41. Section 2 Lecture 1 biosphere; biogeography; ecosystem; autotrophic; heterotrophic; energy flows at a variety of scales the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, microhabitats. http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/ipgfiles/sect2/

To consider the biosphere as an assemblage of dynamic ecosystems and to examine the basic structure, functions and processes of terrestrial and aquatic systems. biosphere; biogeography; ecosystem; autotrophic; heterotrophic; energy flows; thermodynamics; entropy; photosynthesis; food chain; primary productivity biomass; biogeochemical cycles; nutrient pools. Biogeography The biosphere is generally considered to be "that portion of the earth in which organisms and people can live" (Odum, 1993, p.26). It merges impercephibly into the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. (Fig 1a) Within the biosphere, organisms interact with each other and with their abiotic environment in complex ways. It is these relationships and the resultant spatial and temporal patterns of life-forms which are the main focus for biogeography (Fig 1b). Investigations are undertaken at a variety of scales : the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, micro-habitats. The most common/useful scale used by many biogeographers is that of the ecosystem. This term was coined by Tansley in 1935 to denote biotic and abiotic components considered as a whole. "Ecosystem" is aterm which not only describes particular groups of organisms interacting with each other and with their non-living environment, but it is also a concept. Ecosystems are generally considered to be open, dynamic systems with identifiable structures and functions (Fig 2.) Any given ecosystem contains

42. GEsource - Search Results For This is a series of lecture notes introducing biogeography by Dr Henri D. communities and ecosystems, biomes, evidence from the glacial record. http://www.gesource.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/fullrecordsql.pl?handle=2003811-165044

43. DLESE Description Of Biogeography This is a class website for biogeography and contains exam questions, Topics covered by the notes include biodiversity, ecosystems and biomes, http://www.dlese.org/dds/catalog_DLESE-000-000-003-288.htm

Educational resources Email discussions Everything else Home Register New to DLESE? Find a Resource Your selections: var tm_gr0 = new VocabList( 'tm_gr0', 0, 'Grade levels', 'Grades', 190, ); AV( tm_gr0, "Primary (K-2)", "K-2", 'gr', '07', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "Intermediate (3-5)", "3-5", 'gr', '04', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "Middle (6-8)", "6-8", 'gr', '05', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "High (9-12)", "9-12", 'gr', '02', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "College (13-14)", "13-14", 'gr', '09', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "College (15-16)", "15-16", 'gr', '0a', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "Graduate / Professional", "Grad-Prof", 'gr', '01', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "Informal", "Informal", 'gr', '03', false, false, null ); AV( tm_gr0, "General public", "General", 'gr', '00', false, false, null ); setList( 'gr' ); //> Biogeography http://bss.sfsu.edu/geog/bholzman/courses/316/Default.htm From DLESE Community Collection (DCC) Submit a comment or teaching tip Biogeography is concerned with the distribution, ranges, and limits of plants and animals. This is a class website for biogeography and contains exam questions, class notes, and links for more information. Topics covered by the notes include biodiversity, ecosystems and biomes, climates and changes in climates, distribution of species, island biogeography, evolution, changes in physical geography, fossils, and life on Earth today. There are also completed class projects on the biogeography of specific species available for viewing.

44. INSTAAR Ecosystems Group and biogeography; and above and below-ground systems. Our results frommany biomes suggest that N-limited ecosystems have DINDON ratios less than http://instaar.colorado.edu/research/ecosystems.html

Home Introduction Research Ecosystems Geophysics Past Global Change Geochron. Center Mountain Station ... Contact Us Ecosystems Group T he primary aim of the Ecosystems Group is to study the ecological components of arctic and alpine systems and their interactions with climatic and biophysical variables. The Ecosystems Group has recently expanded to include study of the tropics and human dimensions. Basic research topics include: ecosystem dynamics biogeochemical processes biodiversity ecosystem disturbance and recovery modeling of biotic pattern distribution ecological assessments conservation planning We address questions of how climatic influences, biophysical factors, and biotic components interact to control the distribution and maintenance of ecosystems; how the hierarchical organization of current ecosystems was produced in response to past and present environments; how predicted climatic changes and current and future changes in land-use patterns will affect ecosystems; and how conservation planning can contribute to sustainable ecosystems at multiple geographic scales. Ongoing projects investigate the following characteristics and scales of ecological systems: populations, species, communities, landscapes, and regions; plants and animals; biogeochemistry, ecophysiology, hydrology, patterns of biotic distribution, and biogeography; and above- and below-ground systems.

45. Mark T. Brown, Systems Ecologist/Environmental Engineer 11/3 ecosystems, World biomes EGS ch 21. 11/5 ecosystems, World biomes EGS ch 21 11/17 Ecosystem Concepts, island biogeography http://www.ees.ufl.edu/homepp/brown/ecogen.asp

Systems Ecologist Environmental Engineer Program Home Contact EES 5305 - Ecological and General Systems Fall 2004 - Mark T. Brown Course Description: General systems and systems ecology, including examples, languages, theoretical formulations and models for design, synthesis, understanding, simulation, and prediction of systems of humanity and nature. Course Objectives: Introduce: general systems concepts common to all systems, principles of systems ecology and environmental science, theories of organization and control Learn: simplify systems by aggregation, systems diagramming and simulation for understanding, universal designs of maximum empower, program, calibrate, and simulate models with microcomputers Understand: fundamentals of energy, entropy, emergy, information, hierarchy, organization, complexity, diversity, kinetics, production, consumption, succession, oscillation, populations, material cycles, and economics. Text: Odum, H.T. 1994.

46. - biogeography and ecosystem concept. Concepts of distribution patterns. The biosphere.Defining biomes and ecosystems of the world. http://www.nu.ac.za/department/courses/courses.asp?dept=saesunp&id=22

47. Biogeography: Explore The World's Biomes Browse biomes Map, Search Photos, , Arctic Tundra firetrees (Myricafaya) have been cut down manually to protect native ecosystems. http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~daniels/biomes/explore/browseBiome.php?gid=5&img=11

48. GE201 of their characteristic ecosystems or biomes and the importance of physical, CB Cox and PD Moore, 1993, biogeography An Ecological and Evolutionary http://www.usp.ac.fj/geography/GE201.HTML

GIS-Unit SSED USP Biogeography: Plants, Animals and the Human Environment(1E, 2C) Pre-requisite or or permission of course Lecturer Course Description This course focuses on the nature and distribution of the world's plant and animal resources, with emphasis on the Pacific islands. Particular attention will be paid to the importance of plants and animals within the context of their characteristic ecosystems or biomes and the importance of physical, biotic and human factors in shaping ecosystems. Emphasis will also be placed on the ecological and cultural importance of plants and animals to sustainable human habitation of the earth. In this context, the ethnobotanical, ethnozoological and, in particular, the economic importance of plants and animals to Pacific peoples will be examined. Course Objective The primary objective of the course is to provide a basic understanding and appreciation of the nature, distribution, and ecological and cultural importance of the world's and the Pacific Islands' plant and animal resources. More specific emphasis will be placed on: 1) their distinctive characteristics, 2) their evolution, 3) the impact of human activities on these resources, and 4) the nature of the interdependence between human societies and their biotic resources and ecosystems. Prescribed texts C.B. Cox and P.D. Moore, 1993

49. Biology 4505, Biogeography And Systematics The nuts and bolts of biogeography the big 19th century expeditions ecosystems and biomes. 27 Sept. Climate zones and vegetation http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/4505_Schedule.htm

Biology 4505, Biogeography and Systematics Instructors: Evan Edinger, Richard Haedrich, Paul Snelgrove, Steve Carr MWF AM; SN 4040. LAB: F 2-5 PM, SN 4040 or field Date Lecture Topic Assigned readings. Week 1 Introduction 6 Sept. Course introduction, history of biogeography (all) Lab: (no lab) Week 2 biodiversity (PS) 9 Sept. Biodiversity: definitions 11 Sept. Biodiversity: measurements 13 Sept. Biodiversity gradients Lab: Computer lab: calculating biodiversity measures. Week 3 Distributions and their origins (RH 16 Sept. The nuts and bolts of biogeography: the big 19 th century expeditions choose organism groups for posters/term papers 18 Sept. Importance of taxonomy in biogeography 20 Sept. Relationship between systematics and biogeography Lab: Computer lab: calculating biogeographic measures. Week 4 Climate and biogeography (EE) 23 Sept. What is climate, and what controls it? 25 Sept. Ecosystems and biomes 27 Sept. Climate zones and vegetation Lab: Field trip: plant diversity at the MUN botanical gardens Week 5 A brief history of life (EE) 30 Sept.

50. Biogeography And Ecology -- Index Distribution patterns; Communities, ecosystems and biomes; Fluctuations indistribution en speciation; Island biogeography; Influence of plate tectonics http://aivwww.ugent.be/Studentenadministratie/Studiegids/2005/EN/FACULTY/WE/COUR

Biogeography and Ecology Reference Lectured in First Year Second Cycle Geography - Option: Geography Theory (A) Exercises (B) Training and projects (C) Studytime (D) Studypoints (E) Level Credit Contract? Access is determined by lecturer Examination Contract? Access is determined by lecturer Language of instruction Dutch Lecturer Johan Mertens Department Co-lecturers Koen Sabbe Key Words Objectives Departing from basic ecological principles the distribution of living creatures on earth is elucidated. As well, the distribution patterns of species are being looked at in an evolutionary context. The key question is somewhat: "Why do species and numbers vary in space and time the way they do?" Contents Introduction and basic ecological concepts What is biodiversity? Distribution patterns Communities, ecosystems and biomes Fluctuations in distribution en speciation Island biogeography Influence of plate tectonics Regions and provinces Influence of fylogenetic relationships on biogeography Glacial periods Prognoses to the future. Starting Objectives Candidatural courses Zoology and Botany Teaching and Learning Material Handbook References Teaching Methods Lectures Evaluation Methods One-off examination Examination Methods Oral examination with written preparation

51. Biol 1215 Chapt 50 Notes biogeography = study of past and present distribution of individual species. biomes = refers to major types of communities and ecosystems that are http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Biol1215notes/biol1215chap50.html

Biology Department Biology 1215 Outline Biology 1215 Lecture Notes Chap 50: Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Outline Ecology can be divided into 4 increasingly comprehensive levels of study Factors affecting the distribution of organisms Climate is a major factor determining distribution of organisms Aquatic and terrestrial biomes The geographical distribution of terrestrial biomes is based mainly on regional variations in climate Ecology = Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Multidisciplinary Traditionally been descriptive in nature. Descriptive approach remains essential to ecological science. Biosphere = portion of earth inhabited by life. Includes all the planet's communities and ecosystems. Environment includes biotic and abiotic factors. Questions about the relevant importance of various environmental variables are frequently at the heart of ecological studies. Biotic = All organisms within an individuals environment.

52. Science Descriptors - Stage H or technological design to study biogeography, researching global biomes, technological design to analyze Illinoisspecific ecosystems and biomes, http://www.isbe.state.il.us/ils/science/stage_H/descriptor.htm

CeRTS OTIS IWAS Teachers ... ISBE Home Stage H- Science Descriptors - Students who meet the standard know and apply the concepts, principles, and processes of scientific inquiry. Formulate issue-specific hypothesis, generating inquiry questions for an issue investigational premise, differentiating qualitative and quantitative data and their applicability, using conceptual/mathematical/physical models, or previewing associated research. Design scientific issue investigation which addresses proposed hypothesis(es), proposing applicable survey instruments, or selecting associated research, analysis, and communication components. Conduct issue investigation, using technologies for data collection and assimilation, following established formats for random sampling, or following all procedural and safety precautions, materials and equipment handling directions. Interpret and represent analysis of results evaluating data sets to explore explanations of unexpected responses and data concurrence, evaluating survey validity and reliability, or analyzing research and data for supporting or refuting the hypothesis.

53. Ecosystem Conservation In Region 3 Glossary biomes are composed of many smaller ecosystems communities of plants and animalsand by researchers in conservation biology and island biogeography. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/EcosystemConservation/glossary.html

54. Introdution To Biogeography 340 4) These Definitions do not make the ecosystems approach explicit. Ecologicalbiogeography concentrates on the distribution of communities or ecosystems and http://www.uwm.edu/Course/416-340/lecture_notes/01INTRO2003.htm

Introduction to Biogeography 340 September 2, 2003 I. Syllabus and Stuff II. Quiz III. Intro to Biogeography A. Biogeography Defined: 1) The Science concerned with describing and explaining the distribution of organisms on Earth. 2) Is concerned with the analysis and explanation of patterns of distribution, and with the understanding of changes in distribution that have taken place in the past and are taking place today (Cox and Moore). 3) Study of spatial variability of plants and animals and other organisms (MacDonald). 4) These Definitions do not make the ecosystems approach explicit. Ecological biogeography concentrates on the distribution of communities or ecosystems and how this geography affects ecosystem function and persistence. B. Two broad approaches within Biogeography: Historical-Taxonomic-Evolutionary Biogeography: The study of biogeography informs our understanding of how evolution – both micro and macroevolution occurred. Includes “Analytical Biogeography” which searches for “laws” or rules of evolutionary biogeography. Ecological Biogeography: Study of distributions of communities, ecosystems, and biomes.

55. Fundamentals Of Biogeography And Ecosystems Fundamentals of biogeography and ecosystems. biogeography and ecological systems A biome may contain many different kinds of smaller ecosystems. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/biogeography/biogeograph

The Physical Environment Contents News Glossary ... Biogeography of the Earth Fundamentals of Biogeography and Ecosystems Biogeography and ecological systems Biogeography is the study of the geographical patterns of plant and animal species. To understand the distribution of plant and animal species on Earth, a fundamental knowledge of ecology and ecosystem dynamics is required. Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms. An ecosystem is a functioning entity of all the organisms in a biological system generally in equilibrium with the inputs and outputs of energy and materials in a particular environment. It is the basic ecological unit of study. There are two kinds of ecosystems, aquatic and terrestrial. An ecosystem is comprised of habitats, biological communities, and ecotones. A biome is often referred to as a global-scale community of plants and animals and is the largest subdivision of the biosphere. A biome may contain many different kinds of smaller ecosystems. Biomes are typically distinguished on the basis of the characteristics of their vegetation because it makes up the largest portion of biomass. Plants and animals disburse across the Earth and occupy habitats favorable for their survival. A

56. Introduction To Biogeography A typical climate diagram used in biogeography is divided into months In addition to the actual assemblage, biomes emphasize the lifeforms of its http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/lect_10.htm

Geography 4900 Introduction to Biogeography Lecture 10 I. Climate diagrams as an aid to ecosystem classification Biogeographers have long sought a means for portraying climates in simple, condensed form that would give at a glance an indication of the main features that might be of critical importance to the organisms of the area. Climate diagrams provide this information. A typical climate diagram used in biogeography is divided into months (x-axis) and temperature ( e.g. , 10°C intervals) on the left y-axis and precipitation ( e.g. , in 20 mm intervals) on the right y-axis. Across the top of the diagram, you have the (1) location, (2) elevation), (3) length of record, (4) mean annual temperature, and (5) total annual precipitation. Along the left y-axis, you find (1) the highest temperature recorded, (2) the mean maximum temperature of warmest month, (3) mean daily temperature variation, (4) average minimum temperature during the coldest month, and (5) the lowest recorded temperature. Along the x-axis, you will find (1) the months with mean temperatures below freezing (0°C) in black, (2) months when late or early season frosts are likely (hatched), and (3) mean duration of the frost-free period in days. Within the body of the graph, you will find (1) the curve for mean monthly temperatures, (2) the curve for mean monthly precipitation, (3) the relative period of drought (dotted), (4) relative humid season (vertical hatching), and (5) period when mean monthly precipitation exceeds 100 mm (black), if available.

57. Introduction To Biogeography biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals over the biomes include tropical rainforest, savanna grassland, boreal forest, http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/lect_1.htm

Geography 4900 Introduction to Biogeography Lecture 1 I. Introduction to Biogeography Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth in both a spatial and temporal context. The discipline is important because administrators, politicians, policy-makers, and consulting firms are looking more and more to scientists who study the Earth, its environs and its organisms, to better manage the future to ensure its well-being. Notice both "spatial" and "temporal" contexts are mentioned, because biogeography is concerned with the analysis and explanation of patterns of distribution , and with the understanding of changes in these distributions that have taken place in the past and which are taking place to this day. The goal of the Biogeographer, as for all scientists, is to eventually provide rules and scientific laws , arising from proven theories, that can account for such patterns in distributions over space and time. These rules provide a general framework of understanding of our environment that can subsequently be used for predictions about the consequences of human-alteration of the natural world. Hence, the goal of Biogeography is to

58. Glossary For Biogeography Biome one of the largest recognizably distinct ecosystems on earth; the plant and Bergmann s Rule Biodiversity Biennial biogeography Biome Boundary http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/glossary.html

Physical Geography Working Group The Virtual Geography Department Radford Geography Department Radford University Glossary for Biogeography NOTE: Terms are arranged according to the following subject categories: biogeography, ecology, evolution, landscape ecology, and taxonomy. This should not be taken to mean that any term is limited in use or definition to a particular discipline; the arrangement is a pedagogical device to help the beginning student in biogeography to make associations among various words and processes. Each term also may be accessed through the index at the end of this document. Biogeographic terminology Alien: a non-native species, especially one introduced to some part of the world through human action. Altitudinal zonation: the sorting of plant and animal species according to elevation in response to differences in temperature and precipitation patterns. Biogeography: the science that studies the distribution of life, past and present. Colonization: the establishment of a population in a place formerly unoccupied by that species. Colonization implies successful reproduction in the new area, not simply the presence of a species there. Dispersal: the transport of propagules beyond the limits of a species' distribution area Distribution area: the geographic range of a taxon.

59. Biogeography Home Page Some sites with info on Neotropical biomes and taxa The Biogeographernewsletter of the biogeography Specialty Group of the Association of American http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biogeog.html

GEOG 335. Biogeography Course Home Page This page provides entry to general information about the course as well as to the current class schedule, assignment descriptions, exam dates, on-line exercises, supplementary materials, and a glossary of terms. Course Description WebCT : find assignments, calendar, and grades here How to make a web page using FrontPage (pdf) courtesy of Multimedia Center, McConnell Library Course Supplements (online) Life Zones Biomes Zoogeographic Provinces General Review Questions on Song of the Dodo Ranges of North American Breeding Birds Speciation model Glossary Sites with information of Virginia's fauna and flora Virginia's Natural Heritage Program : access to lists, descriptions, and maps of Virginia 's r are species, invasive species, natural communities and ecosystems and natural area preserves. Birds : From Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithlogy Reptiles: Lizards Snakes Turtles from the Virginia Herpetological Society Amphibians: Frogs and Toads Salamanders from the Virginia Herpetological Society Fishes from the Virginia Tech Virtual Aquarium Insects from Virginia Tech's Insect Identification Laboratory Aquatic macroinvertebrates from Save Our Streams program Plants and animals at Pandapas Pond trees of Pandapas area; both sites associated with

60. Ecology Online | Guided Independent Learning | EcologyOnline.net | Physiological Explore what you know about communities, ecosystems, and biomes BiogeographyAn ecological and evolutionary approach. Cox, CB, and PD Moore 2000. http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/ecologyonline/ecosystems.htm

The ecosystem is not defined by size or location. Rather is it the inclusion of energy flow and mineral cycles with all community-level characteristics that define an ecosystem. Ecologists who study ecosystems are known as synecologists and systems ecologists. The latter often use computer simulation modeling to study and understand the structure and function of ecosystems. Climate is also the major influence on the type and distribution of ecosystems. ... want to know more? Institute of Ecosystem Studies LTER - ecological studies World biomes - BluePlanet Five biomes of the world ... Ocean Planet The biome is the highest scale of integration in ecology. Biomes are not fundamentally different from ecosystems, except that biomes are defined more by their geographic scale (often continental in size) and physiognomy (characteristic appearance over the landscape, e.g., grassland, woodland, coniferous and deciduous forest). The prominent ecologist, Robert Whittaker, classified a total of 36 terrestrial and aquatic biomes, which are summarized in his classic book, "Communities and Ecosystems" (1975). Featured Books and journals Biogeography: An ecological and evolutionary approach.

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