elm Street in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Use the clues they left behind to decide in which time period you've landed. Got Ramps? Architectural Barriers Game

102. History: History Of The Black U.S. Soldier Throughout american history, Afroamericans have had to decide whether they Even though the Afro-american soldiers clearly distinguished themselves as http://www.cyberessays.com/History/143.htm

Check out the best essays at EssayFinder.com History of the Black U.S. Soldier Back To the Top Essay Search Cyber Essays Home Check out the best essays at EssayFinder.com Please Submit your good papers to us and help Cyber Essays grow!

103. The Buffalo Soldier; Maine Antique Digest, September 1998 Africanamerican soldiers in unprecedented numbers served in the United States The buffalo Soldier is a true story that surveys nearly five decades of http://www.maineantiquedigest.com/articles/buff0998.htm

The Buffalo Soldier The Museum of Our National Heritage in Lexington, Massachusetts, will display "The Buffalo Soldier," a historical documentary on the African-American soldier in the U.S. Army, through October 12, according to a press release. African-American soldiers in unprecedented numbers served in the United States Army on the Western frontier during the late 19th century. As members of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry regiments, they were the first African-Americans in our nation's history to serve in the regular peacetime army. Before these regiments were organized, Blacks were allowed to serve in the army only in wartime. According to legend, the soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments were first called "buffalo soldiers" by Native Americans because their tight, curly hair and their fighting spirit reminded the Indian of the buffalo. The soldiers accepted the name as a term of respect and honor. The name is still applied today to U.S. Army units that are linear decedents of the buffalo soldiers. "The Buffalo Soldier" is a true story that surveys nearly five decades of American history. Anthony Powell recalled hearing his grandfather, Samuel N. Waller (1874-1979), tell the stories of how the soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th Infantry were among the American troops who charged up San Juan Hill, for which Teddy Roosevelt would get the ultimate acclaim. Powell's grandfather knew the story well, for he was one of the African-American soldiers who served in the Spanish-American War. Powell began seeking out his grandfather's friends, asking each the question, "What was it like to be a Black man in the army so long ago?" They spoke of the pride of the uniform, the pride of camaraderie, brotherhood, and friendship. They further recalled incidents of racism and prejudice.

104. Book Review The Journal Of American History, 91.1 The The Journal of american history Finally, given the degree to which thephrase buffalo soldier has been enshrined in popular culture, from Frederic http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.1/br_63.html

You have not been recognized as a subscriber to JAH online. About 164 words from this article are provided below; about 364 words remain. If you are a individual member of the Organization of American Historians, you may: login here if you have already registered for online access. register your subscription Set up your online account for the first time. If you are not a member of the Organization of American Historians, you can: Join the OAH and receive many member benefits including print and electronic issues of the Journal of American History. Purchase a research pass to gain two-hour access to the entire History Cooperative web site. You will have full access to current issues of the Journal of American History (86.1-present). Note: the Research Pass does not provide access to JSTOR's holdings of the Journal of American History. Instititutions can: Subscribe to this journal and receive print and electronic issues. Activate your existing subscription so that we recognize your IP number ranges. Book Review . By William A. Dobak and Thomas D. Phillips. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. xviii, 360 pp. $34.95, ISBN 0-8061-3340-6.)

105. About Smithsonian Archive From the exhibit buffalo soldiers African Americans in the 9th 10th Cavalry As displayed at the Smithsonian s National Museum of Natural history. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Smithsonian_GIFS/About_Smithsonian_1167

About Smithsonian Archive SMITHSONIAN PHOTO DESCRIPTIONS ACRANE Science-Nature East African Crowned Crane East African Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum gibbericeps), at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. ANUBIS Tech-History An Egyptian Anubis Figure An Egyptian Anubis Figure - wooden, carved, jackal of mummification. Luxor, Ptolemaic Period, ca. 3000 B.C. From the Western Civilization exhibit at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. BAG Tech-History A "Recyclia" Shopping Bag In Africa, recycling is the real thing. This durable shopping bag from Kenya was woven entirely from discarded plastic strips used to tie down boxes during shipping. Anthropologists are taking increased interest in these everyday, recycled objects which they call "recyclia". BASKET Tech-History Baskets, Blanket, Drum Baskets, Blanket, Drum, showing the unique adaptation of African traditions to objects made by 18th century African-Americans. From "After The Revolution: Everyday Life In America 1780-1800" at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. ==Smithsonian Photo by Jeffrey Ploskonka.

106. African-American Family History Research-Missouri Launius, Roger D. Invisible Saints A history of Black Americans in the Leckie, William H. The buffalo Soldier A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the http://www.umsl.edu/~libweb/blackstudies/fampamp.htm

The first blacks were brought to the United States in 1619 by Dutch traders. Contrary to popular belief, not all blacks labored as slaves in the fields of the large Southern plantations. Many worked for smaller land owners, some worked as servants in the cities, and some were free. By the Civil War period, the descendants of less than 400,000 transplanted Africans numbered over 4 million. Researching nonplantation blacks or slaves requires great patience and luck as slaves were not considered citizens of the United States and were not permitted to engage in legal transactions. Marriage contracts between blacks were legally forbidden until 1868. Since slaves were considered property of their owner, most records (such as deeds, wills, etc.) are interfiled with those of the owner's family. Sole ownership of all slave children legally resided with the owner of the child's mother, thus research is often limited to the maternal lines. Blacks were seldom addressed by a surname; instead they were usually listed by a first name, or as a "Black Male" or "Black Female." Once slavery ended and usage of surnames became legal, exslaves were free to use either their previous name (usually known to them, but not used in records) or to choose a new one. Obstacles arose when several members of one biological family adopted different last names. Due to special problems with lack of records, African-American genealogical and historical research can be a challenge. Locating records is difficult, but not insurmountable. The following list indicates the variety of primary historical records available at the Missouri State Archives for African-American research.

107. Montana: The Magazine Of Western History: Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers And The Full text of the article, Black Valor buffalo soldiers and the Medal of Honor, AfroAmericans in New York Life and history Alabama Heritage http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_199910/ai_n8868018

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Montana: The Magazine of Western History Autumn 1999 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898 Montana: The Magazine of Western History Autumn 1999 by Leckie, William H Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. BLACK VALOR Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898 Frank N. Schubert Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, 1997. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. xi + 231 pp. $22.95. Black Americans fought in every war in which this nation has been engaged, but their first large-scale participation came in the Civil War. At the close of that bloody struggle some 180,000 black troops had served in the Union Army, and more than 30,000 of them had died in the cause of freedom and a united country. In July 1866 when Congress enacted legislation reorganizing the military, provisions were made, for the first time in our history, for six regiments of black Americans, two of cavalry and four of infantry, to serve in the regular army. The cavalry units were designated the Ninth and Tenth while the infantry regiments were soon consolidated into the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth. After they were organized, all these regiments were assigned to the western frontier and remained there for the next generation.

108. Black College View - Black History Month Brings Buffalo Soldier Action Figure During Black history Month, the first buffalo Soldier GI Joe action figure will be buffalo soldiers contributed to America by building roads, schools, http://www.blackcollegeview.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/02/26/4228e6471da61

Sign Up for the News Update (enter email address) more info MONDAY September 19, 2005 SEARCH Archives Google advanced archive search FRONT PAGE About Us News in Sports ... ARCHIVES HEADLINES Emotional Trauma Caused by Hurricane Katrina Aaron Abernathy aka "The Flyest" Novelists Say Book Sales Affected By Absence of Club Amerie Avoids the Sophomore Slump ... Evolution of a Revolutionary Reviewed Black History Month Brings Buffalo Soldier Action Figure by Jazmin Williamson, Contributing Writer February 26, 2005 February is the month to celebrate achievements made by African Americans in past generations. Some would say that buildings and inventions, government laws, and the views that different races have of one another in America have evolved from accomplishments of African Americans. Buffalo soldiers originated in the western part of the United States; they were in Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and the Dakotas. They were anxious to be selected by Congress to defend the country because they believed that it would bring more money and job opportunities to the black race. They also believed that Congress establishing black troops would give all African Americans equal civil rights. Succumbing to discrimination, the soldiers fought in battles without proper clothing, food, and artillery. They performed their jobs despite not being treated equally to white and Indian soldiers.

109. Exploring America's Courtyard Of particular interest has been the Black Cowboys, buffalo soldiers, BlackIndianrelations, African and Native american arts, and the west as a place http://cuip.uchicago.edu/ac/Artists/BWilliams/

Exploring AMERICA'S COURTYARD Artists Students Teachers Home ... Português The Artists Artist's name: Bernard Williams Artist's picture: Artist's statement: Symbolic Constructs of History The works of Bernard Williams deal with aspects of the Old American west and many of the forces at play in the historical development of the place we call "the west". The paintings and constructions utilize signs and symbols from various cultures that have converged upon the North American region. Other paintings grow from a focus on the historical, cultural, and socio-political activities whirling about during the times, becoming expressions of a broader American story. Stirred by revisionist historians who have recently opened new perspectives from which to examine western development, Bernard has found fertile creative grounds among this rethinking and re-imaging of the western myth and the American story. Particularly influential has been Patricia Nelson Limerick's "The Legacy Of Conquest", Quintard Taylor's "Beyond the Racial Frontier", and William L. Katz's "The Black West." Bernard's paintings attempt a reconsideration of western heritage along with some rethinking of how western paintings and traditional history paintings are composed and stylistically delivered. Of particular interest has been the Black Cowboys, Buffalo Soldiers, Black-Indian relations, African and Native American arts, and the west as a place shared and constructed by multiple cultures including Anglos, Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians.

110. Soldiers Look at photos of African Americans in the military, read about the Tuskegee Airmen, the buffalo soldiers, the Harlem Hellfighters, a female buffalo soldier, and the integration of African Americans in the army. http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/military/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help African-American History People ... Pilots / Astronauts / Soldiers Soldiers Homework Help African-American History Essentials Photographs ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the African-American History newsletter! See Online Courses Search African-American History Soldiers The African American experience in the military. Alphabetical Recent The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War. African Americans in the Navy Carl Brashear was a remarkable naval officer who overcame physical limitations, faced racism, and yet became the first black Master Diver. Read about Brashear and the integration of the Navy. Camp William Penn's Black Soldiers in Blue Under the stern but sympathetic gaze of Lt. Col. Louis Wagner, some 11,000 African-American soldiers trained to fight for their freedom at Philadelphia's Camp William Penn. Three Medal of Honor recipients would pass through the camp's gates.

111. MSN Encarta - Related Items - African American History African american issues 19381997 (archives) pictures related to Africanamerican history political convention, first African american http://encarta.msn.com/related_761595158_31/pictures_related_to_African_American

112. Yosemite Association - Newsroom Johnson, 44, became so absorbed by the story of the buffalo soldiers in the Sierrathat Army soldiers were America s first park rangers, patrolling the http://www.yosemite.org/newsroom/clips2003/february/020103.htm

Buffalo Soldiers Story Yosemite ranger tells of tour of duty in Sierra parks by Carl Nolte San Francisco Chronicle - February 1, 2003 A couple of years ago, ranger Shelton Johnson made an amazing discovery deep in the archives of Yosemite National Park he came face to face with his own history. It was a faded 1899 photograph of five U.S. Army cavalry troopers on horseback, rifles slung over their shoulders, on patrol in a pine forest deep in the Yosemite backcountry. Like Johnson, these soldiers were African American. Like Johnson, these soldiers were acting as park rangers. He had discovered a nearly forgotten piece of the past of San Francisco and the Sierra Nevada for three years, African American regular Army troops from the Presidio, the famous Buffalo Soldiers, patrolled Yosemite and Sequoia national parks. The discovery was a surprise to Johnson. There are no black faces in the pantheon of heroes of the Sierra. All of them, from the explorer Joseph Walker to the naturalist John Muir to the photographer Ansel Adams and everyone in between, are white. Johnson, 44, became so absorbed by the story of the Buffalo Soldiers in the Sierra that he has taken on the persona of one of them, and gives presentations at schools throughout the San Joaquin Valley. His presentation is part story, part music, part living history of people he calls "the shadow soldiers."

113. American History - Westward Ho american history Wetward Ho contributed by Lu Hickey The story of the BuffaloSoldiers is a true and gallant story. What seemed strange was the http://www.electricscotland.com/history/america/westwardho.htm

Clans Tartans History Travel ... Contact Us American History Wetward Ho contributed by Lu Hickey From 1860 to 1862, Pony Express riders carried mail n relays from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA. Riders were out of "St. Joe" had only a brief gallop to the wide Missouri River where ferry boats conveyed them over the river. From St. Joseph the Pony Express followed the Oregon-California trail across northeast Kansas territory then ran north to the Platte river in Nebraska and west to Sacramento, California. The Kansas section of the route had 11 stations. The original station in Marysville still stands. Relay stations were established 15-20 miles apart where riders would change horses. The Oregon Trail was known by many names, The Mormon Trail, the Platte Trail and the California Trail, as these were the most common trails used by the diverse settlers moving west to attempt to tame the west, the Indians, and the new frontier. The Oregon Trail was used by the Army, and stagecoaches and the Pony Express followed part of the trail. In 1830, William Sublette took the firs wagons along the route to the rocky Mountains. By the middle of the 1840s, traffic on the Oregon Trail was tremendous and the California gold rush increased its use even more in 1849 and 1850.

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