41. Silvia Regina De Lima Silva - Mission And Afro-Brazilian Cultural Reality Christian Communities and Afrobrazilian religious/cultural movements. To deny the african religious practice was to deny God, who joined them as a http://www.sedos.org/english/silvia.htm

Silvia Regina de Lima Silva Mission and Afro-Brazilian Cultural Reality The author is a Roman Catholic feminist theologian who has worked with Brazilian Base Christian Communities and Afro-Brazilian religious/cultural movements. At present she is engaged in postgraduate studies at the Seminario Biblico Latino-americano in San José, Costa Rica THE BLACK SPEAKER TELLS HIS STORY: The lasso was zipping through the woods. "Run, get him. Don't let them get away". No one knew where these men had come from. They came running, grabbing everything. They were neither young nor old. They would throw the pots to the ground, overturning and piling everything up right there in the middle of the jungle, in our home. Whoever fled into the depths of the jungle was hunted like a crazy escaped animal about to tear someone to pieces. They threw the lasso at me. I couldn't take another step. I was dragged over the ground behind some animal until I lost my senses. I awoke on the seashore, amidst many others. Some I recognised, others I did not. The silence was heavy and no one could say anything. And to whom would we talk? What would we say? One by one we were thrown aboard an old, filthy ship. Without food, drink or anything. We left everything behind.

42. National African Religion Congress, (NARC), HISTORY OF NARC Discusses history of the National african Religion Congress (NARC and NARC World). In the above photograph Oba Ferreira, speaks with the brazilian press http://www.leperistylehaitiansanctuary.com/history.htm

43. African Religions 2. understand the function of sacrifice in african religions and in their own and Art in Brazil” by Mikelle Smith Omari, In Religion in Africa . eds. http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/mds/AfrRelSyl.htm

SAMPLE SYLLABUS: AFRICAN RELIGIONS Africana Studies / Multidisciplinary Studies Instructor: Dr. Deidre H. Crumbley (deidre_crumbley@ncsu.edu) Course Meets on T and TH in HA 154 / 1:05-2: 20 PM Office Hours: Room #7 2806 Hillsborough Street COURSE JUSTIFICATION: Do Africans believe in a transcendent God or do they worship idols. Do Africans have a “religious faith” or is what they believed best described as “superstition”? Do and can Africans worship without bloody rituals? Africa has been known to the West since the time of Herodotus, yet such questions are still being raised by American college graduates, laden with antiquated and inaccurate conceptions about African culture and religion. This deficit is significant for two reasons. First, religion provides an ideational window through which outsiders not only view but also evaluate the community of faith. If the faith is deemed “superstitious blood-letting” the humanity of the believers is diminished, and this readily informs the ideological underpinning of policy formation related to these people. Secondly, African religion is not a local phenomenon.

44. SYLLABUS: AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS: MDS 240 Section 002 /HA170/ Tuesday Thursday / SYLLABUS african religions MDS 497 B Section 002 /HA154/ Tuesday / Thursday Examination of african Religion and Art in Brazil by Mikelle Smith Omari http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/mds/AfrRel99.htm

SYLLABUS: AFRICAN RELIGIONS: MDS 497 B Section 002 /HA154/ Tuesday / Thursday / 2:35-3:50 PM Africana Studies / FALL 2000 Dr. Deidre Crumbley Suggestion: Guard this document, refer to it often, and bring it to each class along with the reading material assigned for that day. Caveat: This syllabus is a document-in- process it is your responsibility to keep abreast of changes Invitation: This document is negotiable; therefore, you are invited to renegotiate it as needed. How? by coming to a class consensus and proposing an intellectually responsible alternative. Email is central to the class experience. Check your email at least once per day for updates and announcements for which you will be held accountable ( Reading your email carefully, can also provide extra credit points –see below) KEY DATES: Take Home Exam 1: Distribution Sept. 19/ Submission Sept 26 Take Home Exam 2: Distribution Oct. 24 / Submit Oct. 31 Take Home Exam 3: Distribution Nov. 28/ Submission Dec d OCTOBER 24 th MID SEMESTER EVALUATION TEA – Coffee/critique DEC. 7

45. Recreating Africa Culture, Kinship, And Religion In The African In seventeenth and early-eighteenth-century Brazil, african religions were not syncretic or creolized but were independent systems of thought, practiced in http://uncpress.unc.edu/chapters/sweet_recreating.html

46. CSP - 'Sacred Leaves Of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, And Religion In Bra Sacred Leaves of Candomblé african Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil Most neoafrican religions have little in common, and some exhibit little http://www.csp.org/chrestomathy/sacred_leaves.html

About CSP Site Map Search CSP: Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments: An Entheogen Chrestomathy Thomas B. Roberts, Ph.D. and Paula Jo Hruby, Ed.D. Author Index Title Index Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil Voeks, Robert A. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press ISBN: 0-292-78730-8 hardcover 0-292-78731-6 paperback Description: Hardcover, first edition, xx + 236 pages. Contents: Note on orthography, preface, 8 chapters, Appendix 1: Candomblé Species List, Appendix 2, House Abô for Three Candomblé Terreiros, notes, glossary, references cited, general index, index to scientific names. Excerpt(s): Sacred Leaves of Candomblé is a study of Candomblé ethnobotany-the source, diffusion, use, classification, and meaning of Afro-Brazilian sacred leaves. ... Originally expecting to document the origin and use of a few African plants in Brazil, I discovered in short order that the story of the Candomblé flora not only was rich and complex, but was in many respects a metaphor for the African American diaspora. Neither can be comprehended without understanding the subtle interplay between history, geography, culture, and political economy. ... While much of this book is descriptive in nature, at least three themes emerge that are at variance with prevailing streams of thought in the biological and human sciences. First, this book is not about the highly touted medicinal potential of pristine tropical rainforests. Rather, it underscores the intrinsic medicinal worth of

47. African Religion This is why african religion has Fire Gods, Water Gods, Earth Gods and Air Gods. The second section explores the brazilian form of ancient african http://www.cultural-expressions.com/diaspora/africanreligion.htm

Ifa/Orisa/African Religion "The Religion of the Yoruba"; by J. Olumide Lucas; Athelia Henrietta Press A comprehensive study of Yoruba, including a survey of the major Orishas, the deified spirits of ancestors and other spirits, the minor Orishas, details of priesthood and worship, the Yoruba conception of human beings, magic in Yorubaland, and the survival of heiroglyphics, emblems and other symbols. A scholarly work. Illustrated. Appendix, bibliography. 440pp. "IFAISM The Complete Work of Orunmila" Volume I to Volume XVII; by Mr. C. Osamaro IBIE; Athelia Henrietta Press Inc. NY; Publishing In The Name Of Orunmila IFISM - THE COMPLETE WORKS OF ORUNMILA VOLUME 1 C. OSAMARO IBIE In this first volume, Mr. Ibie gives us an indepth and comprehensive overview of Orunmila, the oracular divinity. Beginning with chapter 1, The Author's Early Association With Orunmila and continuing to chapter 13, the author brings the reader to a very extensive examination of each of the sixteen Olodus, (Apostles of Orunmila) in order of their seniority beginning with Eji Ogbe and ending with Ofun Meji. This seventeen volume series gives a thorough religious and spirtual discourse on Ifism through these very Complete Works of Orunmila. Introduction. Illustrations. 251pp. IFISM - THE COMPLETE WORKS OF ORUNMILA VOLUME 2 - The Odus of Eji Ogbe How Man Created His Own God C.

48. Africans In The New World (Week 8) By Sumani Lanka Candomble is a synonym for african religion or the religion of the Yoruba blacks. It has sites on brazilian history, art, culture, music, and more. http://dickinsg.intrasun.tcnj.edu/diaspora/nworld.html

49. PulseWave Percussion - Reading List THE african religions OF BRAZIL Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of Civilization By Roger Bastide. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. http://www.pulsewave.com/library/l_rlist.html

Reading List Topic Areas: Music History Interrelated African Arts About People MUSIC: DRUMS: THE HEARTBEAT OF AFRICA Edited by Esther Dagan. Galerie Amrad African Art Publications, 1993. ISBN 0-9693081-9-1 Gives a colorful overview of drums in many societies in Africa with archival photos, drawings and articles by African and European authors. Shows drums and drummers by country, as well as African drums in Western Museums. Glossary, Bibliography. BLACK MUSIC OF TWO WORLDS By John Storm Roberts. Original Music, 1972. ISBN 0-9614458-0-7 L.C. #74-6472 A very readable book on music of the African Diaspora, mostly in the new world. Covers a wide spectrum, from Yoruba music in Brazil, through Caribbean styles, Blues, Soul and the new inventions in 1970's Africa. Excellent bibliography and discography. THE MUSIC OF AFRICA By J.H. Kwabena Nketia. The author, a prominent African scholar, makes extensive use of staff notation to show concepts and examples of African drum, vocal and instrumental music. Many photos and extensive academic analysis.

50. Meridian Magazine :: Ideas And Society: Physics And Religion: African Religions Although all african tribal religions are polytheistic, many include the are widespread in the Caribbean and Brazil, claiming millions of followers. http://www.meridianmagazine.com/ideas/031103african.html

Share the article on this page with a friend. Click here African Religions By Daniel C. Peterson and William J. Hamblin Christianity was introduced into Africa during the lifetime of the original apostles, when Philip converted an Ethiopian eunuch (Acts 8:26-40), after which the religion slowly spread up the Nile valley, culminating in the conversion of Ezana, king of Ethiopia, in AD 347—less than three decades after the official conversion of Rome to Christianity under Constantine.  Several early Church Fathers, such as Origen of Alexandria and Tertullian of Carthage, were North Africans, while arguably the most influential Christian theologian in history—Augustine of Hippo—lived within the boundaries of modern Tunisia.  Judaism also existed in Africa, where the Falasha Jews of Ethiopia have survived for at least 1500 years.    Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Islam was the most important monotheistic religion of Africa, reaching North Africa within a few years of its founding in the seventh century and expanding into sub-Saharan Africa by the eleventh.  Arabic became the international African language of scholarship, with a famous Islamic university established in Timbuktu by the thirteenth century, where Plato and Aristotle were studied along with the Qur’an and Islamic law.  By the sixteenth century, mosques could be found as far south as Kilwa and Sofala in modern Mozambique.

51. African Traditional Religion african Traditional religions and Promotion of Community The Ancient african Tradition in Brazil. OTHER GOOD LINKS. african Religion Triumphs of http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION Webpage maintained by CHIDI DENIS ISIZOH SOME TOPICAL ISSUES The Meaning of Peace in African Traditional Religion and Culture The Role of Women in peace building in African Traditional Societies Resources for peace in African proverbs and myths Concepts of Social Justice in Traditional Africa ... African Religiosity expressed in Music (Italian) African Traditional Religions and Promotion of Community Emergent Key Issues in African Traditional Religion Ancestor Veneration in Africa African Creation Myths ... The Role of women in African Traditional Religion i n Be INTRODUCTION TO ASPECTS OF THE RELIGION Bibliography on African Traditional Religion Elements to admire in African Traditional Religion Country by Country Statistics (1900 - 2000) Map of Africa showing the spread of African Traditional Religion TARGETED LINKS A Yoruba Naming Ceremony Funeral Ceremonies of the Ibo Yoruba Belief- An Introduction, Man and the Gods in Yoruba Belief, ... Ancient Africa A Great Oral Tradition MEETING POINTS OF THE THREE GREAT RELIGIONS IN AFRICA African Traditional Religion And ISLAM 1) 1000-year cohabitation and the resulting compromises 2) Islam's response to African Traditional Religion in Nigeria African Traditional Religion And CHRISTIANITY 1) «Conversion» in African Traditional Religion The meaning of "conversion of heart" in African Traditional Religion.

52. Once-Barred Practice Flourishes In Brazil (washingtonpost.com) Brought to Brazil by african slaves, religions such as Candomble, Tambor de Mina, Batuque and Umbanda long had to be practiced in secret. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40058-2004Dec31.html

53. African Voices: Brazilian Tenda african raffia, beads, cowrie shells, woven straw. Bahia, Brazil 1996 A Tenda, or brazilian religious goods store, is named for Omolu, http://www.rit.edu/~africa/diaspora/tendaPg1.shtml

Afro-Brazilian religion T hree-and-a-half to five million enslaved Africans were taken to Brazil between the early 1500s and 1888. They brought with them diverse religions, including Christianity, Islam, and the worship of Yoruba and Kongo divinities. Africans and their descendants in turn encountered religions practiced by Native Americans. African raffia, beads, cowrie shells, woven straw. Bahia, Brazil 1996 Omolu's ritual broom Omolu: God of Infectious Disease T his raffia mask conceals the face of the secretive Omolu, who dances bent over like an old man and carries a palm broom to sweep away illness. In the past, Omolu was considered the god of smallpox, able to inflict or to cure the disease. Today, Brazilian AIDS patients appeal to Omolu for relief from their illness. A T he cowrie shells adorning his mask symbolize Omolu's wealth, fertility, and knowledge as he heals the sick and protects the healthy. Tenda Omulu A H ere you will find many objects associated with the gods of Candomblé, each of whom has a distinct personality and history. Candomblé mediates interactions between the gods, or orixás, in the "House of Heaven" and people in the "House of Life." People offer objects and foods to the orixás, sending their prayers to the House of Heaven. Priests interpret messages sent by the spirits to the House of Life. A Shopping List Stop by Tenda Omolu and look for: B eads: worn by followers of the orixás, a cloth-covered basket used in rituals that reveal the will of the gods, herbs for healing and ritual incense to purify the air, pottery to hold sacred objects and offerings to the gods, statues of "Old Blacks" who represent kind spirits twin statues that represent the Catholic saints Cosme and Damean as well as the Ibeji, the twin gods of Candomblé, white corn wrapped in plantain leaves, used as an offering for the orixás.

54. African Religions --  Encyclopædia Britannica african religions religious beliefs and practices of the peoples of Africa. african religions are as diverse as the continent is varied. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9399851

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Worldview and divinity Ritual and religious specialists Mythology New religions, independent churches, and prophetic movements ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products African religions Page 1 of 5 African religions... (75 of 2840 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "African religions."

55. African Religions --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The Online Encyclopedi african religions body Indigenous religions of the african continent. The numerous traditional african religions have in common the notion of a creator http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9354697?query=religion&ct=

56. African Diaspora: Videotape And Audiocassette: Media Resources Center, UC Berkel Also shows the strong presence of african religions in Brazil and illustrates how they are integrated into Catholic ceremonies. 1985. 29 min. Video/C 9899 http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/africandiaspora.html

African Diaspora African American Studies Africa Caribbean Africans in America A four part series portraying the struggles of the African people in America, from their arrival in the 1600s to the last days before the Civil War. 1998. 90 min. each installment Africans in America, Part 1: The Terrible Transformation. This first episode examines the origins of one of the largest forced human migrations in recorded history. After the arrival of the first Africans in Virginia in 1619, the British colonies laid the groundwork for a system of racial slavery, which generated profits that ensured the colonies' growth and survival. DVD 814; Video/C 5838 Africans in America, Part 2: Revolution. In this second episode, while the American colonies challenge Britain for independence, American slavery is challenged from within as men and women fight to define what America will be. When the War of Independence is won, black people, both enslaved and free, seize on the language of freedom even while the new nation's Constitution codifies slavery and oppression as a national way of life. DVD 814; Video/C 5839 Africans in America, Part 3: Brotherly Love.

57. BRAZIL'S BLACK RENAISSANCE IS HAPPENING *PIC* african religions thrive in Brazil, whether its Mbanda, Condomble, In african religions like those practiced in Brazil, spiritual events and rituals are http://www.raceandhistory.com/cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/96

Africa Speaks TrinidadandTobagoNews AmonHotep Trinicenter ... Recommended Books Articles Archive: Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 ... Read Next Msg BRAZIL'S BLACK RENAISSANCE IS HAPPENING *PIC* Posted By: Paul Barton Date: 11, January 02, at 2:02 a.m. AFRO-BRAZILIANS ARE STRENGTHENING THEIR AFRICAN HERITAGE AND CULTURE, UNITING AS AFRICAN PEOPLE Brazil has had a history of division of Blacks since the days of slavery. In Brazil, shades of color from cafe-au-lait to pure Black has been labeled and classified into a number of shades and castes, similar to he first ancient aspects of the caste or "varna" (color consciousness) used to devide and conquer India. From the beginning of Brazilian history, one aspect of human interaction has been a fact of life. That aspect is the abuse and violation of African females by the slavemasters which brought into existance the many varieties of skin color resulting from European exploitation of Africans and Indians. Yet, slavery in Brazil was not like slavery in the U.S., where slaves were totally debased to the extent that every effort was made to destroy the African language, culture, religion and intellectual capacity. In Brazil, the number of slaves imported was quite large. Moreover, most slaves in Brazil came from parts of Africa with developed culture. ORIGINS OF AFRO-BRAZILIANS Most of the Africans who were sent to Brazil came from West Africa and Congo-Angola between the mid 1500's to the late 1880's. Angola, one of Africa's important kingdoms had been organized long before the 12th Century. The Portugese arrived in Angola region during the 1400's. By the 1500's they were involved in trade and in trying to spread their religion into Angola. One of Angola's Kings, Matamba and his daughter Nzinga Matamba, the Queen of Angola during the 1600's, fought the Portugese for many years to stop the destruction of their country and the rapid enslavement of the Central African People, who were being shipped to Brazil, the Spanish colonies and later the U.S. (Many Black Americans west of Florida are of Angolan/Congolese origins. Louisiana's 'Congo Square" or "Angola" institution were named due to the connection with Angola.

58. RaceandHistory.com - White American Scientists Search For Secrets Of Voodoo Medi More on african religions before colonial and Semitic religious imperialism in We have Black african men, women and children in places like Brazil and http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/2002/2805.htm

News Links Trinicenter Historical Views Features ... Homepage White American Scientists Search for Secrets of Voodoo Medicine Reposted: May 28, 2002 by Paul Barton Here again is an example of the trickery that has been perpetrated on Africans since the first contact with Europeans, during the pre-colonial and missionary periods (1480's to 1800's) and the Semitic invasion (600's A.D.) and religious imperialism before that. For many years, Europeans have gone out of their way to trick Africans and Blacks from the Americas to West Papua and Australia, that everything Black is bad, while everything "white" or European is good. Yet at the same time, the bad Black culture, whether music, art, cookery, guerilla warfare, making steel, and more have been stolen and used for the betterment of Europeans and others. Today we see the same trickery in the area of Black spiritualism, religion and medicine, three aspects of Black culture that are interconnected and have been under the direct control and manipulation of Black spiritualists, healers and shamans, who have the traditional knowledge to create positive results. In the case of the Yoruba, Bantu, Congo and African religions of the Caribbean, the Southern U.S. and Brazil, the skillful use of spiritualism and medicine as well as the power of the devine will, (personal will and power) has been used in the Black cultures of these areas before slavery, during slavery and to the very present day for medicines, religions and enjoying life. Unlike the mythology of Blacks praying to their ancestors or God and sitting back, the truth is our ancestors and God are the guiding lights that protects what we do out of our own free will and belief ini our own selves and our own power and minds. More on African religions before colonial and Semitic religious imperialism in Africa, see "Harry Potter"

59. African-based Religions Flourish In All Walks Of Life Across Brazil The online edition of THE DECATUR DAILY, a newspaper serving the Tennessee Valley in North Alabama. http://www.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/religion/050101/brazil.shtml

News from the Tennessee Valley HOME PAGE NEWS SPORTS LIVING TODAY ... DAILY POLL SATURDAY, JANUARY 1, 2005 RELIGION RELIGION COLUMNS HOME FORUMS ... NEWS African-based religions flourish in all walks of life across Brazil By Michael Astor Associated Press Writer AP Photo by Silvia Izquierdo A man dances, chanting to invoke the orixas - the gods worshipped by their African ancestors, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sound of atabaques, or African drums, rises in the night air from a squat brick house, and a full-throated tenor sings incantations in the ancient Yoruba tongue of Nigeria. This is Candomble, a religion once banned in Brazil, now emerging into public acceptance while overcoming fierce and even violent competition. Now Afro-Brazilian religions are flourishing across Brazil, even in the middle class. "Candomble keeps growing because people are always looking for spiritual support. They are always going from church to church and back again. But when they get serious about Candomble it becomes a family affair," explains Mother Eliana, who runs one of the estimated 4,000 terreiros, or Candomble temples, around Rio. "New terreiros keep opening up. It's impossible to keep track of them," said Ricardo Oliveira de Freitas, a researcher associated with the Superior Institute for Religious Studies, a Rio-based think tank.

60. Brazil (Part 2) Photo - Peter & Jackie Main Photos At Pbase.com Candomble is, in fact, a mixture of african religions brought over by the slaves and Brazil s first abolitionist was Chico Rei, an african tribal king. http://www.pbase.com/image/12774023

all galleries Read about our travels Brazil (Part 2) previous next Brazil (Part 2) (Ok, but you have to admit, that was a tough one) Saturday December 14th to Wednesday January 15th Salvador Salvador da Bahia, founded in 1549, was Brazil’s first capital city. It was the most important city for two centuries, growing rich on exports of sugarcane, tobacco, gold, diamonds, imports of African slaves and the profits of cattle ranching in the interior. Eventually this trade went into decline and it is only recently that new industries such as petroleum and chemicals have been introduced. However, the city still suffers severe social and economic problems and many of its people are homeless, jobless and hungry. We stayed in the Pelourinho district, the centre of the old town. Salvador has a bit of a bad reputation for crime but they’ve started to clean up the place in this area so there were lots of police around and we felt safe (and didn’t go out of the area). The old town is full of restored, brightly coloured buildings and many churches. Our hotel was on the 7th floor of a building that was right on the main square. In that square they put on an incredibly elaborate and spectacular Christmas concert. They had 3 kids in every window of the buildings around the square, a big stage, lasers, lights and powerful amplification. The best bit was at the end when they had Jesus and Santa Claus on stage at the same time (two of our favourite gods no wonder kids get confused). And, to top it all off, we had the best seats in the house because our hotel had a terrace overlooking the square.

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