21. Year 12/13 Examination Questions biogeography Vegetation, ecosystems and biomes Describe and explain the globaldistribution of natural grasslands Compare and contrast tropical rainforest http://www.sis.edu.hk/Closure/Subjects/Geography/KS5/exams.html

Geography Classes Please write answers under exam timing i.e. 45 mins per essay. Examination essay questions from past A-level papers on biogeography and glaciation These essay titles go back some time, and syllabuses have changed slightly in their emphasis. There have been changes from essays being marked out of 25, and sometimes out of 20. Biogeography: Vegetation, ecosystems and biomes Describe and explain the global distribution of natural grasslands Compare and contrast tropical rainforest and temperate deciduous forests as ecosystems For a located ecosystem: (a) describe the natural succession 10 marks (b) explain ways in which the succession can be interrupted 10 marks Describe how a global vegetation system you have studied has been modified by human activity With reference to a located area, outline the factors that influence soil depth

22. Climate, Water Resources And Plant Communities ecosystems AND biomes. biogeography the study of the spatial distribution ofplants and animals, the diverse spatial patterns they create, and the physical http://monsoon.geog.arizona.edu/~nats101/chap16.htm

ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOMES Biogeography : the study of the spatial distribution of plants and animals, the diverse spatial patterns they create, and the physical and biological processes that produce this distribution Ecosystem : self-regulating association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment (biotic and abiotic components) Changes in one component of the ecosystem causes the ecosystem to adjust to the new conditions Ecosystems are complex, with complicated flows of energy and matter Largely based on solar energy (few ecosystems are based on chemical reactions: chemosynthesis) Plants are the biotic link between life and solar energy Photosynthesis : the process by which plants convert radiant energy to stored chemical energy CO + water + sunlight = carbohydrates + oxygen Gross Primary Productivity (GPP): rate at which the solar energy is converted to chemical energy Of the energy that is stored, some will be used to maintain metabolic processes of the plant Respiration (R) : reverse of photosynthesis process carbohydrates + oxygen = CO + water + energy net photosynthesis Net Primary Productivity (NPP): the rate at which carbohydrates are accumulated in the tissue of plants in an ecosystem (net photosynthesis for an entire plant community) NPP is a function of photosynthesis and thus varies as a function of climate and vegetation type Species : a group of organisms with similar physical characteristics that can interbreed and is reproductively isolated from other such organisms

23. Sphingidae Of The Western Palaearctic - Biogeography As already stated, dynamic biogeography is the broadscale sphingid specieson certain hostplants, ecosystems and biomes is recognized (Hengeveld, http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/biog.htm

SPHINGID BIOGEOGRAPHY H. euphorbiae complex by Pittaway (1993). Hengeveld (1990) does quite rightly point out, however, that by using the qualitative, intuitive approach one can run the risk of unwittingly basing a biotic grouping on spurious factors. Both methods are equally sound and should be used in a complimentary fashion. Quantitative methods are a valuable tool in confirming or rejecting initial conclusions and theories based on a qualitative approach. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS The qualitative approach stems from the zoogeographical classification of the global bird fauna into six large spatial regions or kingdoms by Sclater (1858), although this division was very generalized, with recognizable subregions and areas of endemism. Many refinements were made in later years; however, although the spatial delimitation of these zoogeographical regions and their hierarchical status is still disputed, they are as follows: Palaearctic : Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, the Himalayas and northern Asia. Nearctic: Canada, the U.S.A. and temperate Mexico.

24. Terrestrial Ecosystems - MavicaNET Culture / Science / Life Science / Organism Biology / biogeography There areseven kinds of biomes in the world tundra, taiga, temperate forest, http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/11271.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Nature Land Nature Life ... Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Sites Sister categories ... Animals (Animalia) Aquatic Biomes Biodiversity Continents Desertification Earthquakes Fungi (Fungi) Islands Monera (Prokaryota) Parks and Public Lands Phenology Plants (Plantae) Protoctists (Protoctistae) Rocks and Minerals Soils Viruses (Viridae) Wetlands Wildlife Conservation Organiza... Caves Mountains Deserts Tundra ... Wetlands See also Culture / Science / Life Science / Organism Biology / Biogeography Sites No filters selected ... Web Resources News Job Education Personalia Organizations References and Indices Humor and entertainment Publications Chats and Forums Shopping Terrestrial Ecosystems Sites total: 13 Categories No Sorting Quality Title Rating Language Last Edit Time WWF - US: World Wildlife Fund - Ecoregions: Afrotropic - English URL: http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_at.html

25. Terrestrial Ecosystems - MavicaNET Êóëüòóðà / Íàâóêà / Íàâóê³ àá æûöö³ / Organism Biology / biogeography There are seven kinds of biomes in the world tundra, taiga, temperate forest, http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/bel/11271.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Øìàòìî¢íû Ïàøóêîâû Êàòàë¸ã MavicaNet Lite - Light version Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Sites Sister categories ... Animals (Animalia) Aquatic Biomes Biodiversity Continents Desertification Earthquakes Fungi (Fungi) Islands Monera (Prokaryota) Parks and Public Lands Phenology Plants (Plantae) Protoctists (Protoctistae) Rocks and Minerals Soils Viruses (Viridae) Wetlands Wildlife Conservation Organiza... Deserts Tundra Forests Volcanoes ... Mountains See also Êóëüòóðà / Íàâóêà / Íàâóê³ àá æûöö³ / Organism Biology / Biogeography Sites No filters selected ... Web Resources News Job Education Personalia Organizations References and Indices Humor and entertainment Publications Chats and Forums Shopping Terrestrial Ecosystems Sites total: 13 Categories No Sorting Quality Title Rating Language Last Edit Time Terrestrial Ecoregions: Indo-Malayan - English URL: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial_im.html

26. BIOMES AND ECOSYSTEMS - BGB1003 biomes AND ecosystems. Level B, Module Code BGB1003. Year 1, Module Credits 10 Brown, JH Lomolino, MV (1998) biogeography. Sinauer http://web.apu.ac.uk/appsci/lifesci/lifemods/bgb1003.shtml

Department of Life Sciences Module Description Life Sciences Module List > Biomes and Ecosystems BIOMES AND ECOSYSTEMS Level: B Module Code: BGB1003 Year: 1 Module Credits: 10 Pre-Requisites: None Co-Requisites: None Pre-Requisite For: None Semester: 2 Module Leader: Franc Hughes Module Description: This module will investigate the climatic and biotic features which characterise the Biomes, Ecosystems, Zoogeographical and Phytogeographical Realms of the World. The students will be introduced to ecological energetics and consider the productivity of the different systems. Examples will be drawn from a wide range of biomes such as Arctic/Antarctic tundra, taiga, boreal and temperate forests, oceans, temperate grasslands, savannahs, deserts and tropical rainforest. Recommended Background Reading: Archibald, E.O. (1995) Ecology of World Vegetation. .C.U.P. Colinvaux, P.A. (1993) 2nd Ed. Ecology . John Wiley. Biogeography . Sinauer Assessments: Coursework: 66% Exam: 34% Module Resources: This area holds downloadable lecture notes and other documentation relevant to this module. To access these files you must have a valid username and password which you can obtain from the module leader.

27. GEOG 3850B: Biogeography. Instructor: D. Johnson Required Text biogeography, James Brown and Mark Lomolino (available in the and spatial relationships of individuals, species, ecosystems and biomes. http://people.uleth.ca/~dan.johnson/class/geog3850b_sum.htm

Biogeography, GEOG 3850B (Spring, 2005; January 6 to April 18) Course outline (choose format): PDF Word Word Perfect Class: MWF, 1:00 to 1:50 p.m.; B756 Lab "2", Mon, 2:00 to 4:50 p.m.; C757 Includes optional field trip: Oldman River Coulees, Friday, March 11, 2005, 1:00 p.m. to 5 p.m. Instructor: Dan Johnson, Professor of Environmental Science, Department of Geography Email: dan.johnson@uleth.ca , website: www.uleth.ca/~dan.johnson . Office B886, 329-2040 Teaching Assistant: Susan Entz , MSc candidate, Environmental Science Instructor's daily schedule ( HTML format; Excel ) for Jan-April, 2005 Required Text: Biogeography, James Brown and Mark Lomolino (available in the bookstore); and readings assigned during course. Topic: Biogeography is the integrated field of science concerned with the past, present and probable future distribution and abundance of living things on earth. It is especially concerned with the factors that affect geographic and spatial relationships of individuals, species, ecosystems and biomes. Biodiversity, dispersal, evolution, climate, life zones, affects of glaciation, land bridges, geographic genetic similarity, and the ecological consequences of earth history are typical examples of biogeographic studies.

28. INTERNET WEBLINKS - Chapter 9: Introduction To The Biosphere ecosystems and biomes. Blue Planet biomes borealforest.org Canadian BiodiversityTheory Ecosystem Functioning and Introduction to biogeography http://www.physicalgeography.net/weblinks_ch9.html

INTERNET WEBLINKS HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT INTERNET WEBLINKS Chapter 9: Introduction to the Biosphere Biodiversity Species at Risk / Canadian Wildlife Service / Environment Canada Biodiversity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tree of Life Web Project Home Page Biological interaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... CELLS alive! Classification of Life Biological classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Classification Lab Introduction to the Cyanobacteria Life on Earth ... The Tree of Life Home Page Dispersal - Invasive Species 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species Invasive Species Information Node (ISIN) of the NBII Invasive Species: The Nation's Invasive Species Information System Louisiana Invasive Plants Ecosystems and Biomes

29. Biomes WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF biomes, ecosystems, SPECIES. biogeography the study ofthe distribution of species; biomes are the largest discernible subdivision http://drjoe.biology.ecu.edu/ch07/biomes.htm

BIOMES - Major Ecosystems of the World WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF BIOMES, ECOSYSTEMS, SPECIES BIOGEOGRAPHY - the study of the distribution of species BIOMES are the largest discernible subdivision of the biosphere with similar life forms (deserts, grassland, rainforest, etc.); it is a kind of ecosystem that can span continents. Biome boundaries of North America Biome boundaries of the World Biome boundaries and life forms that are present are determined by climate. Climate is the average temperature and moisture conditions present in an area. Climate influences the vegetation present ( See Fig. 7.15 or Figure B2 ). Areas with low rainfall and warm conditions are deserts; areas with high rainfall and hot conditions are rainforests; areas with low rainfall and cold conditions are tundra, etc. Similar biomes occur in different parts of the world: rainforests occur in Africa, Asia, and South America. Biomes can differentiated by the plants and animals present; they are adapted to their biome's cliamte. Rainforest plants have specific tolerance limits for high temperature and high precipitation. Desert cacti are adpated for high temperature and low precipitation. What would happen if we moved a rainforest fern to a desert or a cactus to a rainforest? Different species are present in the same biome in different parts of the world. Example: trees in the northern coniferous forest (taiga) in Canada and Russia are different species, but look similar. Species in the same biome have undergone similar evolutionary pressures.

30. Geography12virtlib biogeography Internet Links biogeography, ecosystems and biomes Birds -Field Guide Butterflies - Field Guide Coastal Habitats - Guide http://www.yalesecondarylibrary.com/subjectliststudents/*subject library(old Con

GEOGRAPHY 12 The topic outline below corresponds to the Geography 12 Course Outline. This resource page has two main objectives. It is intended to be a supplement to the text and course materials provided by the classroom teacher while encouraging the use of electronic media by students and staff. The web sites included are by no means intended to be all inclusive but they can provide access to useful information and they will often lead to additional information through links included on these pages. See the end of the outline below for a list of some general Geography links and some sources of Geography journals. (This page was created by Mr. R. Dencer, Yale Secondary School Library, May, 2000 and wa supdated May, 2001) 1. The Nature of Geography (Themes) Definitions of Geography History of Geography The 5 Themes of Geography The 5 Themes of Geography ... What is Geography? 2. The Nature of Geography (Systems) ATMOSPHERE Atmospheric Chemistry Atmosphere Atmosphere (NASA) Atmosphere - Structure and Dynamics Earth's Atmosphere Earth's Four Spheres BIOSPHERE Biosphere 2000 Project Biospherics Earth's Four Spheres Living In The Biosphere ... Man and the Biosphere: Species Databases HYDROSPHERE Earth's Four Spheres Hydrosphere internet links Hydrosphere I Hydrosphere II ... The Water Planet Earth LITHOSPHERE Crust and Lithosphere Earth's Crust and Lithosphere Earth's Four Spheres Lithosphere ... What Is The Lithospere?

31. VL-biologyap biogeography Internet Links biogeography, ecosystems and biomes Birds -Field Guide Botany and Systematics Butterflies - Field Guide http://www.yalesecondarylibrary.com/subjectliststudents/*subject library(old Con

Biology AP The topic outline below corresponds to the Biology AP Course Outline. This resource page has two main objectives. It is intended to be a supplement to the text and course materials provided by the classroom teacher while encouraging the use of electronic media by students and staff. The web sites included are by no means intended to be all inclusive but they can provide access to useful information and they will often lead to additional information through links included on these pages. See the end of the outline below for a list of some general Biology links and some sources of Biology journals. (This page was created by Mr. R. Dencer with research by Ms. K. Dencer, YALE SECONDARY LIBRARY, - March, 2001 and was last updated May, 2001) A. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 2. HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis I Homeostasis II Homeostasis - Encyclopedia Article Homeostasis - General Principles B. CELL BIOLOGY (BIOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOLOGY) 1. CELL COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS WATER, ACIDS AND BASES, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS WATER MOLECULES Bonding In Water Molecules pH Factor Water I Water Chemistry ... Water Molecules ACIDS, BASES

32. Biogeography biogeography is concerned with the distribution, ranges, and limits of plants Topics covered by the notes include biodiversity, ecosystems and biomes, http://serc.carleton.edu/resources/879.html

@import "/styles/catalog_layout.css"; @import "/styles/base.css"; @import "/styles/serc_look.css"; @import "/styles/serc_catalog_look.css"; Biogeography http://bss.sfsu.edu/geog/bholzman/courses/316/Default.htm (Archived Version) Barbara Holzman, San Francisco State University, Department of Geography Biogeography is concerned with the distribution, ranges, and limits of plants and animals. This is a class website for biogeography and contains exam questions, class notes, and links for more information. Topics covered by the notes include biodiversity, ecosystems and biomes, climates and changes in climates, distribution of species, island biogeography, evolution, changes in physical geography, fossils, and life on Earth today. There are also completed class projects on the biogeography of specific species available for viewing. This resource originally cataloged at: This resource is referenced here: Earth History Approach: Evolution Resource Type: Course Subject: Ecology, Physical geography, Paleontology Grade Level: College Upper (15-16) Accessibility About this Site Printer Friendly

33. GE201 biogeography Plants, Animals and the Human Environment(1E, 2C) the contextof their characteristic ecosystems or biomes and the importance of physical, http://www.sidsnet.org/pacific/usp/~geography/GE201.HTML

GIS-Unit SSED USP Biogeography: Plants, Animals and the Human Environment(1E, 2C) Pre-requisite or or permission of course Lecturer Course Description This course focuses on the nature and distribution of the world's plant and animal resources, with emphasis on the Pacific islands. Particular attention will be paid to the importance of plants and animals within the context of their characteristic ecosystems or biomes and the importance of physical, biotic and human factors in shaping ecosystems. Emphasis will also be placed on the ecological and cultural importance of plants and animals to sustainable human habitation of the earth. In this context, the ethnobotanical, ethnozoological and, in particular, the economic importance of plants and animals to Pacific peoples will be examined. Course Objective The primary objective of the course is to provide a basic understanding and appreciation of the nature, distribution, and ecological and cultural importance of the world's and the Pacific Islands' plant and animal resources. More specific emphasis will be placed on: 1) their distinctive characteristics, 2) their evolution, 3) the impact of human activities on these resources, and 4) the nature of the interdependence between human societies and their biotic resources and ecosystems. Prescribed texts C.B. Cox and P.D. Moore, 1993

34. Blackwell Synergy - Cookie Absent However, the rate at which forest ecosystems track climate change, and the timelags that Because many biomes could survive in similar climate regimes, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00612.x

 Home An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie A cookie is a small amount of information that a web site copies onto your hard drive. Synergy uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. If the cookie cannot be set correctly, then Synergy cannot determine whether you are logged in and a new session will be created for each page you visit. This slows the system down. Therefore, you must accept the Synergy cookie to use the system. What Gets Stored in a Cookie? Synergy only stores a session ID in the cookie, no other information is captured. In general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. For example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. Allowing a web site to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it. Please read our for more information about data collected on this site.

35. GEOG204: FOUNDATIONS OF BIOGEOGRAPHY Course Objectives to critically examine the science of biogeography— its methods, community similarity and species associations, ecosystems, biomes http://wizard.csuchico.edu/syllabi/..\syllabi\2005_Spring/GEOG_204-01_Fairbanks.

GEOG204: F OUNDATIONS OF B IOGEOGRAPHY Instructor : Dr. Dean Fairbanks, 527 Butte Hall, x5780, dhfairbanks@csuchico.edu, Office hours MW 1-2 p.m. TR 1:2:30 p.m.; or by appointment. Course Time : MWF, 12:00 – 12:50 p.m., Butte 103 Course Description : This course introduces students to the distribution patterns of plants and animals and to the factors that historically and presently determine these patterns. Course Objectives Course audience This course is for those who want an environmental elective as a termination for the Geography program or as a gateway to classes in biology.  Students from Biology and Geosciences are welcome. Course Requirements : Lecture attendance, homework exercises, bi-weekly quizzes, field trip attendance, class presentation, two midterms, and a final exam. Course Grade : Will be determined by scores on the homework exercises, bi-weekly quizzes, two midterms and final exam as follows (subject to change): Course Text(s) Biogeography: Introduction to Space, Time and Life . MacDonald, G. 2003.

36. Biology 297 / PSU 005 ~ Biodiversity Of World Ecosystems The largest terrestrial ecosystems, called biomes, are characterized by predominant biome, the northeastern deciduous forest, the biogeography of this http://www.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/biol297new.html

37. Biome WebQuest A biome is a group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. Nearctica Ecology - biogeography - biomes, Ecoregions, and Habitats http://www.longmeadow.k12.ma.us/wms/pages1/renius/biome.html

THE BIOME QUEST A WebQuest for 6th Grade Science Designed by Marla J. Renius renius@attbi.com Introduction Task Process Evaluation ... Teacher Page I ntroduction CONGRATULATIONS! You and your classmates have been chosen to accompany groups of scientists on an expedition that will focus on biomes. A biome is a group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. Classifying ecosystems into biomes helps scientists to describe the world. This expedition will focus on five major land biomes and two major water biomes. Your mission is to study one of these biomes. Back to the top The Task Our school superintendent was very pleased to hear the exciting news of your upcoming trip. It is quite an honor to have been chosen. He was a bit dismayed to hear that you will be missing some school, so we have come to a compromise. Your team will gather photos and research from your biome and prepare a virtual tour using a computer multimedia program. Back to the top The Process 1. First you'll be assigned to a team of 3 or 4 students...

38. Climate Part II: Climate Change As A Threat To Biodiversity The distribution of species (biogeography) is largely determined by climate, asis the distribution of ecosystems and plant vegetation zones (biomes). http://www-personal.umich.edu/~dallan/nre220/outline21.htm

CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY Corresponding Readings in Primack, Richard B. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Chapter 15: pages 417-421 Introduction: A changing global climate threatens species and ecosystems. The distribution of species (biogeography) is largely determined by climate, as is the distribution of ecosystems and plant vegetation zones (biomes). Climate change may simply shift these distributions, but often, barriers and human presence will provide no opportunity for distributional shifts. For these reasons, some species and ecosystems are likely to be eliminated by climate change. Predicted Future Climates: General circulation models (GCMs) predict future climate scenarios. Further work is needed to improve their realism. For example, they operate at a fairly coarse scale (500 km grid), are better at predicting temperature than rainfall, and have some problems with the representation of clouds (a potential negative feedback or climate stabilizer). Nevertheless, the several models agree in general on a number of predictions. A global temperature rise of 1.5 to 4.5 C is predicted

39. BIOGEOGRAPHY-Diversity And Distribution Of Plants And Animals Bi Distribution of Communities, biomes, ecosystems (Ch. 5); Tectonics andPaleobiogeography Pleistocene biogeography of Temperate deciduous Forests. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~grsmith/BIOGEOGRAPHY/BIOGEOsyllabus.html

BIOGEOGRAPHY Diversity and Distribution of Plants and Animals Biology/Geology 445 (G. SMITH, Winter, 1999) B 11:30. Place: 1139 N.S. Biogeography , Sinaur INTRODUCTION (Chapter 1, 2) Overview: Questions, issues, and methods in the history of ecological and evolutionary biogeography, as exemplified by the works of: Lyell, Darwin, Wallace, Hooker, Sclater, Gray, Willis, Gleason, Matthew, Liebig, Merriam, Dansereau, Cain, MacArthur, Wilson, Pianka, Connell, Brown, Rosenzweig (ecological approach). Simpson, Mayr, Darlington, Croizat, Brundin, Rosen, Nelson and Platnick (systematic approach). PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY (Chapter 3) Physical factors that limit plant and animal ranges: solar energy, seasonal temperature distribution, moisture distribution, soils, topography, wind; ocean currents, light, salinity, depth/pressure. Biotic processes that limit geographic ranges (Chapter 4): niches (Hutchinson), productivity, food, predation, competition, facilitation, (Vandermeer; Werner), demography, genetics. Visit to Matthai Botanical Gardens: Plant exerciseplant life forms in relation to habitat and climate.

40. Section 2 Lecture 4 To consider some of the ways in which ecosystems change over space, and the ways in environmental gradient; island biogeography; biomes; zoogeography; http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/ipgfiles/sect2/

To consider some of the ways in which ecosystems change over space, and the ways in wehich biogeographers categorise those changes. To examine the ways in which studies assist us in understanding changes in the Earths's biosphere. Models of succession A key focus for biogeography is to study spatial patterns in the biosphere, to observe, classify and map these and to analyses the processes involved in creating these patterns. Many of the temporal changes discussed in the previous lecture also operate through space at biosphere, biome and community scales. Hence, vegetation succession operates in different ecosystems to produce primary seres such as xeroseres, hydroseres, lithoseres or psammoseres. At a larger scale, Whittaker suggested the use of gradient analysis to help analyse spatial variation of natural communities along environmental gradients. A specific example of the application of a time-space continuum approach is that of island biogeograhy. In the 1960s, to show the relationship between island area, isolation and species diversity.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 87    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20