61. Brunei (03/05) history Historians believe there was a forerunner to the present brunei Sultanate,which the Chinese called Poni. Chinese and Arabic records indicate that http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs March 2005 Background Note: Brunei Darussalam PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Negara Brunei Darussalam Geography Area: 5,765 sq. km. (2,226 sq. mi.), slightly larger than Delaware. Cities: Capital Bandar Seri Begawan. Terrain: Eastflat coastal plains with beaches; westhilly with a few mountain ridges. Climate: Equatorial; high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Bruneian(s). Population (2003 est.): 348,800. Annual growth rate: 2.3%. Ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, other, indigenous groups. Religion: Islam. Languages: Malay, English, Chinese; Iban and other indigenous dialects. Education: Years compulsory Literacy Health: Life expectancy 74 yrs. Infant mortality rate Government Type: Malay Islamic Monarchy. Independence: January 1, 1984. Constitution: 1959. Branches: Executive Sultan is both head of state and Prime Minister, presiding over a nine-member cabinet. Legislative a Legislative Council has been reactivated after a 20-year suspension to play an advisory role for the Sultan.

62. Asian Markets We provide a meeting place for Southeast Asians, free online tools and businessnews as well as travel and tourism info, directories for Malaysia and http://www.u2asean.com/brundir/cul-art/3-4_history.htm

BUSINESS ECONOMY COMPUTER INTERNET ... TECHNOLOGY HISTORY BruDirect - Brunei History BRUNEI HISTORY Lonely Planet's Guide to Brunei - History Brunei's History ... History, Population, Geography and Map The only requirement we pose to sites we list here, is that they either relate to, are owned by, or include content for ASEAN and/or nationals from member countries, respectively. We neither endorse any of the sites listed, nor do we recommend their use and or products, services or information same sites offer.

63. Department Of History history, Politics and Culture of brunei and Borneo Coordinator Southeast AsianStudies. Kurz, JL, MA PhD Habil Kiel Sociopolitical history of 10th-11th http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/fass/staff/history/

home faculties FASS staff Department of History Associate Professor Iik Arifin Mansurnoor, BA Drs Surabaya , Dip Cairo , MA PhD McGill [ Islam in Modern History, Social and Intellectual History ] Senior Lecturers Hj. B.A. Hussainmiya, BEd, BA PhD Perad'ya [ South and Southeast Asian History, Classical Malay Literature ] Hj. Mohd.Yusop bin Hj. Damit Cert Ed MPSHB, BA MA Kent , PhD Lond [ History, Politics and Culture of Brunei and Borneo ] Coordinator Southeast Asian Studies Kurz, J.L., MA PhD Habil Kiel [ Socio-political History of 10th-11th Cent. China, Book Collecting in China Lecturers Ismail bin Hj, Nordin, BA UBD MA Hull [ Nineteenth Century Brunei ] Hj.Asbol bin Hj. Mail, CertEd.MPSHB, BA UBD , MA Malaya (on study leave) [ Brunei History, Education and Culture, Southeast Asian History ] Head of Department Razali bin Ahmad, CertEd.MPSHB, BA

64. Brunei brunei s history is intimately entwined with that of the Island of Borneo. For a very brief overview of brunei s history, see history http://www.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/2ceasia.htm

Brunei William J. Gilmore-Lehne Today Brunei is a small, oil-rich Islamic sultanate perched on the northern coast of the Island of Borneo. The size of this country does not diminish the rich culture and heritage that it contains as well as a complex history. Basics For a spare map of Brunei: Small Map For a very extensive map of Brunei, see: Large Map And for Brunei's location in Southeast Asia, see: Map of Southeast Asia For the flag of Brunei, see: Flag For a broad overview of contemporary Brunei, see: Destination Brunei And for two images typical of life in Brunei,one of schoolchildren and the other of the Omar Ali Saiffudin Mosque, see: Slide Show History Brunei's history is intimately entwined with that of the Island of Borneo. By the tenth century C.E., Brunei was a key trading center in the Buddhist Srivijaya empire, rivals of the Mataram empire (Hindu). By the fourteenth century an Islamic presence had emerged in Borneo. For a time beginning in the sixteenth century, the Malay sultanate of Brunei controlled much of the Island of Borneo. For a very brief overview of Brunei's history, see: History For a history of Sarawak, see two useful narratives:

65. Brunei Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide Information for travelers including history, culture environment and attractions. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/dest/sea/brunei.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Brunei Brunei A cashed up little sultanate with oil to burn. View Map Click here Feature Attraction Kuala Belalong Rainforest Field Studies Centre This scientific research centre provides facilities for studies in tropical rainforest. It's primarily... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts This tiny oil-rich Islamic sultanate lying on the northwest coast of Borneo is known chiefly for the astounding wealth of its Sultan, its tax-free, subsidised society, and the fact that (statistically at least) its population enjoy one of the highest per capita incomes on earth. Travel Services Flights Hostels Hotels ... Travel Insurance lonely planet 2005 about us privacy contact us worldguide ... travel links

66. History In A Nutshell history In A Nutshell. Negara brunei Darussalam ie State of brunei Abode ofPeace or only brunei Darussalam, or just brunei , is one of the oldest http://www.brunet.bn/gov/emb/india/bruhist.html

OPEN Monday to Friday from 9am to 5:30pm with lunch-break from 1.00 pm to 1.30 pm..... Tel.: (673) 2339947, 2339685 ... Fax.: 2339783 ... EMAIL : hicomind@brunet.bn Home Page Brunei India-Brunei Relations High Commission of India ... Press Release History In A Nutshell Negara Brunei Darussalam i.e. "State of Brunei- Abode of Peace" or only Brunei Darussalam, or just Brunei", is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. Its earliest history is known through Chinese chronicles of the 6th century, when Brunei was apparently called "Puni" (possibly a distortion of the Sanskrit "Baruni"), or "Poli". Brunei, then a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom , had linkages with the famed SriVijaya and Majapahit empires of the region, as well as with China. Islam arrived early onto Brunei shores. In late 14th century Brunei converted into an Islamic Sultanate when its ruler, Awang Alak Betatar, married a Muslim Johore princess from Malacca, and embraced Islam, to become Brunei's first Sultan- Mohammed Shah. The third Sultan, succeeding his father-in-law, was a descendent of Prophet Mohamed, visiting from Taif. Brunei reached its zenith in the 15 th th centuries, under the 5

67. Atlas: Brunei Darussalam Facts on brunei Darussalam flags, maps, geography, history, statistics, disasterscurrent events, and international relations. http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/country/bruneidarussalam.html

@import url("/css/atlas-styles.css"); in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 19, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Map: Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam Profile Travel to Brunei Darussalam from TripAdvisor Brunei Darussalam Almanac: Brunei Darussalam Encyclopedia: Brunei Darussalam More on Brunei Darussalam: Malaysia and Singapore Political Geography More: Countries of the World World Geography World Statistics Flags Amazon.com: Search for books on Brunei Darussalam Asia Map World Map Map Index Related Content Time Zones World's 50 Largest Cities Dependencies and Territories Highest Mountains ... Area and Population of Countries Page Tools: Cite Print Email Premium Partner Content Search For: Documents Images and Maps Reference (from Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, Newswires, Transcripts and Books)

68. Brunei history. brunei was trading with China during the 6th century, and, throughallegiance to the Javanese Majapahit kingdom (13th to 15th century), http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107361.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 19, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Brunei Infoplease Atlas: Brunei Brunei Darussalam National Name: Negara Brunei Darussalam Sultan: Haji Hassanal Bolkiah (1967) Area: 2,228 sq mi (5,770 sq km) Population (2005 est.): 372,361 (growth rate: 1.9%); birth rate: 19.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 12.6/1000; life expectancy: 74.8; density per sq mi: 167 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Bandar Seri Begawan, 78,000 Other large cities: Kuala Belait 27,800, Seria 23,400 Monetary unit: Brunei dollar Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese Ethnicity/race: Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12% Religions: Islam (official religion) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%, indigenous beliefs and other 10%

69. 1Up Travel : Brunei - History And Culture Of Brunei. During the 15th and 16th centuries, brunei was considered as one of the regionalgreat powers, controlling Borneo and substantial parts of the Philippines http://www.1uptravel.com/international/asia/brunei/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Asia Brunei ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Brunei Guide Brunei Maps Brunei Hotels Brunei Flag ... Brunei Travel Warning Brunei History and Culture History During the 15th and 16th centuries, Brunei was considered as one of the regional great powers, controlling Borneo and substantial parts of the Philippines as well. The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive, but it was the British, who arrived in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries, who began to erode Brunei's influence. Sarawak was ceded to the British in the 19th century and a series of 'treaties' were forced on the Sultan as James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak, consolidated his power base. In 1888, the sultanate became a British protectorate.

70. A Short History Of Brunei A Short history of brunei. Historians believe there was a forerunner to thepresent brunei Sultanate, Search Google for another short history of brunei http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history.asp?countryID=157

71. A Short Bruneian History Historians believe there was a forerunner to the present brunei Sultanate, whichthe Chinese called Search Google for another short bruneian history http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history3.asp?countryID=157

72. History Of Brunei Comprehensive online resources about the history of brunei. http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxbrunei.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help 20th Century History Homework Help ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the 20th Century History newsletter! See Online Courses Search 20th Century History History of Brunei Darussalam Background Notes: Brunei Historical information from the United States Department of State. Brief History A short history of Brunei Darussalam from the official government site. Brief History of Brunei An interesting history, focusing primarily on the modern history of this young country. Britannica.com: Brunei History An excellent history from Britannica.com. Flags of the World: Brunei Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Brunei A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site. Infoplease.com: Brunei Overview A fantastic short historical overview, contemporary data, and a map from Infoplease.com Lonely Planet: Brunei History An in-depth history of the country from Lonely Planet, the travel guidebook company.

73. Brunei - Facts About Brunei Including Map And Flag Images Maps,Flags,history,Geography,Economics WorldAtlas. http//www.world-atlas.net brunei - history,Geography and Economic information http://www.world-atlas.net/Brunei

Maps,Flags,History,Geography,Economics World-Atlas [http://www.world-atlas.net] Country List: A B C D ... Brunei Brunei - History,Geography and Economic information Brunei Introduction Brunei Background: The Sultanate of Brunei's heyday occurred between the 15th and 17th centuries, when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the less developed countries. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. Geography Brunei Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia Geographic coordinates: 4 30 N, 114 40 E Map references: Southeast Asia Area: total: 5,770 sq km

74. Brunei: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com (Click to enlarge) brunei (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Bru·nei ( bruni ) Asultanate of northwest Borneo on the South China Sea. http://www.answers.com/topic/brunei

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Dialing Code Currency Stats Anthem WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Brunei Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Brunei (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Bru·nei brà «-nÄ« A sultanate of northwest Borneo on the South China Sea. Formerly a self-governing British protectorate, it became fully independent on January 1, 1984. Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital. Population: 365,000 . Bru·nei an Encyclopedia Brunei brà «nÄ« ) or Brunei Darussalam d¤r əsəl¤m ) , officially State of Brunei Darussalam, sultanate (1995 est. pop. 292,000), 2,226 sq mi (5,765 sq km), NW Borneo, on the South China Sea. Its two sections, separated by Brunei Bay, are surrounded by Sarawak , Malaysia. The capital and major port of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan (formerly Brunei; 1991 est. pop. 46,229). The mountains in the nation's east give way to a flat coastal plain; western Brunei consists of hilly lowlands. The tropical climate is typically hot and humid with frequent rain. The country is divided into four administrative districts. A majority of the population are Malays, but the Chinese community, consisting of about 20% of the people, dominates the economy. Malay is the official language, but English and Chinese are also spoken. Islam is the predominant and official religion; there are minorities of Buddhists, Christians, and those holding traditional beliefs.

75. History Of Brunei Darussalam Provides a history of brunei Darussalam from the 7th century to the present. http://www.historyofnations.net/asia/bruneidarussalam.html

History of Brunei Darussalam Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy Historians believe there was a forerunner to the present Brunei Sultanate, which the Chinese called Po-ni. Chinese and Arabic records indicate that this ancient trading kingdom existed at the mouth of the Brunei River as early as the seventh or eighth century A.D. This early kingdom was apparently conquered by the Sumatran Hindu Empire of Srivijaya in the early ninth century, which later controlled northern Borneo and the Philippines. It was subjugated briefly by the Java-based Majapahit Empire but soon regained its independence and once again rose to prominence. The Brunei Empire had its golden age from the 15th to the 17th centuries, when its control extended over the entire island of Borneo and north into the Philippines. Brunei was particularly powerful under the fifth sultan, Bolkiah (1473-1521), who was famed for his sea exploits and even briefly captured Manila; and under the ninth sultan, Hassan (1605-19), who fully developed an elaborate Royal Court structure, elements of which remain today. After Sultan Hassan, Brunei entered a period of decline due to internal battles over royal succession as well as the rising influences of European colonial powers in the region that, among other things, disrupted traditional trading patterns, destroying the economic base of Brunei and many other Southeast Asian sultanates. In 1839, the English adventurer James Brooke arrived in Borneo and helped the Sultan put down a rebellion. As a reward, he became governor and later "Rajah" of Sarawak in northwest Borneo and gradually expanded the territory under his control.

76. Brunei - General Info brunei is an independent nation ever since 1984. Its history is long and colorfuland is one of brunei has a recorded history of over 600 years. http://www.marimari.com/content/brunei/general_info/history.html

Select Destination Australia Bali Brunei China Hong Kong Japan Korea Macau Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Hotels in Brunei Popular Places Best of Brunei Shopping ... Site Map General Info Climate l Economy l Geography l Government l History l Language l People l Religion History Brunei is an independent nation ever since 1984. Its history is long and colorful and is one of Southeast Asia's oldest sovereign nations. Brunei has a recorded history of over 600 years. The country rose to prominence in the 15th and 16th centuries with the size covering Borneo and the entire present day Philippines. The first sultan to embrace Islam in Brunei was Sultan Muhammad I who reigned for 39 years in the 14th century. Around the year 1478, the sultans in the region managed to free themselves from the clutches of Hindu rulers and soon after that, Islam became rooted in Brunei. The first capital was established during the pre Islamic era. It is known as Puni, in the district of Temburong. The capital city was later moved to Kota Batu where the Brunei Museum now stands. The final move came during the reign of Sultan Muhyiddin I during the 17th century. Now, Bandar Seri Begawan is the country's capital. Brunei's past wealth was based on the export of camphor, pepper and gold. Brunei's golden era was based on two rulers, Sultan Bolkiah and Sultan Hassan. During their reign, the Royal Court rose in strength and splendor and was equal to anywhere in the world. Religious influence was at its peak. Brunei showed a decline in power and territory during the European influence in the 17th and 18th centuries. British influence was predominant and most of its territory fell into the hands of James Brooke, the white raja of Sarawak. In 1888, Brunei became a part of the British protectorate and the British Residential system was introduced to Brunei in 1906. However, in 1959, Brunei managed to regain full internal sovereignty. Britain remained in charge of defence and foreign affairs. In 1918, Brunei installed their Yang Di Pertuan, the Sultan Muhammad Jamulul Alam who is the 20th ruler and the great grandfather of the present sultan.

77. Department Of Civil Aviation Bahasa brunei Version. Brief history. history of the Department of Civil AviationCommercial air transport in brunei began in 1953, with the establishment http://www.civil-aviation.gov.bn/

Bahasa Brunei Version Brief History History of the Department of Civil Aviation Commercial air transport in Brunei began in 1953, with the establishment of air service links connecting Bandar Seri Begawan with Anduki in the Belait district. Initial flights to Malaysia were made to accommodate travellers from Labuan in Sabah and Lutong in Sarawak. Airport services were operated from the Berakas area at an old runway site built by the Japanese during World War II. It was known then as the Brunei Airport. The growth in popularity of air travel in the '70s resulted in a significant increased in the civil aviation movement. Suddenly, the old airport was swamped with activity, operating beyond its capacity. This prompted the Government to scout for a new site to build a modern airport, in order to cater to the needs of the growing number of users, and simultaneously utilising modern technological development. A new airport was constructed in Mukim Berakas in the Brunei-Muara District. The choice of the site proved a wise decision. It has the advantage of a strategic location - easily accessible from all areas of the country. The airport became operational in 1974. Its inauguration marked an important date in the history of civil aviation in Brunei. The airport opened Brunei to the world. Aptly, the new airport was named Brunei International Airport. Brief History DCA Organisation DCA News Flight Information ... Related Sites

78. Brunei Web Links brunei Web Links (Updated 5/13/05). Report Broken Link. Lesson Plans Geography Maps Photos history Human Rights News Portals Home http://www.aems.uiuc.edu/HTML/AsianResources/Brunei/Bruneiweb.htm

Brunei Web Links (Updated 5/13/05) Report Broken Link Lesson Plans Geography Maps ... Home Government of Brunei Darussalam Offical Website http://www.brunei.gov.bn/ Lesson Plans Education World http://db.educationworld.com/perl/browse?cat_id=3701 Microsoft Pacific Rim Lesson http://www.microsoft.com/Education/pacific.aspx Geography / Culture Sites Brunei's Food Culture and Recipes http://asiarecipe.com/brunei.html Maps Map Town: Brunei Maps and Travel Guides http://www.maptown.com/bruneimaps.html Photo Galleries Banknotes.com: Currency of Brunei http://www.banknotes.com/bn.htm Family Photo Gallery of Brunei (with captions) http://www.angelfire.com/la/jarratt/land.html Travel Here Brunei Photo Gallery http://www.travel-here.com/brunei_photo_gallery.asp News Brunei News and Media http://www.u2asean.com/brundir/news_media.htm Brunei News.net http://www.bruneinews.net/

79. A Short History Of Brunei Historians believe there is a forerunner to presentday brunei. Eleven yearslater, in 1888, brunei itself becomes a British protectorate. http://www.electionworld.org/history/brunei.htm

Historians believe there is a forerunner to present-day Brunei. Both Chinese and Arabic records indicate that this ancient trading kingdom exists at the mouth of the Brunei River as early as the seventh or eighth century. It is conquered by the Sumatran Hindu empire of Srivijaya in the early ninth century. It is subjugated briefly by the Java-based Majapahit Empire but soon regains its independence in 1363 founded in 1363 and develops afterwards into the Sultanate of Brunei . The Brunei region of Sarawak comes in 1842 under control of James Brooke, who rules it as its personal posession. In 1877 Brunei loses Sabah to Britain as British North Borneo . Eleven years later, in 1888, Brunei itself becomes a British protectorate. In 1906 Brunei accepts a further measure of British control when executive power is transferred to a British resident, who advises the ruler on all matters except those concerning local custom and religion. From 1941 to 1945 Brunei is occupied by Japan. Brunei recieves self-government in 1959 while its foreign affairs, security, and defense remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom. An attempt in 1962 to introduce a partially elected legislative body with limited powers is abandoned after the oppositional Partai Rakyat Brunei (Brunei People's Party, PRB), launches an armed uprising, which the government put down with the help of British forces. The PRB is banned and from that moment on the sultans rule by decree. In 1984 Brunei becomes independent as the State of Brunei, Home of Peace

80. World History Blog: History Of Brunei Darussalam history of brunei Darussalam. This is a good historical overview of the sultanateof brunei. It is no longer a powerful nation but it has a long history. http://world-history-blog.blogspot.com/2004/11/history-of-brunei-darussalam.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=7306557"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/1.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! World History Blog Blog that features different aspects of world history. I can't cover it all but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Some descriptions for sites are taken from the Open Directory Project. Friday, November 26, 2004 History of Brunei Darussalam History of Brunei Darussalam . This is a good historical overview of the sultanate of Brunei. It is no longer a powerful nation but it has a long history. From the site: Historians believe there was a forerunner to the present Brunei Sultanate, which the Chinese called Po-ni. Chinese and Arabic records indicate that this ancient trading kingdom existed at the mouth of the Brunei River as early as the seventh or eighth century A.D. This early kingdom was apparently conquered by the Sumatran Hindu Empire of Srivijaya in the early ninth century, which later controlled northern Borneo and the Philippines. It was subjugated briefly by the Java-based Majapahit Empire but soon regained its independence and once again rose to prominence. The Brunei Empire had its golden age from the 15th to the 17th centuries, when its control extended over the entire island of Borneo and north into the Philippines. Brunei was particularly powerful under the fifth sultan, Bolkiah (1473-1521), who was famed for his sea exploits and even briefly captured Manila; and under the ninth sultan, Hassan (1605-19), who fully developed an elaborate Royal Court structure, elements of which remain today.

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