81. MSN Encarta - Bolivia As the Bolivian government promoted a freemarket economy and sought to In late 1997 the Bolivian government launched the so-called Dignity Plan, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563800_7/Bolivia.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Andes Antonio Jos© de Sucre, first president and independence leader more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Bolivia Search for books and more related to Bolivia Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Bolivia Encarta Search Search Encarta about Bolivia Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Bolivia ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 7 of 7 Bolivia Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 18 items Dynamic Map Map of Bolivia Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources People Economy ... History B Political Instability The period after 1930 was marked by internal strife. In that year, President Hernando Siles, who had governed for two years without convening the national legislature, was overthrown in a revolution. Another coup followed in 1934. The poor performance of Bolivia's armed forces in the Chaco War gave impetus to dissident political currents, particularly among young intellectuals who had made up much of the junior officer class during the war. Their social consciousness was stimulated by the ineffectiveness and greed of professional military officers and politicians, and by the suffering of Native American soldiers unaccustomed to the world outside their mountain homes. Old political groups favoring the tin barons were discredited as many people began to realize that a combination of Bolivian and foreign exploiters was draining the country's resources.

82. Choike - February 2003: Corporation Sues Government Over Water At Secret World B Bechtel is suing bolivia for the profits it claims it would have made from the one appointed by the bolivian government, and a third the tribunal s http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/973.html

var category = '26'; var subcategory = '60'; Directory NGO sites This site Directory In-depth Reports Campaigns News ... CONTACT Categorias(category); SubCategorias(category,subcategory); New February 2003: corporation sues government over water at secret World Bank tribunal Economy and Financial Affairs - Fri Feb 14 2003 The Bechtel Corporation was handed a powerful victory when a secretive trade court announced that it would not allow the public or media to participate in or even witness proceedings in which Bechtel is suing the people of Bolivia for $25 million. Secretive World Bank Tribunal bans public and media participation in Bechtel lawsuit over access to water: citizens excluded from $25 million suit against Bolivia for company's failed water privatization scheme Washington, DC- The Bechtel Corporation was handed a powerful victory last week, when a secretive trade court announced that it would not allow the public or media to participate in or even witness proceedings in which Bechtel is suing the people of Bolivia for $25 million. Aguas del Tunari, a subsidiary of the California-based engineering giant, is suing South America's poorest nation over the company's failed effort to take over the public water system of Bolivia's third largest city, Cochabamba. After taking over the water system in 2000, the company imposed massive water rate hikes, which resulted in widespread protests countered by military force that killed one person and wounded 175 others.

83. Bolivia: Will The New Government Defend Human Rights Defenders? - Amnesty Intern Amnesty International’s recommendations to the Bolivian government include;ensuring the cooperation of state officials at all levels with human rights http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR180052002?open&of=ENG-BOL

84. Bolivia: A Summary Of Amnesty International's Concerns Related To The Bolivian G related to the Bolivian government s implementation of the International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights. Introduction http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR180051997?open&of=ENG-394

85. Global Exchange : Government Up Against The Wall LA PAZ, Dec 1 (IPS) The Bolivian government is facing opposition from all sides,with Congress blocking its draft budget, and workers and community groups http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/bolivia/2771.html

Programs in the Americas Africa Americas Argentina Bolivia ... Bolivia Government Up Against the Wall By Franz Chávez IPS December 01, 2004 LA PAZ, Dec 1 (IPS) - The Bolivian government is facing opposition from all sides, with Congress blocking its draft budget, and workers and community groups staging roadblocks, protests and strikes. Some of the roadblocks thrown up at border crossings Monday by truckers who are demanding the elimination of the 13 percent Value Added Tax remain in place, although the government announced the start of talks to resolve the conflict. In the meantime, the Federation of Community Organisations (FEJUVE) in the sprawling slum city of El Alto, next to La Paz, agreed to put their protests on hold until Dec. 20, to give the government time to address their grievances. Over the past week, three explosions targeted the Defence Ministry, a military barracks, and a TV station belonging to President Mesa. Legislators are opposed to a 250 million dollar cut in social spending, which would make it impossible to raise the salaries of public employees. The government said the proposed reduction in social spending is due to the uncertainty regarding future tax revenues from the oil and gas industry caused by the delay in approving a new energy law.

86. FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing The Rain . Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt After closeddoor negotiations, the Bolivian government signs a $2.5 billion contract Aguas del Tunari alleges that the Bolivian government violated a http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html

makenav(2,1); INDEX THE STORY Synopsis of "Leasing the Rain" "LEASING THE RAIN" by William Finnegan WHAT'S IN YOUR WATER BOTTLE? An Interactive Investigation TIMELINE Cochabamba Water Revolt DID YOU KNOW? Facts and Stats about Bolivia LINKS Background, key players, the world's water woes MAP September 1998 IMF Loan to Bolivia Requires Privatization The International Monetary Fund (IMF) approves a $138 million loan for Bolivia to help the country control inflation and bolster economic growth. In compliance with IMF-drafted "structural reforms" for the nation, Bolivia agrees to sell off "all remaining public enterprises," including national oil refineries and Cochabamba's local water agency, SEMAPA. June 1999 World Bank Discourages Water Subsidies In its Bolivia Public Expenditure Review

87. FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing The Rain . Links And Resources | PBS In its appeal for international arbitration, the Bechtel Corporation claims thatthe bolivian government violated a bilateral trade treaty between bolivia http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/links.html

makenav(2,1); INDEX THE STORY Synopsis of "Leasing the Rain" "LEASING THE RAIN" by William Finnegan WHAT'S IN YOUR WATER BOTTLE? An Interactive Investigation TIMELINE Cochabamba Water Revolt DID YOU KNOW? Facts and Stats about Bolivia LINKS Background, key players, the world's water woes MAP "Violence Erupts in Bolivia" What happened during the final days of the protesters' struggle to regain control of public water in Cochabamba? How did demonstrations to voice public dissatisfaction result in violence and a state of emergency, replete with crackdowns on civil liberties, tear gas and widespread arrests? This report from the BBC covers the frontlines of the fight for public water in Bolivia. (BBC News, April 8, 2000) "Protests Rock Bolivia; Officials Blame Drug Traffickers"

88. Spiked-politics | Article | Bolivia: An 'indigenous Revolution'? and at some points presented itself as the genuine government of bolivia.It was in cogovernment just after the nationalist revolution in 1952, http://www.spiked-online.com/Printable/0000000CABEC.htm

Article 16 June 2005 Bolivia: an 'indigenous revolution'? Some Westerners view recent Latin American protests through rose-tinted spectacles. by Josie Appleton 'The indigenous majority of Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, Chiquitano, and Guarani, mobilised.... The neighborhood association of El Alto mobilised to lay siege to La Paz much as the followers of [indigenous leader] Tupac Katari did over 200 years ago.... After 500 years of massacre, genocide, rape, slavery, torture, and exploitation, that the indigenous of Bolivia should begin their reconquista so peacefully staggers the imagination....' (1) This is one Western leftist take on recent events in Bolivia. Over the past couple of months, the country has been brought to a standstill with waves of strikes, road blockages, and industrial occupations. At issue is the exploitation of the county's ample gas reserves by foreign multinationals, which drain off all the profits along with the petroleum, leaving little behind for Bolivian development. The government is in chaos. President Carlos Mesa threw in the towel, and after tortured and acrimonious deliberation his office was passed to the third in line of succession, the head of the Supreme Court, Eduardo Rodriguez. These events provide an interesting index of the problems and potential of radical politics today. But the situation is obscured rather than illuminated by the rose-tinted accounts that spring from the mouths of Western supporters. This is seen as payback for 1492, a glorious revolution of indigenous Bolivians against the white elite and foreign business interests. Such an uprising will inevitably succeed, it is implied; all anybody has to do is sit back and watch Bolivians walk into the sunset, to the strains of panpipes.

89. World Bank’s ICSID To Hear Case On Bolivia Water Privatization In bolivia, the government responded to protests against an agreement which went so Now it turns out that Bechtel is suing the bolivian government at a http://www.50years.org/cms/ejn/story/85

HOME ABOUT US TAKE ACTION! THE ISSUES ... JOIN THE 50 YEARS LISTSERV Search Vol. 5, No. 3 October, 2002 World Bank’s ICSID to Hear Case on Bolivia Water Privatization Bechtel Corp Suing for $25 million in Lost Profits After People Revolt by Malcolm Seymour 50 Years Is Enough Network legal intern More and more people are learning, through experience or through burgeoning campaigns, about the inhumanity of water privatization campaigns in the Global South. The story, re-enacted across the world, never loses its sting: the IMF and World Bank pressure governments to sell off publicly-run water systems; for-profit corporations from the North step in; within weeks, water bills skyrocket to unaffordable levels. A new phenomenon has started pushing across the horizon, bringing hope to those who feared that water commodification had become the bleak, inevitable future of the developing world. Civic demonstrations in countries like Bolivia, Argentina, South Africa and Ecuador have succeeded in chasing corporations away from public water. But these protests have come at significant costs. In Bolivia, the government responded to protests against an agreement which went so far as to privatize rainwater in the province of Cochabamba with brute force and a martial lockdown. In the ensuing bedlam, a 17-year-old boy was killed when police catapulted a tear gas canister into his head. Bechtel, the company which had secured the contract for the privatization, finally chose to withdraw in the face of such strong opposition.

90. Modified - Press Release: The Water War Continues In Bolivia | AiDC 2002 Cochabamba water privatization contract by the Bolivian government a in April 2000, the Bolivian government was obliged to break the contract http://www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/491

91. Fact Sheet. After The Water Wars: The Search For Common Ground: International De The government of bolivia has made 32 attempts to achieve consensus on a On 8 October 2004, the government of bolivia promulgated la Ley numero 2878, http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-85928-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Español Français idrc.ca HOME IDRC ... Features Topic Explorer Reports magazine About Reports ... Researcher Profiles People Nadine E Robitaille ID: Added: Modified: News 2 of 113 Fact Sheet. After the Water Wars: The Search for Common Ground About Reports Email notification IDRC photo: Michelle Hibler) After 32 failed attempts to reach consensus on water legislation and a deadly social conflict over water rights, IDRC -supported researchers in Bolivia have helped their country develop a water law that everyone could agree on. “Our country cannot afford the luxury of having legal norms that are repealed or abolished days or months after being approved.” — Juan Carlos Alurralde Comisión para la Gestión Integral del Agua en Bolivia The Development Challenge: Turn conflict into collaboration for policy-making Water has always been a controversial issue in Bolivia. Water is a scarce commodity in much of the Andean country — and in other regions where there is ample rainfall, access to water is hotly contested. It has been extremely difficult to find agreement on how the resource should be regulated and who should have legal rights to it. The Government of Bolivia has made 32 attempts to achieve consensus on a comprehensive new water law — one that would update a law with colonial roots that has been on the books since 1906. None were accepted. In 1998, the issue of water rights came to a boiling point when the Bolivian government proposed legislation that allowed for the privatization of water and provided a private, foreign-owned company, Aguas del Tunari, with a concession to sell water in Cochabamba. For the first time in recent Bolivian history, social groups mobilized in protest. By 2000, the country was paralyzed by blockades; lives were lost in riots; the government was destabilized and facing political crisis. Bolivia’s “Water War” hit the front pages of newspapers worldwide. The government was forced to break the contract with Aguas del Tunari and to promise more open debate on the issues. A special council was created, the Consejo Interinstitucional del Agua (CONIAG), that was charged with drafting a water management law based on public consultation. This was an unusual gesture: Bolivia had rarely sought public input into policy-making.

92. Soaking The Poor - S.F.'s Bechtel Wants The Bolivian People To Pay For Its Bad W Last month the bolivian government formally canceled AdT s 40year contract. According to sources in bolivia, the government is not recognizing http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/waterBolivia.html

back to water co-globalize rat haus Index ... ASCII text format ) See Also: The Blue Planet Project Cochabamba Declaration , 8 December 2000 On December 8, 2000 several hundred people gathered in Cochabamba, Bolivia for a seminar on the global pressure to turn water over to private water corporations. For many of those who attended it was the first time they had come together since the mass uprising at the beginning of the year when the people of Cochabamba took back their water from the private water company. Also in attendance was an international delegation of water activists. The result of that meeting was the following declaration that captures the essence of their struggle and the struggle of more and more communities around the world. This declaration is a rallying call to join the struggle to protect the planet and human rights. The following is mirrored from its source at: http://www.sfbg.com/News/35/11/11becht.html SOAKING THE POOR S.F.'s Bechtel wants the Bolivian people to pay for its bad water investment By Daniel Zoll dzoll@sfbg.com

93. The Politics Of Water In Bolivia The Bolivian government declared martial law in an effort to save the No onenot the Bolivian government, not the World Bank and certainly not the http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050214&s=shultz

94. BBC NEWS | Americas | Papers Split On Bolivia Crisis Some papers accuse the government of arrogance , but others say it has been meanwhile, ponder the widening split in the Bolivian government and draw http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3194472.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Last Updated: Wednesday, 15 October, 2003, 16:35 GMT 17:35 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Papers split on Bolivia crisis Dozens have been killed in the protests so far As violent protests are set to continue in Bolivia over President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada's controversial gas exports scheme, the Bolivian press is divided as to who to blame for the unrest. Some papers accuse the government of "arrogance", but others say it has been too lenient in its treatment of the protesters' ringleaders. Papers in neighbouring Chile and Peru, meanwhile, ponder the widening split in the Bolivian Government and draw parallels with Ecuador, whose president was deposed in 2000. La Paz's El Diario backs the opposition's call for a referendum on the gas exports, which would rely on port facilities in Chile and leave only 18% of profits in Bolivia. "That demand - stained in the blood of dozens of compatriots killed and injured in the defence of the natural resources - remains alive despite the government's stubborn attitude," it says. The paper adds that Bolivia needs to take a more rational part in the exploitation of its own gas reserves.

95. Public Citizen | Critical Mass Energy And Environment Program | Critical Mass En Bechtel is determined to make the government of bolivia pay for canceling thewater contract. In 2001, Bechtel filed suit against the bolivian government, http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/bolivia/articles.cfm?ID=920

96. Campesinos Vs Oil Industry: Bolivia Takes On Goliath Of Globalization - Globaliz Arising largely from continued public momentum, the Bolivian government is They learned the Bolivian government had granted the consortium under the http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/special/2004/1205bolivia.htm

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum Campesinos Vs Oil Industry: Bolivia Takes On Goliath of Globalization By Will Braun Global Exchange December 5, 2004 They sent a water-privatizing multinational packing, and chased an ultra- neoliberal president all the way to Miami. Now they have come head-to-head with the ultimate goliath of globalization. The people of Bolivia - stalwarts on the front lines of anti-globalization - are trying to wrest control of the country's oil and gas reserves from the big boys of fossil fuel. But as Oscar Olivera - one of the most recognizable figures of the Bolivian movement - tells it, the struggle is not so much against corporations or politicians as it is for public control of decisions affecting everyday life. "People can change things," says Olivera. And a seemingly unstoppable public momentum is building around this simple realization. This momentum got a huge boost in 2000 when the people of Olivera's hometown of Cochabamba de-privatized their water system to world-wide anti- globalization acclaim. As the aftermath of the 2000 "Water War" plays out on the streets of Cochabamba and the board rooms of Bechtel Corporation, the people of Bolivia are slowly and surely molding a new, less corporatized country. Crude politics Olivera - a shoe factory worker by trade - says oil and gas are vital to the sort of country the people are creating. "We want a different country," he says, "and for that we need an economic base." He sees Bolivia's oil and gas reserves - second only to Venezuela on the continent - as the obvious economic foundation. But where there is oil there is an excess of politics. Currently Bolivia's oil is controlled by foreign powers and revenues pour out of the country. For most of a century Bolivia has vacillated between nationalized and privatized control of its oil. In 1996 president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada signed privatization deals with various oil companies. Now, Olivera says, for every $100 of oil extracted in the country, $18 stays in Bolivia and $82 goes to the

97. Bolivia: Coca, The FTAA, Terrorism And Sovereignty | 26/6/2003 Morales confirmed All of the actions of the Bolivian government imposed by Before the violence intensified, the Bolivian government initiated a series http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/bolivia/txt/2003/0626coca_ftaa

Bolivia: Coca, the FTAA, terrorism and sovereignty Alex Contreras Baspineiro http://www.alainet.org/active/show_news.phtml?news_id=3964 On June 14, in the Chapare region situated 162 kilometers from Cochabamba, the explosion from a "machine canon" killed two soldiers - Francisco Mamini and Secundino Alborta - and left seven injured. The government's immediate reaction was to accuse Representative Evo Morales Ayma and the leaders of the coca producers of having links with terrorist groups that were "presumably Columbian". One day prior to the fatal attack, at a meeting with representatives from the Confederation of Private Bolivian Businessmen of Santa Cruz, the President of Bolivia announced that the threat to democracy had passed and that he now had other priorities: to dampen the campaign of the Movement Towards Socialism (MAS) to ensure that they would not win during the 2004 local elections. Never before, in any suicide attack in Bolivian territory, has there been any indication that a "machine canon" has been used. Military and police authorities asserted that an explosion of this nature can only be prepared and handled by experts as it is detonated from a distance by remote control or triggered by a timer. Seeds of terrorism?

98. BOLIVIA: Cocaleros Will Not Be `eradicated' The death came only three days after talks between Bolivian government officials On September 9, the Bolivian government, led by President Carlos Mesa, http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/601/601p17.htm

Latest GLW About Green Left Weekly ... Online troops home poll Federico Fuentes Juan Choque, a 37-year-old cocalero (coca farmer) from the Chapare region in Bolivia was shot dead on September 28, while 19 others were injured in clashes with the military. The death came only three days after talks between Bolivian government officials and cocaleros broke down. A series of confrontations in the previous two weeks over coca growing left more than 20 people injured and the Chapare region at boiling point. The cocaleros struggle for their livelihood is a struggle against US domination of the country, and for national dignity and self-determination. Following the death of Choque, Mesa called a four-day break in the eradication program to calm the situation but pledged not to halt the plan. These new camps have been established as part of an offensive by the Mesa government to push forward its program of forced coca eradication. The cocaleros have demanded a suspension of eradication at least until a study can be conducted to determine the level of coca cultivation necessary to meet legal demand and real plans for alternative crops to maintain their livelihood are proposed. Initially the eradication programs were limited to the Chapare region of Cochabamba, where the coca grown is suitable for use as cocaine. Here, cocaleros were paid compensation and given help in moving towards alternative crop. The other main coca growing area, the Yungas in La Paz, was designated for coca cultivation for traditional purposes.

99. Canada Strengthens Commitment To Development In Bolivia Canadian assistance in bolivia and Honduras. The government of Canada continuesto fulfil its commitment to Canada making a difference in the world a http://w3.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/0/58221248d4c3012485256d5200537ebc?OpenDo

100. Bolivia: Who Rules? The Bolivian government’s manoeuvring came to light when it asked Intec, amultinational engineering firm, to carry out an impartial study to determine http://mondediplo.com/2003/05/12chavez

subscribe back issues search maps ... May 2003 Contents Transition to an empire States in protective custody When the US wanted to take over France A person of no concern ... Homeless and hopeless in Sudan Bolivia: who rules? * A hyperactive new left The theatre of memory The book of sadness and remembrance Unjust justice in Athens THE PRESIDENT, THE IMF AND THE NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Bolivia: who rules? By Walter Chavez This article is available to subscribers only. login or email address password to subscribe to our Internet or print editions, follow this link if you have forgotten your password, please enter your email address or login name in the top box and press the "password reminder" button below to receive an email reminder Translated by Luke Sandford

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