41. Spanish-American War - Buffalo Soldiers - Presidio Of San Francisco For many African Americans it was felt that the deeds of the soldiers in the battles Return to buffalo Soldier Home Next buffalo Soldier history Page http://www.nps.gov/prsf/history/buffalo_soldiers/spanish_american_war.htm

The Spanish-American War On February 15th, 260 American sailors were killed when the battleship Maine blew up and sank in Havana harbor. The war with Spain began in April 1898, when Major General William Shafter, a former commander of the 24th Infantry led an expeditionary force of over 17,000 men, including nearly 3,000 Black regulars, into Cuba. Although the Spanish American War was ostensibly fought to liberate Caribbean and Philippine islanders from Spanish oppression, the participation of Buffalo Soldier and Black volunteer regiments in this war was not without controversy. African Americans questioned whether they, who were deprived of civil rights by federal and state laws and were being lynched and terrorized in the South, should fight for a government that recognized them as a citizen in name only. Articles in the Black press during the war showed a diversity of opinion in the African American community. Editorials Against Fighting "If the Government Wants Our Services

42. MSN Encarta - Related Items - African American History buffalo soldiers buffalo soldiers were black soldiers who fought in campaignsagainst Native Americans beginning in the late 1860s. http://encarta.msn.com/related_761595158_31.5/Buffalo_Soldiers.html

var fSendSelectEvents = true; var fSendExpandCollapseEvents = true; var fCallDisplayUAText = false; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Related Items from Encarta African American History African Americans Civil Rights Movement in the United States Frederick Douglass, prominent antislavery activist Martin Luther King, civil rights leader ... Buffalo Soldiers were black soldiers who fought in campaigns against Native Americans beginning in the late 1860s. Although they were segregated from... View media item © 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help

43. Teaching American History Institutes Be persuasive. Be creative. Standard 8.11.1 and 8.11.5 buffalo soldiers Rights and Responsibilities in history African Americans and Visions of Freedom http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/tah/lesson/reconstruction.html

Teaching American History Institutes Desert Area Homepage Lesson Materials Resources ... Reconstruction Resources Internet Lessons for Learning About Reconstruction Reconstruction of the South: Putting Humpty Dumpty Together Again (A Problem-based Lesson) http://rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/ You are living in 1876, a time of great crisis for America. Many Reconstruction Plans have been tried, but most seem to have created as many problems as they solve. A major financial recession is underway and the presidential election results between Hayes and Tilden are disputed in three Southern states, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. You and your group have been selected and hired to write a compromise that provides for civil liberties and is accepted by the majority population. You have the power to make a difference and make America a better place for all. Be persuasive. Be creative. Standard 8.11.1 and 8.11.5 Buffalo Soldiers http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/rediscoveringamerica-buffalosoldiers/ Using the Internet and other sources, research the life of the Buffalo Soldiers and the contribution they made to final American settlement in the West. Write a folksong that uses these ideas and evaluate it based on a class-developed rubric. Standard 8.11.2 Forgotten Heroes: Buffalo Soldiers http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/buffalo/bufftg.html

44. African-American History And Studies African american Voices (Gilder Lehrman Institute for american history) Exploring the Life and history of the buffalo soldiers (W. Hill, http://www2.tntech.edu/history/black.html

African-American History and Studies Professional Associations Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History National Association for African American Studies National Council for Black Studies Association of Black Women Historians ... African American Heritage Preservation Foundation, Inc. Archives and Research Centers African American Voices (Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History) African American Studies Scholarly Resources (Columbia University Libraries) Africana Studies Program (New York University) Amistad Research Center (Tulane University) ... Dorothy Porter Wesley (1905-1995) African American History Sites African American History (About/The History Net) The African American Journey (PBS) In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library) ... RFK (American Experience, PBS) Contemporary Issues Africana.com The American Muslim Roundtable: Race in America (Atlantic Unbound) The State of Black America 1998 (National Urban League) ... , July 33, 2003 Last updated on July 26, 2005 Department of History Tennessee Technological University Box 5064 Cookeville, TN 38505

45. Buffalo Soldier Links Information about the New buffalo soldiers of Shadow Hills, CA. The Wheelsof War american history, April 1999 By Jeanne Cannella Schmitzer Offline http://abuffalosoldier.com/links.htm

Suggested Links Updated Jan 2, 2004 Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers: Lest We Forget by Bennie McRae Jr Portraits in Black: Lest We Forget by Bennie McRae Jr A Historic Context for the African American Military Experience Steven D. Smith and James A. Zeidler (USACERL) BuffaloSoldiers.Net: "The Definitive Source For These Unsung Heros" Buffalo Soldiers on the Western Frontier: International Museum of the Horse Buffalo Soldiers At The Presidio NPS: Fort Mason [Offline] Buffalo Soldiers At Sequoia NPS: Charles Young At Sequoia National Park [Offline] Buffalo Soldiers At Alcatraz Museum of the City of San Francisco Black Participation In The Spanish-American War AN OVERVIEW: By Anthony L. Powell Buffalo Soldiers of The Sierra Nevada Buffalo Soldier Project Shelton Johnson Buffalo Soldiers In Utah Territory Wild West, Feb 2000 By Robert Foster [Offline] The Wheels of War: American History, April 1999 By Jeanne Cannella Schmitzer [Offline] Fort Huachucha Illustrated: Vol 1, 1993 by James Finley Fort Huachucha Illustrated: Vol 2, 1993 by James Finley

46. Native Americans - Buffalo Soldiers Native americans american Indians, The First People of America history ofthe West, as the buffalo soldiers. On September 21, 1866, the 9th Cavalry http://www.nativeamericans.com/BuffaloSoldiers.htm

Buffalo Soldiers Black soldiers fought in Washington's army during the War of Independence, and served with Andrew Jackson at New Orleans in 1815. Late in 1861, Colonel T. W. Higginson took command of the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers, the first Black regiment in the service of the United States. On June 28, 1866, an Act of Congress authorized the creation of two cavalry and four infantry regiments, "which shall be composed of colored men." They were organized as the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 38th through 41st Infantry. The 9th and 10th Cavalry would go on to play a major role in the history of the West, as the "Buffalo Soldiers." On September 21, 1866, the 9th Cavalry Regiment was activated at Greenville, Louisiana under command of Colonel Edward Hatch and the 10th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas under command of Colonel Benjamin Grierson. The term "buffalo soldiers" came from Cheyenne warriors who first encountered these black men in blue uniforms, whose dark skin and thick hair

47. It's A Black Thang.com - African American History Throws - Black Art Throws buffalo soldiers 100% cotton throw. Some 180000 African-Americans fought inthe Civil War This throw honors the proud history of the buffalo soldiers. http://www.itsablackthang.com/African-American-History-throw.htm

Cli ck HERE for a FREE itsablackthang.com email account Current Users Click to log in Artwork African Items ... Bible Covers Don't forget to scroll down so you can view the rest of the page African American History - Throws These 100% cotton throws are 4-feet x 5-feet and feature various African American related subjects such as African American Women, Buffalo Soldiers, The Civil Rights Struggle, and Tuskegee Airman. The throws are perfect for taking off the chill of a cool autumn evening. They also make the perfect backdrop for a Black History month display and will also work as a tapestry or a wall hanging. Click each image for a larger view 4' x 5' African American Women African American Women - 100% cotton throw "Next to God we are indebted to women, first for life itself, and then for making it worth living." Those are the words of Mary McLeod Bethune, who is pictured on this throw, along with other notable women who have overcome obstacles to achieve their goals. 4' x 5' Black Heroes Black Heroes - 100% cotton throw The faces pictured on this throw represent the many notable African-Americans who have achieved recognition in their chosen fields.

48. African American History - Pillo subjects such as African american Women, buffalo soldiers, The Civil RightsStruggle, This pillow honors the proud history of the buffalo soldiers. http://www.itsablackthang.com/African-American-History-Pillows.htm

Cli ck HERE for a FREE itsablackthang.com email account Current Users Click to log in Artwork African Items ... Bible Covers Don't forget to scroll down so you can view the rest of the page African American History - Pillows These pillows are 16" x 16" and feature various African American related subjects such as African American Women, Buffalo Soldiers, The Civil Rights Struggle, and Tuskegee Airman. The pillows are perfect for decorating any room of the house. They make the perfect addition to an office or waiting room couch to acknowledge Black History month. They will also help to compliment your Black History Month display. Click each image for a larger view 16" x 16" African American Women African American Women - pillow (black piping and backing) "Next to God we are indebted to women, first for life itself, and then for making it worth living." Those are the words of Mary McLeod Bethune, who is pictured on this pillow, along with other notable women who have overcome obstacles to achieve their goals. 16" x 16"

49. African American History Curriculum Links See also specific time periods in the american history Bookmarks page. Railroad Portraits in Black buffalo soldiers and Sailors Web Site Seacoast, http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/curriculum/socialstd/African_Am_bookmarks.html

Social Studies Curriculum Links Langston Hughes African American History Resources See also specific time periods in the American History Bookmarks page. African American History: Historical Text Archive The African-American Journey A compilation of PBS sites that focus on the African-American experience. The African-American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Resource Guide The African-American Pamphlets from the Library of Congress African-American Women: Online Archival Collections Africans in America Resources from the PBS series includes documents, essays, and teacher's resources. American Slave Narratives: An Online Anthology A collection of interviews with former slaves who discuss their lives before and after freedom. The site features photos and RealAudio sound clips from one of the original interviews. The Amistad Case: Original Source Documents An original source lesson (middle - high school) provided by the National Archives. Black Archives of Mid-America A database of more than 800 online images that chronicle the African-American experience in the Mid-West. Black History Articles from the Black Collegian Magazine Black History Activities Black History Biographies 80 short biographies for children is from the Gale Group reference publishing company.

50. Black History Month: Internet Resources Here you can learn more about the buffalo soldiers and their experiences in the PBS provides an array of resources about African american history. http://www.eduplace.com/monthlytheme/february/bhm_additional.html

@import "/monthlytheme/includes/import.css"; Internet Resources This exhibit provides timelines, photos, lesson plan ideas, and more. http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Schomburg/ Heart and Soul: A Celebration of African American Music From spirituals to rap, explore the legacy of African American music. http://www2.worldbook.com/features/aamusic/html/intro.htm Celebrate Black History Month The History Channel provides biographies of twenty-eight prominent African Americans, including Colin Powell, Jesse Owens, Oprah Winfrey, and Ida B. Wells. http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/blackhist/main.html The Buffalo Soldiers on the Western Frontier http://www.imh.org/imh/buf/buftoc.html African American History Month This resource provides an extensive list of online tours and Web sites for locations connected to African American history. http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/feature/afam/index.htm African American World http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/ Gale - Free Resources - Black History Month - Biographies - Home Here you will find biographies of sixty prominent African Americans, ranging from activists to artists and athletes, and beyond. http://www.gale.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/index.htm

51. Education First: Black History Sampler you to connect with issues related to Africanamerican life and history. How do these lyrics and information about buffalo soldiers make you feel? http://www.kn.pacbell.com/wired/BHM/bh_sampler.html

Introduction Internet Activities Conclusion Dictionary Introduction Sometimes what makes studying a topic hard is not that the topic is especially difficult or complex, but that you don't feel personally connected to it: it doesn't reach you emotionally, you might not care about it, you might feel it doesn't touch your life. If you have any of these feelings about the study of Black history, we encourage you to try this Subject Sampler. Instead of getting you to learn a lot of facts on the subject, a Sampler tries to get you connected to the topic, to find something about it that interests you. Each of the activities asks you to make a personal commitment to what you like, believe, or feel about a topic. We think that once you care about a subject, it will be easier to learn about it. The following links come from all over the World Wide Web and represent a variety of aspects related to African America. You may complete the following Internet activities alone or by working in a group. You also may complete all or only some of the activities depending on your goals. Also, feel free to use the Merriam-Webster's WWWebster Dictionary whenever you need to.

52. Education First: Black History Hotlist African american buffalo soldiers The Internet African american HistoryChallenge ©, from Bright Moments; The Life of Frederick Douglass, http://www.kn.pacbell.com/wired/BHM/bh_hotlist.html

Black History Month Leaders News Poetry ... General Resources Introduction The following resources come from all over the Internet. Some are provided by companies like CNN Interactive while others are the products of university scholars or amateurs. Use these sites as the raw material for your own study of African-American history and issues. Remember to read critically and look for hidden agendas, bias, or errors that might creep into the Web pages. If you'd like a more guided learning experience, go to the main Black History Month Web site. Black History Month "February is Black History Month," by Yaw Boateng "Why We Need Black History Month - All Year Around by Henry Martey Codjoe Carter Godwin Woodson (1875-1950) from the Chicago Public Library Dr. Carter G. Woodson: Great African Statesman from the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League Issues in Depth: Black History Month from The New York Times Learning Network Slavery and African American History The African-American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Black History and Culture Colonization: The Beginnings of the American Colonization Society Abolition: Abolition as a Social Movement Migration: The WPA: Cavalcade of the American Negro Authors and the Federal Writers' Project Other Slavery Resources Africans in America: America's Journey through Slavery from PBS Online Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth brief bio and links from the Lakewood Public Library Francis Henderson describes living conditions under slavery (1856) James Martin remembers a slave auction (1937) More Slave Narratives The Confessions of Nat Turner Website ... The Underground Railroad from National Geographic

53. African American In The West Research Guide buffalo soldiers. A Historic Context for the Africanamerican Military Experience The International Museum of the Horse - Short history. buffalo soldiers http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/aaw_history_public/aaw_research_guides.htm

Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr. Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History Home Courses Graduate Study Upcoming Events ... Published African American History in the American West: Research Guides and Websites Regarding Websites : Web research can be very useful and lead to much useful and important information. While every effort has been made to list only "reliable" sites, researchers should be aware that control of sites change (often without notice) from time to time and, thus, the reliability and point of view of the website may change (for better or worse). One of the best uses of web information is to locate good primary and secondary sources that should be directly examined. Websites also go out of existence, so, for scholarly work, they are not reliable sources, like a published work which, presumably, will always be available in some library (Library of Congress) for examination. Beware especially of quoting or otherwise relying upon unidentified opinions found on websites.

54. History 540A: Related Websites Research Guides and Resources African american Urban history in the West African-americans in the West - Late 19th Century. buffalo soldiers http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/Courses/540A-AAUHW/540A_aauhw_research_gui

Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr. Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History Home Courses Graduate Study Upcoming Events ... Manual of Style History 540A: Seminar, African American Urban History in the West Related Websites Regarding Websites : Web research can be very useful and lead to much useful and important information. While every effort has been made to list only "reliable" sites, researchers should be aware that control of sites change (often without notice) from time to time and, thus, the reliability and point of view of the website may change (for better or worse). One of the best uses of web information is to locate good primary and secondary sources that should be directly examined. Websites also go out of existence, so, for scholarly work, they are not reliable sources, like a published work which, presumably, will always be available in some library (Library of Congress) for examination. Beware especially of quoting or otherwise relying upon unidentified opinions found on websites.

55. Books And Resources to the buffalo soldiers, the US Civil War, Native american history, and othertopics. “Exploring The Life and history of The buffalo soldiers” http://www.lsa.umich.edu/mbg/ed/Out_of_Africa/Out_Of_Africa/Great_Migrations/Buf

Books and Resources Books for kids Cox, Clinton. The Story Of The Buffalo Soldiers Downie, Fairfax. The Buffalo Soldiers In The Indian Wars Lester, Julius. Miller, Robert H. Reef, Catherine. Buffalo Soldiers Schlissel, Lillian. Detailed books for parents and teachers Caroll, John M., ed. Black Military Experience In The American West Flipper, Henry O. Negro Frontiersman . El Paso: Texas Western College Press, 1963. Foner, Jack D. Blacks And The Military In American History Kenner, Charles. . Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1999. Leckie William H. Lindenmeyer, Otto. Schubert, Frank N. Wakin, Edward. Black Men Fighting In U.S. History Buffalo Soldiers on the Web http://www.zianet.com/wblase/courier/buffalo.htm This site contains a brief overview of the Buffalo Soldiers and gives a list of all Congressional Medal of Honor awardees in the 9th and 10th Cavalries. Smithsonian Magazine http://smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian/issues98/dec98/buffalo.html This article from Smithsonian Magazine A feature of the Buffalo Soldier Network http://www.buffalosoldier.net/

56. African Americans - Culture, History, Legacy And Heritage Of A Proud People Incl African american history Month celebrates the role African americans have american Indians Bill of Rights buffalo soldiers Congressional Gold http://www.africanamericans.com/

Home Heritage History Civil Rights ... Organizations Hot Topics Data on African Americans African Americans Dating Resources Marvin Gaye: one of the most successful and popular during the early years of Motown African American History Month - Celebrate! ... A historical overview of black filmmaking and the portrayal of blacks in American film In The News Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice Speaks on National African American History Month February 18, 2005 FBI Assistant Director Cassandra M. Chandler Crossing Color Lines and Fulfilling Dreams, Black History Month February 22, 2005 African Americans - Culture, History, Legacy and Heritage AfricanAmericans.com has over 750 web pages on the African American community. We cover many topics: black history, the civil rights movement, slavery, African American art, to black gospel music. AfricanAmericans.com also includes profiles of famous African American historical leaders like: Martin Luther King Jr., Muhammad Ali, Frederick Douglass, and current black celebrities: Michael Jordan, Serena Williams, and many more. The history of African Americans in the United States began in 1619 when a Dutch ship brought the first slaves from Africa to the shores of North America. Of all ethnic groups, African Americans were the only ones to arrive on these shores against their will.

57. Buffalo Soldiers The exclusion of the buffalo soldiers from american history is finally beingremedied. Even Hollywood has caught on. Older films depict the heroism of http://www.epcc.edu/ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/18_buffalo_soldiers.htm

var sc_project=882217; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_partition=7; var sc_security="06838292"; var sc_text=2; Back Up Next Buffalo Soldiers Defended Western Frontier By Israel Medinaviles, Angelo Arriaga, Loray Moore and Jesus Saenz, with contributions by Imelda Castro and Myriam Frias This bronze statue of a Buffalo Soldier on his horse is located at the Robert E. Lee entrance to Fort Bliss. Photo by Danny Martinez One hundred years after they were stationed at Fort Bliss and served the Southwest well as Indian Fighters, scouts, and defenders of the frontier, the " Buffalo Soldiers " finally have been recognized. On February 5, 1999, El Paso dedicated a 3,000-pound bronze statue of a black cavalry soldier at the Robert E. Lee entrance to Fort Bliss. The impressive monument features the face of Ulysses Davis, local postal worker and the model for the statue. A committee to create the memorial raised $125,000 to fund the statue honoring these soldiers in the 9th and 10th Cavalry units that served at Fort Bliss between 1866 and 1899. The Militia Act of July 17, 1862, allowed blacks to serve in the army. After many years of slavery in the United States, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, freeing all slaves. This document allowed the U.S. Army openly to recruit blacks for the 54th and 55th Regiments for the Civil War.

58. USA Patriotism! ... USA Patriotic Gifts And More -- Art > Black American History USA Patriotic Store Art Black american history. Site Hosted by HostRocket . Buy Now! The buffalo soldiers. 24.00x18.00 Fine BUY NOW! Buy Now! http://www.usa-patriotism.com/store/art/bah01.htm

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59. | Book Review | Oregon Historical Quarterly, 105.1 | The History Cooperative After the Civil War, African american soldiers helped with US efforts to secure the story of the buffalo soldier is not a chronicle of black history. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/105.1/br_11.html

Reviews The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West, revised edition By William H. Leckie, with Shirley A. Leckie University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2003. Illustrations, photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 336 pages. 29.95 cloth. Reviewed by Dwayne Mack Berea College, Berea, Kentucky A fter the Civil War, African American soldiers helped with U.S. efforts to secure the western territories. The story of the buffalo soldiers, as the Plains Indians called them, is one of courage, perseverance, dedication, and triumph, yet very few historians have examined their role in settling the western frontier. William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie capture in vivid detail the bravery of the buffalo soldiers during the Indian Wars. First published in 1967, The Buffalo Soldiers re-examines the period from the end of Civil War to the early 1890s and re-creates the fierce battles between African American detachments from the Ninth and Tenth Regiments of the U.S. Cavalry and Native Americans. The soldiers' duties carried them to areas of present-day New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and Colorado, where they "relocated" Comanches, Kiowas, Kiowa-Apaches, Southern Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and other Native American groups to reservations. The buffalo soldiers' duties were not limited to fighting Native Americans, however. They also apprehended Mexican bandits and revolutionaries and "border scum" such as bootleggers, cattle rustlers, horse thieves, "crooked government contractors, heartless Indian agents, and land-hungry homesteaders" (p. 18). The most notable aspect of this study is its fluid and captivating prose, particularly when the authors describe the soldiers' encounters with the revered Native American leaders Victorio, Geronimo, Satank, and Santana.

60. African Americans In Western New York On The Web the real buffalo soldiers. Links to Western New York (WNY) State contributions African american history in Western New York from 1770 http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/circle/baal.html

the real Buffalo Soldiers Links to Western New York (WNY) State contributions to the World Wide Web by or about African Americans (AA) Categories = NEW Unversity at Buffalo Minority Faculty and Staff Association Frank Dobson Makau wa Mutua - UB law professor from Tanzania - photo article on Matua Judith Scales-Tren t - law professor, poetess, and author of Notes on a White-Black Woman photo article on Scales-Trent David Banks - UB expert on Malaysia Black Buffalo - an article about Blacks in Buffalo by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr World Reknown Pianist, Dr. Paul Shaw at UB's 1999 Juneteenth Celebration African American Studies at UB: years of Social Change the Art of Jazz : ex-Buffalonian Shiela Anderson has TV and Radio show in NYC -. Comes back to do the 1999 Pine Grill Reunion Black Student Union at UB Listen to your Aunt Cindy on the radio , any friend if Jimi Hendrix and Frank Zappa is a friend of mine. African American Studies at UB African American History in Western New York from 1770 National Society of Black Engineers at UB Cora P. Maloney College

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