61. African Studies: Botswana of botswana (Department of history, University of botswana, Gaborone). Select Bibliography on the history of botswana by Neil Parsons (August 1999) http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Botswana.html

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62. Botswana - History And Politics botswana. history and Politics botswana has been a multiparty parliamentarydemocracy since independence in 1966. The rule of law has generally been http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Botswana/Politics.html

Geographic Map General Information Geography Natural resources ... BOTSWANA History and Politics Constitution and political system Constitution - adopted March 1965 Legal system - based on Roman-Dutch law; local customary law in rural areas Legislative branch - bicameral Parliament consists of House of Chiefs (15 advisory member body), and the National Assembly (44 seats) Elections - last held October 1999 (legislative) History Elections for a unicameral National Assembly occur every five years. This body then elects the president President Ketumile Masire retired more than a year before the expiry of his fourth term, and was replaced by Festus Mogae, previously his deputy. A constitutional amendment passed in 1997 made provision for the deputy-president to succeed to the presidency automatically in the event of that office falling vacant between elections. The constitution may be amended in minor ways by a simple majority vote in parliament. More substantial amendments require a two-thirds majority, and major revisions have to be submitted to a referendum. Current political situation Since independence the government has pursued policies generally regarded as sound and fiscally conservative. The state provides successfully

63. Botswana - History botswana travel guide. Find out what is worth to see in botswana. Read botswanatravel tips. http://www.odyssei.com/travel-tips/9070.html

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64. African History - Archaeology Parsons, Neil history of botswana Authoritative historical essays, University of botswana. history Department. Subject Index and Checklist of history http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/history/hisarche.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... History: Archaeology African Archaeology News, links to web resources by African region, ancient maps, bibliographies, journals, Africanist archaeologists' web sites, discussion lists, directories, university programs, organizations. "developed from the "Anthropology Resources on the Internet" (ARI) directory.... started by Allen Lutins in 1995" Part of the World Wide Web Virtual Library. Maintained by Bernard Clist since 1999. [KF] http://www.african-archaeology.net African Timelines http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimelinetoc.htm Archaeology Africa Project of the Research Unit for the Archaeology of Cape Town (RESUNACT), Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town. Prof. Martin Hall heads the project. Involves primary and secondary schools in excavating sites . Includes a history of Genadendal, information on a walking tour of slave sites in Cape Town, extensive links to related web sites. http://www.archafrica.uct.ac.za/ ArchNet - African Archaeology A collection of archeological web sites at the Univ. of Connecticut: http://archnet.uconn.edu/regions/africa.php3

65. Botswana On The Internet Has full text documents providing a history of the internet in botswana. University of botswana. history Department. Subject Index and Checklist of http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/bots.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Countries: Botswana See also: Botswana News Africa Inter Mennonite Mission "Organized as the Congo Inland Mission in 1912, AIMM currently has missionaries in six areas of Africa working among various ethnic and language groups." Based in Elkhart, Indiana. Describes their work in Botswana, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire), Lesotho, Senegal, South Africa . Has full text articles from their journal, Messenger . http://www.aimmintl.org/home.htm Has an e-mail list . For other Mennonite sources see: MennoLink - Mennonite Information Center - http://www.MennoLink.org/mic/menno.html Ananzi Search Engine Search engine which searches South African web sites. Enter a search query for Botswana or use the advanced search. By IS-Commercial of The Internet Solution Group. http://www.ananzi.co.za/ Bank of Botswana Botswana's Central Bank. Full text documents - issues of the Research Bulletin , Annual Reports, monetary policy statements, Budget Speeches, an 18 page comic book, "Money Matters" in Setswana promoting banking services. [KF] http://www.bankofbotswana.bw/

66. Focus 30 - Johnson In its way the story mirrors botswana s recent history, which is one of absurdsuccess. At independence in 1966 it was one of the world s twenty poorest http://www.hsf.org.za/focus30/focus30johnson.html

Botswana: success breeds its own problems Botswana's post-independence achievements are impressive, not least of which is its phenomenal economic growth. RW Johnson reports BACK TO FOCUS 30 CONTENTS PAGE PRINTER VERSION Tourism may be Botswana's second biggest foreign earner after diamonds but Mr Wazha Tema, the acting director of tourism, agrees. "People say, oh well you'll just have to cull them but you can't just move in and shoot a few old bulls as if they're buffalo. Elephants form close family groups and they are very emotionally bonded to one another. If they lose a family member they never forget - or forgive. The result is huge emotional upset, great anger against the human beings who did it and often very dangerous behaviour as a result. Tourists can't go into areas where elephants have been traumatised. It takes three generations for them to calm down. Culling is also a terribly anguishing business for anyone who does it". The logic is Sicilian: wipe out whole elephant families, babies included, so there's no traumatised youngster growing up to take revenge. Nobody wants to do this. In its way the story mirrors Botswana's recent history, which is one of absurd success. At independence in 1966 it was one of the world's twenty poorest countries, almost the size of Texas but with just five kilometres of paved road, no electricity, phone or sewage/water distribution system. Only 1,5 per cent of the population had completed primary education and Britain was having to provide 40 per cent of its annual government expenditure. In the following 33 years Botswana was the world's fastest growing economy, averaging 7 per cent per annum (Singapore with 6,2 per cent comes second, South Korea with 6,1 per cent third). In 2000 it overtook South Africa in GDP per capita and it is rapidly moving further ahead - growth last year was 9 per cent, following 9,2 per cent and 8,1 per cent in the two years before that.

67. Botswana: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com (Click to enlarge) botswana (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Bot·swa·na ( botswä n? ) (Formerly Bech·u·a·na·land ( bech-wä n?-land , bech u-ä - http://www.answers.com/topic/botswana

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Geography Dialing Code Currency Stats Anthem WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Botswana Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Botswana (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) Bot·swa·na bà t-sw¤ nə (Formerly Bech·u·a·na·land bĕch-w¤ nə-lănd , bĕch A country of south-central Africa. Originally inhabited by the San and later (18th century) by the Tswana, the region became a British protectorate after 1885 and gained full independence in 1966. Gaborone is the capital and the largest city. Population: 1,560,000 . Bot·swa nan Encyclopedia Botswana bà tsw¤ nə ) , officially Republic of Botswana, republic (1996 est. pop. 1,438,000), 231,804 sq mi (600,372 sq km), S central Africa. It is bordered by Namibia on the west and north, by Zambia at a narrow strip in the north, by Zimbabwe on the east, and by South Africa on the east and south. Gaborone is the capital and largest city. In addition to the capital, important cities are Francistown and Selebi-Phikwe.

68. History Of Botswana Provides a history of botswana from the 19th to 21st Centuries. http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/botswana.html

History of Botswana Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy The Batswana, a term also used to denote all citizens of Botswana, refers to the country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa), which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1880s. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. In the late 19th century, hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal. After appeals by the Batswana for assistance, the British Government in 1885 put "Bechuanaland" under its protection. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa. Despite South African pressure, inhabitants of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basuotoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland in 1909 asked for and received British assurances that they would not be included in the proposed Union of South Africa. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils representing Africans and Europeans. Proclamations in 1934 regularized tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.

69. 1Up Travel : Botswana - History And Culture Of Botswana. The aboriginal inhabitants of botswana until the early 17th century are Bushmen,also known as the San.Here are the historical and cultural facts of http://www.1uptravel.com/international/africa/botswana/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Africa Botswana ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Botswana Guide Botswana Maps Botswana Hotels Botswana Flag ... Botswana Travel Warning Botswana History and Culture PEOPLE AND HISTORY The Batswana, a term also used to denote all citizens of Botswana, refers to the country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa), which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1880s. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. In the late 19th century, hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal. After appeals by the Batswana for assistance, the British Government in 1885 put "Bechuanaland" under its protection. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa.

70. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, Volume 20, 2004 - Table Of Conten Foreign exchange rates botswana history 20th century Mathematicalmodels. Exports Prices botswana history 20th century http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eastern_africa_social_science_research_review/toc/e

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review Volume 20, Number 2, June 2004 C ONTENTS Ngwenya, Barbara Ntombi. Evading Household Indebtedness Through Participation in Group Solidarity Coping Strategies in Contemporary Botswana [Access article in PDF] Subjects: Solidarity Economic aspects Botswana. Debt relief Botswana. Mortality Economic aspects Botswana. Abstract: Zewdie, Yihenew. Room For Manoeuvre: Local Organisations and Resource Tenure Administration in Highland Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia [Access article in PDF] Subjects: Forestry law and legislation Ethiopia Kefa Kifle Hager. Land tenure Ethiopia Kefa Kifle Hager. Forest management Ethiopia Kefa Kifle Hager Citizen participation. Abstract: Madebwe, Crescentia. The Impact of Mine Closures on Rural Population Dynamics: The Case of Zhombe in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe [Access article in PDF] Subjects: Mine closures Social aspects Zimbabwe Kwekwe History 20th century. Kwekwe (Zimbabwe) Emigration and immigration History 20th century. Kwekwe (Zimbabwe) Population History 20th century.

71. Africa Today, Volume 48 - Table Of Contents Educational innovations botswana history 20th century. Abstract.Tirelo Setshaba (TS), a form of national service, served to expose Olevel http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/toc/at48.2.html

Africa Today 48.2, Summer 2001 Contents Books Received Contributors Articles Boone, Catherine. Batsell, Jake. Politics and AIDS in Africa: Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations [Access article in HTML] [Access article in PDF] Subjects: AIDS (Disease) Political aspects Africa. AIDS (Disease) Government policy Africa. International relations. Abstract: Political Science as an academic discipline has been slow to grapple with the enormous implications of the AIDS crisis for much of the developing world. This article argues that important research agendas link AIDS and politics, and that more work in these areas could contribute to the struggle to cope with the pandemic. Research could also yield theoretical advances in the field of political science. Five research agendas for Africa are: variations in state response to the pandemic; the relationship between governments and NGOs; the AIDS challenge to neoliberalism; AIDS and North-South tensions; and connections between AIDS and international security issues. Fair, Jo Ellen, 1960-

72. A Virtual Travel To Botswana Official web sites of botswana, the capital of botswana, art, culture, history,cities, airlines, history history of botswana Brief history of botswana. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/botswana.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Botswana Destination Botswana, a virtual travel guide to Botswana. This page aims to give you a broad overview of Motswana art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government. Beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information you need to know about this African nation, e.g.: official web sites of Botswana, addresses of Motswana and foreign embassies, domestic airlines, city- and country guides with extensive travel and tourism information on accomodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from Botswana. keywords: Botswana information, Botswana news papers, tourist information for Botswana, Botswana map Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Botswana Country Profile Flag of Botswana Background: Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. The economy, one of the most robust on the continent, is dominated by diamond mining. Botswana has a flourishing multiparty constitutional democracy. Each of the elections since independence has been freely and fairly contested and has been held on schedule. The country's small white minority and other minorities participate freely in the political process.

73. Language - Culture And History - Tourism Of Botswana Official web site for Tourism of botswana. Useful Contacts FAQs Links ContactUs Web Site Map. Copyright Department of Tourism of botswana http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/tourism/culture_and_his/language.html

74. Culture And History - Tourism Of Botswana The history of botswana is characterised by migrations of peoples into the countryfrom the north and west and particularly from the east and south, http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/tourism/culture_and_his/culture_and_his.html

75. History Of Botswana - Botswana Government Information ,botswana the dynamic portal engine and content management system. http://gov.botswana.com/History-of-Botswana.html

Home History of Botswana Links Botswana.com Lodge Accommodation Hotels History of Botswana Hunters traders and missionaries started arriving in Botswana in 1806. The industrial revolution in Europe had created a need for new markets and raw materials. This precipitated a later rush for Africa from traders seeking concessions for their governments. Moreover, the gun - a new method for hunting - had been introduced to Batswana, who realised the value and power of firearms after a handful of Boers had been able to rout the Ndebele tribe in the 1830s. Even the best hunters struggled to make a living in South Africa, the game having been depleted. They turned their attention to the unexplored north. The game soon dwindled, unable to withstand the relentless slaughter. Missionaries were to play a major role in the lives of Batswana, acting as mediators in disputes with other white men and bringing a religion to the country which today is central to many Batswana lives. Southern Africa had been a troublesome region for the British. Wars against the indigenous people and squabbles with the Boers were costing them money and prestige. Britain had no desire to further increase their commitment in the area. The Germans on the other hand, however, were set to establish themselves in Namibia and the fear existed that they would cast their eyes eastward, blocking the road to promising Ndebele concessions in Zimbabwe. Reluctantly, Britain decided to annex yet another vast area; this time at minimal cost.

76. History Of Democracy - Botswana Government Information ,botswana the dynamic portal engine and content management system. http://gov.botswana.com/History-of-Democracy-2.html

Home History of Democracy Links Botswana.com Lodge Accommodation Hotels History of Democracy Struggle for Independence The 1908 Act of Union which created the Union of South Africa had a provision that the Union should grow by incorporating other territories like Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland. The British were willing to hand over these territories now that the situation had changed from what it was in 1885. However, the provision for incorporation stated that this could only be done with the consent of the peoples of the then High Commission Territories i.e. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. Many South African Prime Ministers, from Hertzog to Verwoerd agitated for incorporation. Even on the eve of independence European settler communities in Tati, Tuli Block and Ghanzi asked to be ceded to South Africa. Botswana chiefs and later the nationalist leaders vehemently opposed the idea of incorporation. There is enough historical evidence dating back to the introduction of the Bechuanaland Border Police between 1890 and 1891 that Batswana were dissatisfied with British protection. Signs of contemporary nationalism in Botswana go beyond politics. The formation of independent churches and schools in the 1940s was an articulate demand for a new political and social system tailored according to the needs of Batswana.

77. Botswana (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) history of botswana, by Alexander Ganse (World history at KMLA); A Brief history of Select Bibliography on the history of botswana, by Neil Parsons http://www.regiments.org/nations/africa/botswana.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated BOTSWANA (Bechuanaland) Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Note: for a fuller imperial constitutional history see British Empire and Commonwealth Constitutional history: Occupied by British at instigation of Cecil Rhodes 1884. British Protectorate 1885. Bechuanaland together with Basutoland and Swaziland formed the High Commission Territories. Independence was granted in 1966. French Revolutionary Wars Treaty of Amiens, ending French Revolutionary wars Napoleonic Wars Treaty of Paris, ending Napoleonic wars First World War Second World War Republic of Botswana (official government website) Ministry of the State President (includes Defence) Botswana Defence Force Dictionaries Botswana (CIA World Fact Book) Botswana (Commonwealth Secretariat) Governors and Rulers , by Benjamin Cahoon ( World Statesmen Social and Political History History of Botswana , by Alexander Ganse ( World History at KMLA

78. Botswana Safari Safari Lodges Luxury Botswana Safaris A history of Peace Holiday Safari Package Information botswana Safari Duringthe ensuing centuries, the tendency of different chiefs and their followers http://botswana.safari.co.za/History_of_Botswana-Travel/History_of_Botswana.html

Main Botswana Safari [home] About: Siyabona Africa Botswana Safari 2 Night Camp Moremi ... Luxury Mobile Safaris Search Results for 'History of Botswana' Displaying page 1 of 1 Total number of records found: 3 Botswana The Insiders Guide History of Botswana Information: [more information] From Dung to Diamonds History of Botswana Information: [more information] A History of Peace History of Botswana Information: [more information] [prev] [next] Botswana Safari * suggest this site to your friends... Reservations and Bookings: Tel: (+27) 21 424 1037 Fax: (+27) 21 424 1036 Booking Conditions Site Map About Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd Most popular page searches: Botswana Safari African Safari Tours Luxury Botswana safaris Mobile safaris ... safari park Reference Guide: Africa Bird Guide Africa Grass Guide Africa Mammals Guide African Reptiles guide ... Botswana Travel guide Search OR select your category ... Botswana Safari Vacation Package Specials Travel Essentials Botswana Regional Info Botswana Safari Tours Botswana Luxury Safaris Safari Essentials Botswana Travel Articles Car Rental Cultural Issues Eco-Tourism In Botswana History of Botswana OR select your region ...

79. Botswana Travel | A History Of Peace: Botswana Travel Articles: Botswana Country botswana Safari During the ensuing centuries, the tendency of different chiefsand their followers to leave main groups and settle in other areas resulted http://botswana.safari.co.za/History_of_Botswana-travel/botswana-country-guide-h

Main Botswana Safari [home] About: Siyabona Africa Botswana Safari 2 Night Camp Moremi ... Luxury Mobile Safaris A History of Peace Photo © Ian Michler During the ensuing centuries, the tendency of different chiefs and their followers to leave main groups and settle in other areas resulted in the settlement patterns of the region’s modern people. Siyabona Africa recommended books on Botswana: The Insiders Guide to Botswana Author Ian Michler. Purchase Book here From a historical perspective, the arid Kalahari thirstland of what is now known as Botswana has been pivotal, both in prehistoric and more recent times. Because of its central position in southern Africa, people’s migration from surrounding areas in order to escape ongoing conflicts and settle in the less troubled interior, has characterised its history. Recognition must also go to the leadership and vision of the country’s earlier chiefs who negotiated protection for their people, thus preventing occupation and colonisation. This has given rise to a largely peace-loving nation , who, for the most part, have lived in harmony, not only with each other, but also with their neighbouring countries.

80. Botswana College Of Agriculture Information on departments, services, administration, history. http://www.bca.bw/

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