1. COSMOLOGY LINKS Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, by Keith A. Olive and Sean T. Scully, 95/06 The Particle and Astro-Physics of Dark Matter, by Kim Griest, 94/11 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. How Would You Prove The Big-bang Was Not The Result Of A Big-crunch? prove the bigbang was not the result of a big to think that some of the current theories and puzzles of astro- physics could perhaps be http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. 055.html trying to fit Hawkings mathematics to some of the remaining problems of astrophysics, Hoyle decided that Hawkings' Big Bang Theory was based http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Big Bang Big Bang theory and highenergy particle physics. His email address is philippe@astro.physics.lsa.umich.edu. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. IGN Boards - The BIG BANG HAPPENED People Dec 02 Date Posted 1/14 516pm Subject RE The BIG BANG HAPPENED people First off, a fundamental rule in astrophysics is something can http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Vedic Cosmology And The Big Bang Big Bang re gHari 06/17/04 1037 AM Edit Reply Theoritically, astrophysics considers multiple universes a possibility. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIG-BANG CONTRADICTIONS TO THE BIGBANG THE OLD STAR PARADOX of the universe could revive an old paradox in the field of astro-physics that the universe http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. Re Big Bang Busted In Science Classes For High Schools Re Big Bang Busted in Science Classes for High laws and proven applied tested postulates of physics as applied to astro physics and astronomy http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Big Bang Problem - EvC Forum site Big Bang and Cosmology Big Bang Problem Because I have taken astrophysics in the past and I have participated in a research. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. JourneyIntoSpace exciting and represents the first new big idea in cosmology in over two decades said Jeremiah Ostriker professor of astrophysics at Princeton http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Astronomy And Astrophysics Q&A Astronomy and Astrophysics Questions and Answers. Q A Topics. Q A Index page, Alien/UFOs What are some of the problems with the ‘big bang’ hypothesis? http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/astronomy.asp

@import url("/styles/default.css"); Answers in Genesis: Upholding the Authority of the Bible from the Very First Verse Upholding the Authority of the Bible from the Very First Verse Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa ... Other Countries ... Country: Select your country Language: English Good news About us Contact us ... Print-Friendly Country Select Please select your country to get all the benefits of this site: Australia Canada New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom United States Other countries... Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Azores Bahamas Bahrain Balearic Islands Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Canary Islands Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europe Faroe Islands Fed. States of Micronesia

12. Astronomy And Astrophysics Q&A Astronomy and Astrophysics Questions and Answers. Q A Topics What are redshifts and do they really support the ‘big bang’ evolutionary idea for the http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/astronomy.asp?vPrint=1

13. Exploration Of The Universe Division Beyond Einstein From the big bang to Black Holes.The education pages sponsored by the SEU Theme Office at the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/

+ NASA Homepage + Exploration of the Universe Division SEARCH THE UNIVERSE ... this could take a while... EUD HOME Astroparticle Physics X-ray Astrophysics ... Links If you're looking for the Beyond Einstein site, please visit http://universe.nasa.gov/ Wed Sep 14 in B2/Rm215 @ 11:00 Lee Lindblom (Caltech) Preserving the Constraints in Numerical Relativity Tue Sep 20 in B21/Rm183 @ 3:30 Eli Dwek (GSFC) Interstellar Dust Wed Sep 21 in B21/Rm183A @ 3:30 Lynne Valencic (Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM) A Re-examination of UV Extinction and Diffuse Interstellar Bands Tue Sep 27 in B21/Rm183 @ 3:30 John Baker (GSFC) Gravitational Waves EUD Colloquium Division Director Seminar Boldt Lectureship Series September 12 - Swift detects most distant explosion. August 10 - John Mather wins SPIE's George W. Goddard award. July 28 - ARCADE /CosmoCam flew overnight across Texas. July 13 - "Three satellites needed to bring out 'shy star'" Volker Beckmann (661) led this work July 10 - Astro-E2 (now Suzaku) launched! Congrats to the XRS and XRT teams in the EUD, and to the entire mission team in the US and Japan. June 22 - "NASA's Hubble Chases Unruly Planet" Mark Clampin (667) and collegues did this work June 6 - Jennifer Scott is awarded 2005 Robert J. Trumpler Award by the ASP

14. The Big Bang Theory In an attack on the theory he had dismissively referred to this hot big bang today would be produced within the first few minutes after the big bang, http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/study/sci/cosmo/internal/bigbang.htm

The Big Bang Theory Einstein had developed his General Theory of Relativity from the assumption that it is impossible to tell acceleration from a gravitational field. This theory became a more thorough, but more complex, replacement for Newton's Theory of Gravity. Like Newton's theory it was expected that everything would attract everything else and the Universe would collapse. Not everyone accepted the idea of a moment of creation. Fred Hoyle was unhappy about accepting a God given creation, and as an atheist attempted to develop a theory without such an intervention. This was to become the steady state theory . His principal challenge to Lemaître's theory was that there was no 'fossil' record. In an attack on the theory he had dismissively referred to "this hot Big Bang" and the name stuck. In the same year as steady state was published, 1948, George Gamow and his student Ralph Alpher, proposed that if the universe was created in a gigantic explosion that the various elements observed today would be produced within the first few minutes after the big bang, when the extremely high temperature and density of the universe would fuse subatomic particles into the chemical elements. This theory provided a basis for understanding the earliest stages of the Universe and its subsequent evolution. The extremely high density would cause the universe to expand rapidly. As t expanded, the hydrogen and helium would cool and condense into stars and galaxies. This could explain the expansion of the Universe and

15. HET614 : Particle Physics And High Energy Astrophysics big bang Nucleosynthesis The Formation of the Elements. Sir Fred Hoyle coined big bang as a derogatory term during a radio interview for the BBC yet http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~cpower/teaching/

Particle Physics and High Energy Astrophysics Please note that this site is still very much work in progress! Description The aim of this course is to provide a general introduction to particle physics but with particular emphasis on its relationship with high energy astrophysics. A detailed summary of the course can be found here , and a sample study guide can be found here Recommended Texts The following are the official recommended texts; The Particle Garden: Our Universe As Understood by Particle Physicists , G. Kane, Perseus Press, 1996 Tour of the Subatomic Zoo: A Guide to Particle Physics , C. A. Schwarz, American Institute of Physics, 2 nd Edition, 1996 Cosmic Bullets: High Energy Particles in Astrophysics (Frontiers of Science) See also http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/sao/textbook.html Essay Topics Due Date is September 18th! This semester the following essay topics are available; "Sir Fred Hoyle coined "Big Bang" as a derogatory term during a radio interview for the BBC yet the idea that the Universe was created during a hot big bang is now extremely well founded. We can detect the relic radiation in the form of microwave background radiation, and we observe that galaxies are receding from our own according to the Hubble Law. The final piece of evidence relates to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). What does BBN tell us about the conditions under which the lightest elements (e.g. Hydrogen, Helium) were created? How are heavier elements created? Why are we the "stuff of stars"?!" "Penzias and Wilson originally suspected it to be the result of "white dielectric material" (i.e. pigeon poo) on their antenna, but the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is a directly observable relic of the Big Bang a few percent of the "snow" on your is due to CMBR photons! What does the CMBR tell us about the origin of galaxies? How does it help us constrain cosmological models?"

16. ASTROPHYSICS: EARLY STARS AND THE BIG BANG ASTROPHYSICS EARLY STARS AND THE big bang This finding seemed to support the theory that matter from the big bang was unable to fragment into stellar http://scienceweek.com/2005/sw050603-1.htm

Subscriptions Archives Contact Us Home ... Advertising ScienceWeek Crossing Barriers Since 1997 Receive free new report announcements by Email: ScienceWeek TOC Alerts About ScienceWeek Archives Contact Us ... Subscriptions ScienceWeek ASTROPHYSICS: EARLY STARS AND THE BIG BANG The following points are made by Roger Cayrel (Nature 2005 434:838): 1) Identifying stars born at the beginning of the era of stellar formation proved a long and frustrating task. In 2002, however, Christlieb et al [1] reported the discovery of the first such "relic of the dawn of time". New work [2] announces the discovery of a second. But why are these two objects so remarkable? And why does it help to have two instead of one? 2) Some 13.7 billion years ago, the Universe was much simpler than it is today. It consisted of a uniform, hot gas showing only small fluctuations in temperature and density, and containing no large structures no galaxies, stars or planets. For the first 15 minutes of its existence, the temperature and density of this hot gas were high enough to allow the nuclear reactions necessary for the production of the lightest chemical elements. Heavier elements, such as the metals, were not produced in this first flurry of nucleosynthetic activity. After the first 15 minutes, the Universe's rapid expansion put an end to conditions that favored nucleosynthesis and nothing more happened to the nuclear composition of the Universe for about 200 million years. The ingredients of this frozen primordial soup principally, the light elements lithium and helium, as well as deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen are fairly well known from both theory and experiment[3].

17. ASTROPHYSICS: ON THE FIRST GENERATION OF STARS ASTROPHYSICS EARLY STARS AND THE big bang The following points are made by Roger Cayrel (Nature 2005 434838) 1) Identifying stars born at the beginning http://scienceweek.com/2005/sw050812-2.htm

Subscriptions Archives Contact Us Home ... Advertising ScienceWeek Crossing Barriers Since 1997 Receive free new report announcements by Email: ScienceWeek TOC Alerts About ScienceWeek Archives Contact Us ... Subscriptions ScienceWeek ASTROPHYSICS: ON THE FIRST GENERATION OF STARS The following points are made by Timothy C. Beers (Science 2005 309:390): 1) The very first stars that formed after the Big Bang, some 13 to 14 billion years ago, are likely to have been quite massive and extremely short-lived; no examples are expected to remain in the Universe today. However, they may have left behind their "calling cards" by producing a distinctive distribution of elements recorded in the atmospheres of long-lived stars that formed just after these massive progenitors. Stars that are extremely iron poor (hyper metal-poor stars) are believed to be very old, and are thus possible candidates for second-generation stars. 2) Iwamoto et al. [1] have described a model that attempts to account for the elemental abundances in two hyper metal-poor stars. The stars, HE 0107-5240 [2] and HE 1327-2326 [3], contain less than 1/100,000 of the iron observed in the Sun. Furthermore, they are both greatly enhanced, relative to the Sun, in the light elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (for HE 0107-5240; studies of the oxygen abundance in HE 1327-2326 are under way); these are the most important elements for the formation of life, at least of the form with which we are familiar.

18. THE BIG BANG AND OTHER EXPLOSIONS IN NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS THE big bang AND OTHER EXPLOSIONS IN NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS. http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/2535.html

Home Browse by Subject Bestsellers New Titles ... Browse all Subjects Search Bookshop New Titles Editor's Choice Bestsellers Book Series ... Join Our Mailing List THE BIG BANG AND OTHER EXPLOSIONS IN NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS by David N Schramm (Univ. Chicago) This volume of important papers by one the world's leading astrophysicists provides a sweeping survey of the incisive and exciting applications of nuclear and particle physics to a wide range of problems in astrophysics and cosmology. The prime focus of the book is on Big Bang cosmology and the role of primordial nucleosynthesis in establishing the modern consensus on the Big Bang. This leads into the connection of cosmology to particle physics and the constraints put on various elementary particles by astrophysical arguments. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis has also led to the argument for nonbaryonic dark matter and is thus related to the major problem in physical cosmology today, namely, structure formation. The nuclear-particle interface with astrophysics also extends to the other topics of major interest such as the age of the universe, cosmic rays, supernovae, and solar neutrinos, each of which will be discussed in some detail. Each section contains historical papers, current papers, and frequently a popular article on the subject which provides an overview of the topic. This volume is testimony to the success of the integration of nuclear and particle physics with astrophysics and cosmology, and to the ingenuity of the work in this area which has earned the author numerous prestigious awards. The book, which is accessible to beginning graduate students, should be of particular interest to researchers and students in astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and gravitation, and also in high energy and nuclear physics.

19. Big Bang Models Back To Planck Time To model the big bang cosmology at earlier times than those covered in Weinberg s First Three Minutes, HyperPhysics***** Astrophysics, R Nave http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/planck.html

Models of Earlier Events To model the Big Bang cosmology at earlier times than those covered in Weinberg's First Three Minutes , certain time regimes have been proposed with the types of events which would be happening at those times. Before 1 Planck time Era of 1 Planck time Separation of the strong force Inflationary period ... Index Reference Smith HyperPhysics Astrophysics R Nave Go Back Before 1 Planck Time Before a time classified as a Planck time, 10 seconds, all of the four fundamental forces are presumed to have been unified into one force. All matter, energy, space and time are presumed to have exploded outward from the original singularity. Nothing is known of this period. It is not that we know a great deal about later periods either, it is just that we have no real coherent models of what might happen under such conditions. The electroweak unification has been supported by the discovery of the W and Z particles , and can be used as a platform for discussion of the next step, the Grand Unification Theory (GUT) . The final unification has been called a "supergrand unification theory", and becoming more popular is the designation "theory of everything" (TOE). But "theories of everything" are separated by two great leaps beyond the experiments we could ever hope to do on the Earth. Early universe chronology Unification of the Fundamental Forces Index Reference Smith HyperPhysics Astrophysics R Nave Go Back Era of 1 Planck Time In the era around one Planck time, 10

20. Big Bang Chronology big bang scenario Reference Weinberg, First Three Minutes HyperPhysics***** Astrophysics, R Nave. Go Back. Density 30000000. Free neutrons decaying into http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/bbcloc.html

Density 4 x 10 Universe is mostly light ( photons ) "...it was light that then formed the dominant constituent of the universe, and ordinary matter played only the role of a negligible contaminant." Reminiscent of "Let there be light...". Electrons and positrons created from light ( pair -production ) and destroyed by annihilation at about equal rates. The pair-production threshold is 1 MeV, so the thermal energy kT=8.6 MeV was well above that. Protons and neutrons being changed back and forth, so about equal numbers. The energy difference between neutron and proton is 1.29 MeV, so protons can be freely changed to neutrons at this temperature. Only about one baryon for 10 photons, as inferred from the 3K background and density estimates. Since the conservation of baryon number is a strong conservation principle , it is inferred that the ratio of photons to baryons is constant throughout the process of expansion. Division of energy between photons and massive particles Expansion time. Particle population table Example of energy and time calculation ... Big Bang scenario Reference Weinberg, First Three Minutes

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