61. The Environmental Literacy Council - Biomes ecosystems Energy Food Environment Society biomes. Alpine Boreal Forest Deciduous Forests Desert ecosystems Grasslands Scrub Forests http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/13.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Biomes One way of understanding differences in the ecological makeup of the earth’s surface is to divide it into biomes. A biome is an ecological zone whose uniformity is defined by the type of plant life that dominates within it. This makes sense for scientists because plant life will often give a strong indication of other ecological features of a zone, such as animal life and soil type. Because biomes are defined by plant life rather than region, some biomes can stretch around the world. For example, the biome known as the Boreal Forest (Boreal means “northern”) covers much of northern Europe, Russia, and Canada. The Boreal Forest is defined by the predominance of conifers (trees with needles, not leaves). There is more than one way to divide up the world’s biomes, but most divisions are variations on or combinations of the following commonly used categories: boreal forest (conifers), temperate forest (hardwoods or mixed hardwoods and conifers), tropical forest, desert, alpine (mountain) zone, grassland, and tundra. One commonly cited biome that doesn’t easily fit within these other divisions is the chaparral or Mediterranean shrubland, which is found in European, North African, and western Asian coastal lands along the Mediterranean, as well as in coastal California. The chaparral features hardy shrub-like plants that have evolved to conserve moisture from winter rains during a long, arid summer. Biomes support the same types of organisms no matter where they are located on the planet. These organisms often have different genetic lineages and are similar only in that they have adapted to similar conditions.

62. 9(l) Primary Productivity Of Plants The least productive ecosystems are those limited by heat energy and water Of the Earth s various biomes, tropical rainforest and conifer forest are the http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9l.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere (l). Primary Productivity of Plants Introduction The bodies of living organisms within a unit area make up a standing crop of biomass More specifically, biomass can be defined as the mass of organisms per unit area and is usually expressed in units of energy (e.g., joules m ) or dry organic matter (e.g., tons ha or grams m ). Most of the biomass in a community is composed of plants, which are the primary producers of biomass because of their ability to fix carbon through photosynthesis . This chemical reaction can be described by the following simple formula: O light energy C H O The product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate , such as the sugar glucose , and oxygen which is released into the atmosphere ( Figure 9l-1 ). All of the sugar produced in the photosynthetic cells of plants and other organisms is derived from the initial chemical combining of carbon dioxide and water with sunlight (

63. Biozone: Ecology Introduction to biogeography and Ecology An introduction to many What is aBiome? What is an Ecosystem? How have humans affected the ecosystems? http://www.biozone.co.uk/biolinks/ECOLOGY.html

BIOLINKS Home Products Purchase Online Free Samples ... Contact Us SEARCH THE WEB RSS NEWSFEEDS From EurekAlert! Your browser does not support JavaScript. Click to read the latest news From BBC News Your browser does not support JavaScript. Click to read the latest news From NewScientist.com Your browser does not support JavaScript. Click to read the latest news Presentation MEDIA Learn more Ecology Page Index: Ecosystems Environmental monitoring Populations and Communities Energy Flows and Nutrient Cycles General Sites for Ecology Calculate Your Ecological Footprint How big is your ecological footprint? Complete the questionnaire to determine your impact on the planet! EarthTrends: Information Portal A subsite of the World Resource Institute, the pages of EarthTrends contain substantial information on various ecosystems, climate and population data, energy, agriculture and biodiversity. Introduction to Biogeography and Ecology An introduction to many aspects of ecology such as abiotic and biotic factors, species distribution, ecological niche, succession, biomes, food chains, trophic levels, food webs, nutrient cycles.

64. Blackwell Synergy - Cookie Absent Climate change and modelled biome representation in Canada s national park Each of Canada s national parks is responsible for protecting ecosystems http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00308.x

 Home An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie A cookie is a small amount of information that a web site copies onto your hard drive. Synergy uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. If the cookie cannot be set correctly, then Synergy cannot determine whether you are logged in and a new session will be created for each page you visit. This slows the system down. Therefore, you must accept the Synergy cookie to use the system. What Gets Stored in a Cookie? Synergy only stores a session ID in the cookie, no other information is captured. In general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. For example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. Allowing a web site to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it. Please read our for more information about data collected on this site.

65. PMIP 2 Vegetation Maps For The Mid-Holocene And Last Glacial Maximum Climate change and Arctic ecosystems I. Vegetation changes north of 55°N between Presentday and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip2/synth/vegmaps.shtml

PMIP 2 Home Data synthesis PMIP 2 Vegetation Maps For The Mid-Holocene And Last Glacial Maximum Data description The published version of the BIOME 6000 database (Version 3: Prentice et al., 2000) was based on maps produced on a region by region basis over a number of years. Here, we have fused the information from the various regions and standardised the biome names. We recognise 40 biomes, using names that are broadly consistent with the BIOME4 equilibrium biogeography-biochemistry model (Kaplan et al., 2003). Since Version 3 of the BIOME 6000 database was released, there have been three new palaeovegetation mapping initiatives. Harrison et al. (2001) added a number of sites from the continental shelf east of China which date to the last glacial maximum. The Pan-Arctic Initiative (PAIN) extended the site coverage from the high-northern latitudes at both 6000 yr B.P. and the last glacial maximum (Bigelow et al., 2003). Pickett et al. (2004) extended the coverage to the SEAPAC (South East Asia and the Pacific) region at both 6000 yr B.P. and the last glacial maximum. These data sets are included in the current version of the BIOME 6000 data set (Version 4.2). BIOME 6000 Version 4.2 has records for 11166 modern sites, 1794 sites at 6000 yr B.P., and 318 sites at 18,000 yr B.P.

66. Undergrad biogeography as environmental science; different approaches in terrestrialecosystems, vegetation regions and biomes (focus on South Africa); http://general.uj.ac.za/geography/Undergrad.htm

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Undergraduate Courses COURSES DESCRIPTION PREREQUISITE Geography 1 Population Geography Political Geography Climatology Geomorphology Geography 2 Economic Geography Urban Geography Geography 3 Geo-Informatics: Integrated application and management of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Cartography 2A or 2B Statistical methods A or Analytical techniques A 2A, 2B and 3A Geography 1A Population Geography (GGF5011): Introduction to human geography and the concept of "geographical space"; population geography (population, resources, environmental impact), population distribution, population dynamics (and growth), results of population growth (socio-economic), population control (zero population growth, policy, planning; humans and their environment (impact, problems, overpopulation, environmental carrying capacity, resources, change, impact evaluation). Political Geography (GGF5991): Spatial political organisation. Political geography of the world order; sovereign states (development, structure, processes); geography of political participation, political instability; the new world order: a futuristic scenario. Back to table Geography 1B Climatology (GGF5031): A spatial study of the earth's atmosphere, weather and climate.

67. ESSC 401-402 - Biosphere - Biogeochemical Cycles - Biomes - Ecology - Soil/water Topic 37 biomes, biogeography and Ecosystem Dynamics. NOTE Choose one of thefollowing print sources to read besides the online web resources http://resweb.llu.edu/rford/courses/ESSC500/ESSC500bios.html

Bob Ford Home SPOL 665 Info-Tech. Decision Science ... ESSC 541-2 Week 17 BIOSPHERE Lithosphere and Soils: Soil-Water Budgets Biogeochemical Cycles Lecture Discussion Topics Topic #35: Soils and Soil-Water Budgets Reading: Chapter 20 pages 470 - 474. The Blue Planet: An Introduction to Earth System Science , 2e - World Soil Classification System pages 503-505 Key Land/Soil Modules: Assessment of soil and terrain resources for sustainable developments - ISRIC Basics of Soil and Soil Facts Colorado Plateau Ecosystems LUHNA Project - Land Use History of North America Earth Materials and Soil Resources - and - Precipitation and Climate - lectures from GEOG 1403 - Univ of Minnesota / Dwight Brown FAO - Portal on Soil Information - and other Databases - FAO Land and Water Development Division GIS and Sustainable Development - FAO ICSU - World Data Center for Soils ISRIC - International Soil Reference and Information System Management options for increased carbon sequestration in the soil National Resources Inventory - NRCS/USA PC - Tutorial - FAOSOIL - english RECOMMENDED SOIL TESTING PROCEDURES FOR THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES SOIL and Pedology and Land and Biosphere Degradation resources Soil Glossary Soils Online - AGL/FAO Sustainable Development and Green Living -related resources

68. GEsource - Search Results For The site is provided by the biogeography and Conservation Lab of The Natural History (eg climate change) or by biome (eg coastal and marine ecosystems). http://www.gesource.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/browsesql.pl?toplevel=physical&limit=0&s

69. Biomes World s biomes Aquatic, Deserts, Forests, Grasslands and Tundra Organization ofLife Species, Populations, Communities, and ecosystems ecosystems http://www.angelfire.com/stars3/education/biomes.html

Biomes In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities well adapted to the region's physical environment. The concept of a biome highlights the interaction among plant and animal populations, soil, water and air. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.) Introduction to Biomes Biomes Biome Resource Page Biomes of the World ... Habitats and Biomes More Biome Links Ecosystems / Biomes Biomes - Photography Matching Activity: Geography World - Ecosystems / Biomes: terms related to the world's living ecosystems and biomes Biomes [Living Worlds] ... Biomes and Ecozones ( A Research Guide for Students)

70. Biology  456 Course Outline biogeography of North America through the Cenozoic Era Communities, ecosystemsand biomes. Continental and climate changes of the past. Plate tectonics http://web.mala.bc.ca/mcmillan/biology456.htm

Biology Biogeography This course is not offered every year. It will next be offered in the fall of 2005 After loading this page, press the Refresh or Reload button (or in Internet Explorer) to be sure that you have the most recent version, and not a previous version your computer has stored for you. Biology 456 Fall 2005 This tentative outline may change slightly before the course begins WEEK DATES Lectures Textbook chapter readings Sep 6 - 9 (Mon holiday) Introduction Solar energy and climate variation around the world Sep 12 - 16 Ocean currents and their effects on climates Soil type variation Microenvironments and plant growth Sep 19 - 23 Vegetation types of the world - their relation to climate, and their distributions Sep 26 - 30 Vegetation types of North America MIDTERM EXAM ON FRIDAY Oct 3 - 7 Vegetation types of North America Vegetation types on other continents Oct 11 - 14 (Mon holiday) Plate tectonics and its effects on the distributions of taxa Oct 17 - 21 Glaciation effects Biogeography of North America through the Cenozoic Era Oct 24 - 28 Pattern analysis MIDTERM EXAM ON FRI DAY Oct 31 - Nov 4 Species-area relationships Plant family distribution patterns Nov 7 - 10 (Fri holiday) Reconstructing past events in biogeography Phylogenetic and cladistic biogeography Panbiogeography Nov 14 - 18 MIDTERM EXAM ON FRI DAY Nov 21 - 25 Island biogeography

71. Biogeography, Third Edition - Sinauer Associates, Inc. biogeography, Third Edition is written as a primary text for undergraduate and A Global Comparison of biomes and Communities; Ecosystem Geography http://www.sinauer.com/detail.php?id=0620

72. 00000363-Applied Biogeography s GG2P2 Applied biogeography major biomes ona temporal and spatial basis and focuses on ecosystem function and dynamics......UoR Home Module http://www.info.rdg.ac.uk/module/0506/SC/GG2P2.htm

staff student search Module Descriptions UoR Home Prospective Students Research Departments A-Z News About the University UoR Home Module Descriptions > GG2P2: Applied Biogeography GG2P2: Applied Biogeography Module Provider: Geography Number of credits: 10 [5 ECTS credits] Level: I (Intermediate) Terms in which taught: Spring Module Convenor: Dr GH Griffiths Pre-requisites: Co-requisites: Modules excluded: Current from: Aims: Biogeography is a key component of the physical environment through its focus on plant/animal distributions and ecosystem services. This module examines the characteristics of the Earth's major biomes on a temporal and spatial basis and focuses on ecosystem function and dynamics in relation to the physical environment and human impacts. Assessable learning outcomes: On completion of this module it is expected that a student will be able to: Give a reasoned account of the characteristics and function of the World's major biomes Recognise and evaluate the dynamic nature of ecosystems, including their development through geological time

73. Biomelinks Biome descriptions. biogeography of the Earth Outline Earth biomes LearningModule Mission biomes NASA Forest Ecosystem Dynamics Project http://research.umbc.edu/~miller/geog110h/biomelinks.htm

Biogeography and ecology Biome descriptions: Biogeography of the Earth - Outline Earth Biomes Learning Module Important terms and concepts The World's Biomes (UC Berkeley) ... The coastal temperate rainforest bioregion Specific locations: Biogeographical Provinces of Natural and Mixed World Heritage Sites WORLD HERITAGE SITES WHICH ARE BIOSPHERE RESERVES World Wildlife Fund's "Global 200" Major habitat types (corresponds to biomes) ... U. S. Long-Term Ecological Research Network Individual sites: (note: addresses have changed since last year. I have updated some but haven't completed the list. To find the others, go to the site above and then click on the individual project name; from there click on "web server" for the individual project.) H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Blue River, Oregon Arctic Tundra, Toolik Lake, Brooks Range, Alaska ... The North American deserts Other: U.S. research and data centers Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Remote Sensing research at the USDA Agricultural Research Service National Resources Conservation Service Data Clearinghouse EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) home page ... Conservation EcologyESA International large-scale experiments and research projects Primary Production in the Global Ocean International Geosphere-Biosphere Program.

74. Research Starters: Rainforests Maintained by the biogeography and conservation lab at London s Natural History Educational resource on tropical forests as ecosystems, maintained by http://teacher.scholastic.com/researchtools/researchstarters/rainforests/

Scholastic Home About Us Site Map Search ... Tools adaptation A feature that makes a species of organisms better suited to live and reproduce in its environment. canopy The uppermost layer of a forest; most of the forest's photosynthesis occurs there, since it receives the greatest amount of sunlight. conifer Cone-bearing trees and shrubs with small evergreen leaves usually in the shape of narrow needles or flat scales. ecosystem A community of organisms and the physical environment in which they live. emergent tree A tree that sticks up above the canopy of a forest. evergreen A woody plant that retains leaves throughout the year. food chain A feeding pattern in an ecological community, in which energy passes from one organism to another. rain forest An ecosystem characterized by a dense growth of trees in a very wet climate. understory The shady layer of a forest beneath the canopy.

75. Environment And Resources Georgia, USA, outlining the main concepts and issues of biogeography, includingecosystems, biomes, succession and Holocene environmental changes. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/anthony.gristwood/Environment and resources.htm

Environment and Resources Open links in new Window Agriculture, forestry and countryside Ancient Tree Forum KS3, GCSE, AS/A2, UNI Website produced in association with the Woodland Trust to promote the conservation of ancient trees and the wildlife they support in the UK and Europe through changes in land use and practice. Includes news, articles, a gazeteer and photo and art galleries inspired by the issues. National Farmers' Union KS3, GCSE, AS/A2, UNI The organisation representing farmers and growers in England and Wales provides a useful series of UK farm studies intended for secondary schools. Includes profiles of 9 different arable and animal husbandry farms drawn from the various NFU regions and overseas. Includes locational info, data on land use, machinery, inputs of pesticide, fertilizer etc, productivity and diversification for each case study. Rural Futures - What is the Countryside For GCSE, AS/A2, UNI

76. Natural Selection: Subject Gateway To The Natural World The lecture notes look at the basics of biogeography, then go on to Aimed ata general audience, these pages introduce the major biomes of the world. http://nature.ac.uk/browse/578.html

low graphics Top Biogeography General topics ... ABMAP ABMAP refers to the Abalone Mapping Project, originally published in print as "Distribution and biogeography of Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide" in Bollettino Malacologico by Daniel Geiger. You can view species distribution data via the geographic portal; maps can be browsed by region. Through the taxonomic portal you can view illustrations of the species studied. Useful introductory information provides a background to the project, plus notes on recent additions and updates. Abalones; Mollusks; Biogeography; Biogeography These pages have been designed to complement the biogeography module hosted by Dr. Tony Stallins of the Department of Geography, Florida State University. However, they may provide a useful tool for any student requiring an introduction into the subject. The lecture notes look at the basics of biogeography, then go on to explore vegetation dynamics and plant succession. Further topics for discussion include biodiversity, perceptions of wilderness and invasive species. Links to relevant articles complement the lecture notes. A bibliography of recommended readings is also available. Biological diversity; Vegetation dynamics; Plant communities; Plant succession; Invasive plants; Plant introduction; Nonindigenous pests; Introduced animals; Life zones; Biogeography;

77. Natural Selection: Subject Gateway To The Natural World These pages have been designed to complement the biogeography module Aimed ata general audience, these pages introduce the major biomes of the world. http://nature.ac.uk/text/browse/578.html

high graphics Nature home search browse about ... ABMAP ABMAP refers to the Abalone Mapping Project, originally published in print as "Distribution and biogeography of Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide" in Bollettino Malacologico by Daniel Geiger. You can view species distribution data via the geographic portal; maps can be browsed by region. Through the taxonomic portal you can view illustrations of the species studied. Useful introductory information provides a background to the project, plus notes on recent additions and updates. Abalones; Mollusks; Biogeography; Biogeography These pages have been designed to complement the biogeography module hosted by Dr. Tony Stallins of the Department of Geography, Florida State University. However, they may provide a useful tool for any student requiring an introduction into the subject. The lecture notes look at the basics of biogeography, then go on to explore vegetation dynamics and plant succession. Further topics for discussion include biodiversity, perceptions of wilderness and invasive species. Links to relevant articles complement the lecture notes. A bibliography of recommended readings is also available. Biological diversity; Vegetation dynamics; Plant communities; Plant succession; Invasive plants; Plant introduction; Nonindigenous pests; Introduced animals; Life zones; Biogeography;

78. Untitled Document Community Structure and ecosystems. Important Vocabulary. biogeography the Biome - a major regional community characterized by the dominant forms of http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_112/Summaries/Eco_Communities.html

Biology 112 Lab Community Structure and Ecosystems Important Vocabulary Biogeography - the study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals. Biome - a major regional community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate; also known as a vegetation zone. Ecotone - areas when the vegetation and animal forms are a mixture of two different vegetation zones or biomes. Water holding capacity - the capacity of a soil to hold onto water when the water is available. Species diversity - the variety of life forms found on earth. Diversity index - a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community. Diversity indices provide more information about community composition than simply species richness; they also take the relative abundances of different species into account. Simpson's Index (D) is a type of diversity index. Species richness - the number of species present. Evenness - the same number of individuals in each species. Environment is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "The conditions under which any person or thing lives or is developed; the sum-total of influences which modify and determine the development of life or character." The earth has four components that make up the environment.

79. The Regional Impacts Of Climate Change There are generally two classes of GVMs, biogeography models and biogeochemistrymodels. The vegetation types are hierarchical, representing biomes (eg, http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/316.htm

The Regional Impacts of Climate Change Get Javascript Other reports in this collection C.1. Introduction C.2. VEMAP Model Intercomparison The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) compared three biogeography models, MAPSS (Neilson, 1995), BIOME2 (Haxeltine et al., 1996), and DOLY (Woodward and Smith, 1994; Woodward et al., 1995) and three biogeochemistry models TEM (Raich et al., 1991; McGuire et al., 1992; Melillo et al., 1993), CENTURY (Parton et al., 1987; Parton et al., 1988; Parton et al., 1993), and BIOME-BGC (Hunt and Running, 1992; Running and Hunt, 1993). The two classes of global models were intercompared and loosely coupled for an assessment of both model capabilities and the potential impacts of global warming on U.S. ecosystems (VEMAP Members, 1995). The VEMAP process determined that all the models have roughly equal skill in simulating the current environment, but exhibit some divergences under alternative climates, in some cases producing vegetation responses of opposite sign. Given the timeframe of this IPCC special report, only MAPSS and BIOME3 were able to provide global simulations. MAPSS and BIOME2 (a precursor to BIOME3) were found to produce generally similar results under the future climate scenarios of the VEMAP process. However, MAPSS is consistently more sensitive to water stress, producing a more xeric outcome under future climates and it also has a more sensitive response to elevated CO

80. GEOG2740 Ecology, Evolution, And Biogeography Response of terrestrial ecosystems to past environmental change, 104, 105 yr scales The Song of the Dodo Island biogeography in an Age of Extinction. http://lib5.leeds.ac.uk/rlists/geog/geog2740.htm

Geography: reading lists: Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography, Session 2003/04, Semester 2 Dr Oliver L. Phillips and Dr Chronis Tzedakis Textbooks and website wk14. Ecological Principles: ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycles wk15. Evolutionary Principles: biodiversity processes and patterns wk16 Long-term history of life on earth: life/biogeochemistry interactions ... wk24. Human Impacts and the Ecology of Global Change, Third Millenium Highly recommended text, including possible purchase Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach . 6th Edition, Blackwell. * Bennett, K.D. (1997) Evolution and Ecology, The Pace of Life. Cambridge University Press. * Dickinson, G. and Murphy, K. (1998). Ecosystems . Routledge. * Archibold, O W (1995) Ecology of World Vegetation . Chapman and Hall. * Tivy, J (1993) Biogeography . 3rd Edition, Longman. Try these Web sites for materials related to the course: http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biogeog.html http://www.abdn.ac.uk/zoohons/lecture4/ http://www.nms.ac.uk (awaiting a new section on climate) http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/worldmap/

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