41. Botswana | History And Culture A look at the history and culture of Botswana. General Information Aboutbotswana history culture. Please choose from the links below http://www.infotour-africa.com/botswana_history.htm

Guided Holidays Self Drive Holidays Fly / Drive Holidays Birding ... Activity General Information About BOTSWANA Please choose from the links below: Country Highlights Environment Useful information Namibia ... Mozambique No accurate records exist of the first ever inhabitants of Botswana, although tool fragments and other evidence of human activity have been uncovered which are thought to be around 27,000 years old. The Basarwa, also known as San Bushmen, were among the first recognised people to inhabit the country although only 40,000 remain today. The 17th Century brought the Tswana, or Batswana from the South, a Bantu people related to the Sotho of Transvaal and Lesotho. The Tswana now make up over 50% of Botswana's population and the remaining peoples have been heavily absorbed into this culture. This may be one of the main reasons for Botswana's cultural and social stability over the last two centuries. As well as the San, minority tribes include the 25,000 Mbanderu, cousins of the Namibian Herero tribe who fled Namibia following the German conquest in the 1890's. The striking traditional costume of these people with large flowing skirts and elaborate headdresses is based on that of the 19th century missionaries wives.

42. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet S3 Boer War Pages documents compiled by University of botswana history Dept.includes Kantwa Yamaburu The Boer War by Neil Parsons; Boer War in Botswana http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_s3.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part S3 South AfricaHistory - South AfricaNew Back to: A-Z of African Studies by Peter Limb South AfricaHistoryAnti-apartheid movements [Biko, Steve] "Asking for trouble": the South African state and the Cry Freedom http://www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/articles/freedom.htm [EUROPE] ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE (With special reference to their role in support of United Nations action against apartheid) by Kader and Louise Asmal, in Notes and Documents , No. 4/74, March 1974 http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/misc/kader12.html 'Mbeki backs R6m history project' by HOWARD BARRELL in , Sept 11, 2000 reports on business funding of a large project on the history of the anti-apartheid struggle. http://www.mg.co.za/za/features/2000sep/11sep-history.html United Democratic Front (South Africa) 20 YEARS SINCE THE LAUNCH OF THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT , Umrabulo Number 19, August 2003 Feature Theme. Legacy of the UDF. series of articles. http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pubs/umrabulo/umrabulo19/index.html

43. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Bg1 BotswanaHistory. Boer War and Botswana. Boer War Pages documents compiledby University of botswana history Dept includes Kantwa Yamaburu The Boer http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_bg1.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part B-G1 Back to: A-Z of African Studies B Aspects of African Civilization (Person, Culture, Religion) Translated by Susan B. Hunt Originally published in French as Aspects de la civilisation africaine: personne, culture, religion Paris: Présence africaine, 1972.140 p. full-text http://www.ee.upenn.edu/~rabii/toes/BaAspectsTOC.html Baard, Frances (South African trade unionist and political activist) My Spirit is Not Banned [first published: Harare, Zimbabwe : Zimbabwe Publishing House ; 1986.) 92 pages] http://sahistory.org.za/pages/sources/baard/ Babu, A.M. (Abdul Rahman Mohamed) Babu Africa and Third World Discussion Forum! http://www.shentel.net/sjc/hplinks.html Biography http://www.gn.apc.org/ambabu/bioghpy.htm Articles http://www.gn.apc.org/ambabu/articles.htm First Babu Memorial Lecture delivered by Samir Amin on Sept 22nd 1997, London (as part of series of lectures in memory of A.M.Babu, writer, revolutionary and statesman) http://www.gn.apc.org/ambabu/memorial.htm

44. The British Empire: An Internet Gateway By Dr. Jane Samson botswana history a government of Botswana web site University of botswana historyDepartment, an extensive site including links to information about http://www.ualberta.ca/~janes/EMPIRE.html

The British Empire An Internet Gateway by Dr. Jane Samson Dr. Samson's Home Page British Empire Gateway The 18th C. Maritime World This Gateway has been completed updated as of January 1st, 2004. Please enter and enjoy! British Empire Gateway What's happening? Find out about journals and discussion lists connected with British empire or Commonwealth studies. Online courses: Here you'll find courses on various aspects of the British imperial experience, including history, literature and cultural studies. Links to other sites: Visit other gateways, libraries, writings and images of empire, as well as sites dedicated to colonies past and present. I've designed these to provide a range of perspectives. You're welcome to send me links! If you'd like me to include your course, or if you'd like to see more about particular places or viewpoints, please click here to email me: JANE.SAMSON@UALBERTA.CA What's happening? Contents: Centres of Commonwealth Studies Journals Discussion Lists 1. Centres of Commonwealth studies: Centre for Commonwealth Studies , Stirling Centre for Commonwealth, United Nations and International Affairs

45. Botswana Depository WWW Resources The University of botswana history Department includes a brief history of Botswanaand other resources for the history of Botswana, as well as archaeology http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/botswana/bwww.htm

Contents Botswana Initial Page Introduction Services and Inter-Library Loan Text of Depository Agreement ... Credits Three "must-see" sites each offers a different perspective Botswana - Index on Africa (Norwegian Council on Africa) links, this site is one of the best places to start. Currently off-line. (Also click "Index on Africa" to work back to the site's home page.) Info Botswana Internet Services (IBIS) Be sure to visit "local links" to Gaborone commercial sites, non-commercial sites, educational, and personal sites. (Visiting the personal pages leads to Botswana Homepages world-wide and other interesting links). Republic of Botswana The Government of Botswana Web Site. Beyond pages about the various ministries and functions of government, includes sites on history, business, tourism, economics and news. General Sites "country pages" African Studies WWW (University of Pennsylvania) Country Pages - Botswana You may want to jump back "home" on this site, for it provides links to nearly all Africa-related WWW sites. Botswana-Country Profile (Mbendi Information Services) Map, demographics and business information.

46. Botswana Country Brief: Geography And Environment botswana history Pages. http//ubh.tripod.com/bw/bhpindex.htm. 7 CIA.World Factbook. Botswana. thttp//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/POP/pde/briefs/bw-geo.html

Country Briefs: Botswana Botswana Namibia Mozambique Title Page ... Acknowledgments Version 1.0, Feb. 2001 Contents - General Information - Geography and Environment - Population and HIV/AIDS - Economy ... - Chronology of History Geography and Environment Location: Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana lies in the center of the Southern Africa Plateau at a mean altitude of 1,000 m above sea level. The majority of the country is flat with gentle undulations. Along the eastern margin the land rises above 1,200 m, which is adjacent to the Limpopo drainage system. The Limpopo valley gradually descends from 900 m in the south to 500 m at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers. The landlocked country borders Namibia to the west and northwest, Zambia to the north, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the east and south. In the northwest the Okavango River drains inland into an extensive swamp area. In the southwest, the Kalahari Desert is characterized by a vegetation composition of scrub and grasses with almost no surface water. Pans hold water for some time after the rains. Geographic coordinates (approximate) Latitude: 18 o o South Longitude: 20 o o East Time zone: GMT +2 Land area Total: 582,000 km

47. History Of BOTSWANA History of BOTSWANA from HistoryWorld.net including Protectorate of Bechuanaland,Independence. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad31

48. World History Blog: History Of Botswana History of Botswana. This is a short history of Botswana. There is not a lot herebut it should give you the basics of the history of this African nation. http://world-history-blog.blogspot.com/2004/09/history-of-botswana.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=7306557"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/1.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! World History Blog Blog that features different aspects of world history. I can't cover it all but sites dealing with any historical issue or topic are possible future posts. Also includes sites which discuss teaching history. Some descriptions for sites are taken from the Open Directory Project. Monday, September 20, 2004 History of Botswana History of Botswana . This is a short history of Botswana. There is not a lot here but it should give you the basics of the history of this African nation. From the site: The Batswana, a term also used to denote all citizens of Botswana, refers to the country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa), which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1880s. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. In the late 19th century, hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal. After appeals by the Batswana for assistance, the British Government in 1885 put "Bechuanaland" under its protection. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa.

49. City Profile Gaborone Botswana From University of botswana history Department http//www.thuto.org/ubh/about/about02.htm Mmegi Online Online newspaper from Gaborone -illustrated http://www.archaeolink.com/city_profile_gaborone_botswana.htm

Gaborone Botswana Home World Capital Cities Abu Dhabi City Profile Accra City Profile Addis Ababa City Profile Algiers City Profile ... Yerevan City Profile Go to Botswana Social Studies Please Note: If you sometimes get an error message when clicking on a large text link, don't give up. Try the URL link instead. There are times when the large text link doesn't "take" for some reason, thus the built-in redundancy. Thank you. Botswana National Museum "The National Museum was established by an Act of Parliament in 1967 and oficially opened to the public in 1968 as a private institution. It was taken over by the Governmnent in 1976.The National Museum is a research and educational institution which provides instruction through visual displays, lectures and slides or film shows to the public." You will find information about research projects, exhibitions, images and more. - illustrated - From botswana-museum.gov.bw - http://www.botswana-museum.gov.bw/museum/

50. History Botswana History Botswana. May include timelines, chronologies, biographical dictionaries,auxiliary studies (eg stamps and coins). LC Standard Disclaimer for Pages http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/corc.oclc.org/WebZ/XPathfinderQueryfbd3.html

51. Botswana - Eduseek PostColonial History - Botswana - Colonial History - Botswana - Pre-ColonialHistory - botswana history - Botswana - History and Government - http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate1111.html

Home Subjects Help Age Groups Subjects History History - 12+ Continents and Countries ... Botswana Links Background Notes : Botswana Infoplease.com - Botswana Lonely Planet - History of Botswana Post-Colonial History - Botswana ... Map

52. Botswana / Bc.html Brief Chronology of Botswana University of botswana history Department Indexed Entries in botswana history Dept. News Top of Page http://www.meatnpotatoes.com/nations/bc.html

Nations of the World Index Home Botswana Government Economy Reports Resources Education History News Search Engines/Web Directories General Travel Legal Botswana Map 51.19 kb jpg Government [Top of Page] Republic of Botswana Government Web Site Botswana Parliament Ministry of State President ... Political Resources on the NetBotswana Economy [Top of Page] Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Botswana and the IMF Botswana ReviewSouthern Africa Development Community ... British Council Botswana Reports [Top of Page] US State Dept Country Page for Botswana (Bureau of African Affairs) Botswana Background Note (US State Dept) US State Dept Background Notes on Botswana ... CIA World FactbookBotswana Internet Resources [Top of Page] Botswana WWW Virtual Library (Columbia U) Africa South of the SaharaBotswana (Stanford) Golden Gate University Internet Resources for Botswana Education [Top of Page] Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis Botswana Publications at Ohio University University of Botswana History [Top of Page] Pre-Colonial History (newafrica) Colonial History (newafrica) Post-Colonial History (newafrica) ... Indexed Entries in Botswana History Dept News [Top of Page] allAfrica Botswana Botswana Gazette Daily News ... One World Botswana Archive Search Engines/Web Directories [Top of Page] IBISInfo Botswana Internet Services Botsnet Botswana Net ... newafrica Botswana Gateway General [Top of Page] EncartaBotswana (MSN) World Desk ReferenceBotswana (DK) Travel

53. Botswana Lifestyle Botswana Lifestyle. Brief history of Botswana, by Prof. Neil Parsons, Universityof botswana history Department http//www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm http://www.ezilon.com/world/countries/botswana/botswana_lifestyle/index.shtml

Home Site Submit Advertise Select: Europe World News Images MP3/Music EUROPE WEB DIRECTORY AND INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE Home World Countries Botswana Botswana Lifestyle Sponsored Listings Search Results botswana on safari :: african safaris and tours Botswana is a unique safari destination. Afroventures have put together several safari tours to ... Safaris Home African Safari Destinations Lifestyle Vacations Guided African Safaris African http://www.afroventures.com/destinations/botswana http://www.ezilon.com/cgi-bin/jump/jump_nav.cgi?cat=2x26x19191x19671 Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana elsewhere. During the last centuries BC many Khoe-speaking people in northern Botswana converted their lifestyle to pastoralism - herding cattle and sheep on the rich pastures exposed by the retreating http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm African Safari Destinations, Kalahari Desert, Botswana African Safari Destinations, Kalahari Desert, Botswana. Fly in safari packages to The Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana ... The Kalahari Desert in Botswana. The Kalahari is not a true desert, but a semi arid zone ... 40000 San in Botswana, still living a lifestyle close to that of ... http://www.wildlifeafrica.co.za/ttcentralkalahari.html

54. Botswana History Information about the department and resources for Botswana and African history. http://ubh.tripod.com/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Star Wars Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Contact University of Botswana History Department Site Index: complete list of pages "El Negro" New book on El Negro ... Panafrican Archaeological Conference Search the UB History web-site Botswana History List of BP colonial officers Boer War pages News ... New: Bessie Head site "A nation without a past is a lost nation, and a people without a past is a people without a soul." Sir Seretse Khama , 1921 - 1980, first President of the Republic of Botswana.

55. AdmiNet - Botswana Embassies and Consulates of Botswana to other countries Botswana Demographics The Church of the Nazarene in Botswana botswana history http://www.adminet.com/world/bw/

options Spreading information all over the Net AdmiNet World Botswana Government Links with other countries Parliament Political organisations ... Thanks The Official Botswana Web Site The government of Botswana Governments on the WWW: Botswana Flag and National Anthem The Government of Botswana Web Site The President of the Republic of Botswana Links with other countries Embassies and Consulates of Botswana to other countries : Belgium France Great Britain USA Embassies and Consulates of other countries in Botswana: France Great Britain USA Foreign Chambers of Commerce and Industry : Parliament National Assembly Political organisations Political Resources on the Net - Botswana Cities and Towns Agriculture Food and Agriculture in Botswana The Ministry of Agriculture Finance Botswana - Money and Banking FY 2000 Country Commercial Guide: Botswana The Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Botswana Stock Exchange Law Internet Law Library: Botswana Law Firms in Botswana Art, Culture

56. Botswana - HISTORY Bush people were the original inhabitants of botswana. Shona speakers settledin the north east of botswana in around the 10th century AD. http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/botswana/history.htm

Botswana History Bush people were the original inhabitants of Botswana. They originated in the north and have gradually migrated southwards. Approximately 2,000 years ago the Hottentots followed the Bush people who were then followed by Bantu speakers. The three groups coexisted happily and there was a flourishing trade between them. Shona speakers settled in the north east of Botswana in around the 10th century AD. The first Tswana settled in the south east of Botswana in approximately the 15th century possibly having migrated from the south. By the 18th century the Tswana were very well established in the area. In 1820 various clans began to form into a string of nations along what is now the border between Botswana and South Africa this was prompted because the clans felt the need to defend themselves against the tide of humanity fleeing from the Transvaal and Natal between 1820 and 1840 as a result of Zulu militancy and Boer expansionism. The borders were secured in 1885 with the declaration of a British protectorate known as Bechuanaland, the reason behind the declaration was the rivalry between the British and the Boers. The capital of the Bangwato clan at Shoshong had a population of about 30,000 by 1960.

57. AfricaNet - Information, History And Fact Sheets On Africa history Bush people were the original inhabitants of botswana. They originatedin the north and have gradually migrated southwards. http://www.africanet.com/countries/botswana.htm

HOMEPAGE HOTELS CRUISES CURRENCY ... CLIMATE Hotels Chobe Game Lodge - Chobe National Park - Kasane - Tel: +267 650 340 - Fax: +267 650 340 - Tlx: 2765 Cresta Thapama Hotel - Blue Jacket Street - Tel: +267 213 872 - Fax: +267 213 766 - Nyerere Drive - Tel: +267 351 111 - Fax: +267 351 111 - Tlx: 2433 Khwai River Lodge - Tel: 267 - Fax: - Tlx: 2601 Sheraton Gaborone - Molepalace Road - Tel: +267 312 999 - Fax: +267 312 999 - Tlx: 2699 Syringa Lodge Po Box 254 Contact: JOHN WALKER Phone: 267 810444 Fax: 267 810450 TOP Cruises Chobe River: Short, gameviewing, cruises. Zambezi River: Short, gameviewing, cruises. TOP Currency Currency: Pula divided into 100 Thebe. Credit Cards: Credit cards are excepted in most tourist hotels, lodges, travel agencies and gift shops. Banking hours: 9am to 2.30pm monday to Friday + 8.30am to 12pm Saturday. Currency Restrictions: Export of Botswana currency is limited. TOP Economy Agriculture: In the fertile east, mainly subsistence farming, usually livestock rearing; there is a long history of drought and disease; crops grown include sorghum, maize, millet, beans, cotton, ground nuts, sunflowers. Mining: Nickel (2nd biggest in Africa), diamonds (Orapa and Jwaneng are the second and third largest diamond pipes in the world), cobalt, coal, asbestos, manganese, talc, gypsum, gold, chromium, silver, platinum.

58. History Of Botswana - Gem Of Africa - Republic Of Botswana The Government of botswana Web Site Gem of Africa - botswana s past and present. http://www.gov.bw/gem/history_of_botswana.html

MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); Hunters traders and missionaries started arriving in Botswana in 1806. The industrial revolution in Europe had created a need for new markets and raw materials. This precipitated a later rush for Africa from traders seeking concessions for their governments. Moreover, the gun - a new method for hunting - had been introduced to Batswana, who realised the value and power of firearms after a handful of Boers had been able to rout the Ndebele tribe in the 1830s. Even the best hunters struggled to make a living in South Africa, the game having been depleted. They turned their attention to the unexplored north. The game soon dwindled, unable to

59. History Of Botswana - Gem Of Africa - Republic Of Botswana The Government of botswana Web Site Gem of Africa - botswana s past and present. http://www.gov.bw/gem/history_of_democracy.html

MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); Struggle for Independence In March 1885. Botswana was declared a British Protectorate by Royal Decree. Extensive territories belonging to Botswana's southern chiefdoms were incorporated into the then British colony of South Africa under the name of British Bechuanaland. At first most Batswana chiefs except Khama III of the Ngwato who had asked for British protection in 1870, resisted and were suspicious of British protection. During the colonial period various attempts were made to incorporate Botswana into Rhode's colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1895. and later into the Union of South Africa. The attempt by the Union of South Africa to annex Botswana was a more serious threat to the protectorate until self-government in 1965.

60. Botswana Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided By World Travel Guide botswana - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements, vacationadvice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, business trip, http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/bwa/bwa580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/Botswana/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Botswana hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Botswana Botswana History and Government History: Between the seventh and 13th centuries, parts of Botswana were populated by thriving agricultural communities. In the 14th century, these communities came under the control of powerful Tswana dynasties originating in the region to the east, which is now South Africa’s Gauteng Province. A further series of migrations followed the break-up of the main Tswana kingdoms, the Hurutshe and the Kwena, from the late 17th century. These migrants were firmly established in the southern part of Botswana and had established a powerful military state controlling hunting, cattle-breeding and copper mining by the 18th century. The early 19th century brought another period of upheaval, as peoples from the north, dislocated by slavery and the collapse of their local economies, moved to new territory. The Kololo were followed by the Ndebele. They were quickly succeeded by British colonialists and Boer settlers. The local rulers, notably the Tswana King Sechele, who ruled between 1829 and 1892, allied themselves with the British against the Boers. In a form of sub-contracted or privatised colonialism characteristic of the British Empire, Botswana was eventually brought under British protectorate control in 1890, by the British South Africa Company, who supervised the territory and which became known as Bechuanaland Protectorate.

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