81. Review Presholdt On Kerma And Benin Exhibits The Ancient West African City of benin, AD 13001897. Objects of ancientmaterial culture are complemented with the more familiar notion of high art http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Proceedings_Rev/kerma_revw.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Review: Presholdt on Kerma and Benin Exhibits "African Urban History thorough Art" REVIEW OF "The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500- 1500 B.C." and "The Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897." National Museum of African Art Washington, D.C. Continuing Exhibitions By: Jeremy Pretholdt Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution As a method of historical interpretation, African art possesses the ability to visually detail the construction of African cultural and material history. Artistic traditions graphically render African self-perception, yet art and material culture are very rarely critically examined by African historians.(1) The National Museum of African Art's joint exhibits, "The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.," and "The Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897," provide a forum to address this oversight. Though not without minor short comings, they succeed in informing historian and layperson alike on topics relating to African artistic expression and self-representation in two historical contexts. The National Museum of African Art's brochure dutifully notes, "Most African art objects are made from organic materials," and therefore, "do not last long because they cannot resist the damaging effects of the climate and insects." In this light, the two recent exhibits are of particular significance, as their manufactures are of great permanence. The Kerma collection is constituted mainly by articles of four media; metals, precious minerals, ivory, and pottery. Royal Benin Art, on the other hand, highlights the medium of copper-alloy produced uniquely for a palatial setting.

82. The Power Of Culture - African Injection For Western Opera The professionals from benin, the Netherlands and Scotland all brought Cultural diversity fills conference agendas. bullet. African injection for http://www.powerofculture.nl/uk/current/2005/july/paradji.html

Policy Cultural diversity Cultural heritage Art and development ... Economic development African injection for Western opera The opera Madame Paradji was recently studied and performed at record speed in Benin by students of the Benin International Theatre School, under the direction of an international team of directors. Late in April, the story of the child slave that grew to become queen of the trade of the Wax Hollandais fabrics that are so popular in West Africa was welcomed with cheers from both school students and adults. Photo: Freerk Bos Madame Paradji Madame Paradji in France, the Netherlands and other West African countries are currently on-going. Embassy of the Netherlands in Cotonou, Benin Links for this article Newsletter Benin 2005 DOEN Foundation Prince Claus Fund Embassy of the Netherlands in Benin (Dutch/French) Zanzibar 'House of Wonders Museum' reopens Cultural diversity fills conference agendas African injection for Western opera Utan Kayu defends free speech ... Screenshots... Best Asian web log selected by internet users Images of Shifting Culture Three cartoonists interpret changing cultural expressions in their cities.

83. Religions Of The World -- African three major cultures in ancestral africa, the Yoruba culture of Nigeria, Beninand in african culture, www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bill/316/paper1/horsey http://members.aol.com/porchfour/religion/african.htm

Interfaith Religion and Beliefs for an Internet Generation PORCH NUS The E-Zine of The Front Porch Religions of the World African Religions and Their Derivatives African and African-Derivative Religions are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples. Within the last 100 years in Africa (see Table of Statistics ) indigenous religion has declined under the influence of colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Islam and Christianity. In the African Diaspora (mainly in the Americas) African-derived belief systems are in a state of impressive growth. ithin just the last two years the amount of information made available through the Internet is also impressive. Some of the best information comes to us from Italy, Sweden and Brazil. We are no longer dependent upon reports from academia or encyclopedias. There are now numerous websites maintained by the faithful themselves and, while the quality and quantity of information varies enormously among them, one may now hear from practitioners their own statements of faith. In many, if not most, cases African spirituality has evolved in the Americas. Ancient practices brought westward by slaves became syncretized, more or less, with religious traditions of the slaves' masters. This syncretization is most noticeable in areas dominated by the Catholic faith and where the celebration of saints, votive offerings and other practices found parallels in ancient traditions.

84. Benin Vacations, Benin Travel, Benin Luxury Resorts, Benin Hotels benin Vacations and Cruise Consultants africa Luxury Vacations Call 1 415- benin is a developing West african country. Its capital city is Porto Novo http://www.travelwizard.com/africa/Benin_overview.html

Benin Luxury Vacations, Benin Cruises, and Benin Hotels Guide Benin Vacation Guide: Romantic Benin Hotels and Honeymoons Benin Vacations and Cruise Consultants Africa Luxury Vacations: Call 1- 415- 446 5252 to book. Open every day! Africa Vacations Botswana Vacations Egypt Vacations Ethiopia Vacations ... Bookmark this page Benin Travel Guide In this section you will find great Benin Luxury Resorts and Hotels. All-inclusive Benin Resorts. Romantic Benin Honeymoon Destinations. Benin Yachting Vacations. Benin Cruises. Benin Luxury Villas-Plus tons of enjoyable virtual tours and streaming videos-You will find everything here, all the insider's secrets. Southen Africa Luxury Tours East Africa Tours Benin is a developing West African country. Its capital city is Porto Novo; however, the city of Cotonou is the main port and largest city, site of the international airport and most government, commercial, and tourist activity. Tourist facilities are available in Cotonou but are not fully developed elsewhere. The ocean currents along the coast are extremely strong and treacherous (a rough surf and a strong undertow) and result in several drownings each year. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS: A passport and visa are required. Travelers should obtain the latest information from the Embassy of the Republic of Benin, 2737 Cathedral Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 232-6656. Overseas, inquiries should be made at the nearest Beninese Embassy or Consulate. Travelers who intend to visit Nigeria should obtain Nigerian visas prior to arriving in Benin as the Nigerian Embassy in Cotonou may decline to consider applications for visas by U.S. citizens not resident in Benin.

85. Foreign Governments/Africa Angola benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Congo Rep . Somalia South africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/forafr.html

FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Sub-Saharan Africa Frames Index No-Frames Version Angola Benin ... Related Regional Web Sites Last updated on March 17, 2005 Angola Angola Website Maintained by the Embassy of the Republic of Angola, Washington, DC Angolan culture, business, news; relief efforts to aid the country Under Government: structure of the government, profile of the President, and election statistics Under Reference: directory of key officials, constitution, news releases and speeches Constitution Text of 1992 constitution in English Parliament Searchable text in Portuguese Selected Recent Legislation Military and economic laws in English Benin Benin Government Portal Official government website in English and French Brief history and politics of country Basic population and economic statistics Constitution in French Describes structure of government Government documents AFRIKINFO.COM In French Constitution of Benin Directories of government institutions and officials Links to sites with general and political information about Africa Botswana Republic of Botswana Extensive description of government offices and their e-mail addresses linked through an organization chart Economic development and travel information President Executive branch of government Parliament Legislative branch of government Burkina Faso President Executive branch of government Searchable text in French Constitution Text of 1991 constitution in French Embassy to Canada Brief history and description of country Economic laws and policy Directory of government officials and membership in international organizations

86. Art-of-Benin The royal palace of benin was one of the great cultural complexes of africa, It was the looting of benin that made african art visible to Europeans. http://users.telenet.be/african-shop/art-of-benin.htm

Collection Tribes Masks museums ... fairs related articles: Home Up Eastern-Africa Western-Soudan ... Ashanti Art-of-Benin Gabon Bambara Baga Baule ... African Antiques e-Newsletter Your email address will only be used to notify you about the African Antiques free e-newsletter. You should join if you want to read the last news and learn everything about the new exhibitions African art fairs auctions , buying tips, tribes stolen pieces , interesting opinions, museums , etc.. It will not be used for any other purpose. Discover a new World ! visit our other site and Discover a new World ! visit our other site and BuyAfricanAntiques David Norden Sint-katelijnevest 27 ANTWERPEN-Belgium Tel +32 3 227 35 40 Join our discussion group: Discussions AntiquesAfricaines en Français (100 membres) var site="sm5african" Spoils of war The art of Benin is elegant, fiery - and mostly locked in the British Museum. Jonathan Jones begins a new series on the legacy of empire Jonathan Jones Thursday September 11, 2003.

87. Student Art Gallery the bronze relief of the ancient benin culture. African Sculpture and Crafts Pyrography is a craft of many West African cultures. African Pottery. http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/studart.htm

Home Art Lessons Resources Listgroup ... Awards STUDENT ART GALLERY Incredible @rt Dept ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans ... African Textile Design. Sixth grade students were inspired by the repetition and bold patterns in African textiles. Many of the animal images come from contemporary textile designs and the bronze relief of the ancient Benin culture. African Sculpture and Crafts Seventh grade students were inspired by the sculptural carvings of West African cultures in the creation of reduction relief prints and ceramic boxes. Their print designs were burned into mancala game boards made by technology students. Pyrography is a craft of many West African cultures. African Pottery. Eighth grade students were inspired by pottery of Mali, the Congo, and Zimbabwe. Some of the students' works show similarities to contemporary African pottery. African Sculpture.

88. Africana Blackboard Lesson Plans And Learning Exchange: Ancient African Kingdoms Ancient African Kingdoms A Time Traveler s Look at Ancient benin familiar withthe culture of the West African kingdom and city of Ancient benin. http://archive.blackvoices.com/blackboard/bb_his_000065.htm

Ancient African Kingdoms: A Time Traveler's Look at Ancient Benin Subject Area: World History Related Subject Areas: Language Arts, Geography, African Kingdoms Grade Level: Estimated Time Requirement: Two class periods (one for research, one for creation of presentation boards and presentations) (see related lesson plans on other African kingdoms). Lesson Objectives: Students will have the opportunity to: Research a specific topic as it relates to Ancient Benin. Create a visual presentation board showing research findings. Communicate research findings to class through oral presentations. Generate questions to ask classmates about a topic on which they have become an expert. National Standards: World History Understands the major characteristics of civilizations. Understands the economic, political, and cultural interrelations among people of Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Language Arts Demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of the writing process. Gathers and uses information for research purposes.

89. Panapress Official Website African culture experts meet in benin. Cotonou, benin (PANA) A workshop isunderway in the benin city of Porto-Novo for culture experts from West and http://www.panapress.com/RubIndexlat.asp?code=eng006

90. Natural History Museum: AFRICA: One Continent. Many Worlds: AFRICA Teacher Mater and respect for africa its diversity, its wealth in peoples and cultures, Cultural Groups. Songye Yoruba Senufo benin Isoko Mbala. Countries http://www.nhm.org/africa/teacher/bowers/010.htm

AFRICA: ONE CONTINENT. MANY WORLDS. Geography and Culture SUMMARY: Students learn about African geography, study the overall continent of Africa and its individual countries, discuss demographics and participate in research and class activities. This lesson is part of a series. Select this text to learn more about the series and how to extend its usefulness. GOAL: Students study African geography to understand the location of individual countries and their related culture groups. OBJECTIVES: Students recognize Africa's importance on a global basis and find Africa on a map. Students analyze the location of each individual country and its relationship to their neighbors. Students learn how cultural groups vary from country to country. BACKGROUND MATERIAL: African Facts Land of Contrasts Climate Vegetation Activity 1: Maps Grades 7 and above Materials: World atlas, map of Africa, and small country maps of Africa. Printable country maps of Africa are available on-line . Just select a map from the list, click on the map to activate the frame and select "print frame" from your file menu. If your classroom has on-line access, you may also make the

91. Yoruba History Page Ife, unlike benin and Oyo, never developed onto a true kingdom. Ife not onlythroughout the Yoruba country but to other West African cultures as well. http://www.cultural-expressions.com/ifa/ifahistory.htm

Yoruba History The Yoruba People, of whom there are more than twenty-five million, occupy the southwestern corner of Nigeria along the Dahomey border and extends into Dahomey itself. To the east and north the Yoruba culture reaches its approximate limits in the region of the Niger River. However ancestral cultures directly related to the Yoruba once flourished well north of the Niger. Portuguese explorers "discovered" the Yoruba cities and kingdoms in the fifteenth century, but cities such as Ife and Benin, among others, had been standing at their present sites for at least five hundred years before the European arrival. Archeological evidence indicates that a technologically and artistically advanced, proto-Yoruba (Nok), were living somewhat north of the Niger in the first millennium B.C., and they were then already working with iron. Ifa theology states that the creation of humankind arose in the sacred city of Ile Ife where Oduduwa created dry land from water. Much later on an unknown number of Africans migrated from Mecca to Ile Ife. At this point the Eastern Africans and Western Africans synergized. Ife was the first of all Yoruba cities. Oyo and Benin came later and grew and expanded as a consequence of their strategic locations at a time when trading became prosperous. Ife, unlike Benin and Oyo, never developed onto a true kingdom. But though it remained a city-state it had paramount importance to Yoruba's as the original sacred city and the dispenser of basic religious thought.

92. Discover Haiti: Haiti Alix's Corner- Destination Benin, Part II Observing benin and other West African cultures from up close can be a veryemotional experience. Warrior dance This is somewhat similar to looking at an http://www.discoverhaiti.com/alix_2000_11.htm

Search Site: Back to Home Alix's Corner - Main ALIX'S CORNER Past Articles Pumpkin Soup, a symbol of Haitian Independence and Unity Origins of the conflict between Haiti and the Dominican Republic Destination: Benin, Africa. Part I: A Voyage to the Source ... Part II: Tradition and Modernity Editorial Destination: Benin, Africa. Tradition and Modernity- Part II O ne of the things that hit me right away in Benin was the way tradition was intertwined with modernity. Walking down the streets of Cotonou, it's as ubiquitous to meet men and women draped in the traditional booboo as to see them wearing jeans, the ultimate western attire. This is of course a superficial example further biased by the implied definition of modernity, which I seem to associate with western culture. let's be careful here. In this particular context, let's view modernity as opposed to traditional;

93. UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List Ohrid Region with its Cultural and Historical Aspect and its Natural Environment (1979,1980) Choose a Region, africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/

English Fran§ais Home About World Heritage ... FAQ Login: Forgot your password ? Register Home The List World Heritage List (Results by Country) Afghanistan Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam (2002) Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley (2003) Albania ... Matobo Hills (2003) *: transboundary property The World Heritage List includes 812 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. These include 628 cultural, 160 natural and 24 mixed properties in 137 States Parties. Search Property Country Advanced Select by category Cultural Mixed Natural all Choose a Region Africa Arab States Asia and the Pacific Europe and North America Latin America and the Caribbean Display all by Country Region Year

94. African Religious And Cultural Objects - Letter From Bernie Grant, MP African Religious and Cultural Objects. Thank you very much indeed for your recentcorrespondence about the Campaign for return of the benin bronzes http://www.arm.arc.co.uk/CRBBletter1.html

Mr Julian Spalding Director Art Gallery and Museum Kelvingrove Glasgow 10 December 1996 Dear Mr Spalding, African Religious and Cultural Objects Thank you very much indeed for your recent correspondence about the above matter. I write on behalf of the Oba of Benin, Oma n'Oba, Uku Akpolokpolo, Oba Erediauwa, and on behalf of the Africa Reparations Movement(UK) of which I am the Chair. The subject of this letter is the Benin Bronzes, Ivories and other cultural and religious objects contained in the Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum, about which I understand you have recently spoken to Mr Edward Wood of the House of Commons Library. As you are aware, most of the Benin religious and cultural objects currently in British museums and other institutions, were looted in February 1897 from Benin City. The context of this was the battle for trade in the carve up of Africa, into "spheres of influence", by the European powers, and the launching of a military expedition by the British in 1897, to depose the King of Benin who insisted on preserving the independence and sovereignty of his kingdom. The Benin religious and cultural objects belong to a living culture and have deep historic and social value, which go far beyond the aesthetic and monetary value which they hold in exile. I was recently informed by Prince Akenzua, the Oba's

95. DIA: Galleries - African, Oceanic, And New World Cultures The name of the Department of African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures reflects benin Kings Queen Mothers Symbols of Royal Power Figures of Power http://www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/aonwcindex.html

African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures T he name of the Department of African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures reflects the fact that art museums are thoroughly rooted in European traditions of art making and aesthetics. In the 19th century, art museums were conceived to house artistic productions derived from these "fine arts" traditions and to instruct the public about European "high culture." Objects made by African woodcarvers or Native American bead workers were completely excluded from many art museums in the past because they did not fit the European-based definitions of art. While this was not true of the DIA, whose collection includes important examples of these "non-western" cultures acquired early in its history, the art of these geographically and socially disparate cultures is still lumped together in one department. I n the late 20th century, the understanding of how "art" is defined has become a culturally relative issue, as each culture possesses its separate traditions of creativity and visual meaning. The objects displayed in the galleries of this department ask the visitor to leave behind any Eurocentric conceptions about "art" and try on a different culture's point of view. "Art" as customarily experienced in a museum is an object that is isolated and singled out for aesthetic contemplation. On the other hand, the Camel Saddle made by the Tuareg people of Saharan Africa would have been experienced by its owner as a useful piece of equipment, as well as a satisfyingly decorated one. The saddle was lavished with ornament because the transportation camels offered was fundamental to the Tuareg way of life as traders and organizers of caravans. When the saddle is displayed in an art museum, it is treated as if it were art in the European tradition. The object then has a foot in both worlds: the world of the Tuareg where camel saddles are lavishly decorated, and the world of the art museum, where special categories of objects function in the cultural role of "art."

96. Benin A rich cultural life flourished, and Dahomey s wooden masks, The name Benincommemorates an African kingdom that flourished from the 15th to the 17th http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107337.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 19, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Benin Infoplease Atlas: Benin Republic of Benin National name: Republique du Benin President: Area: 43,483 sq mi (112,620 sq km) Population (2005 est.): 7,460,025 (growth rate: 2.8%); birth rate: 42.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 85.0/1000; life expectancy: 50.5; density per sq mi: 172 Capital (2003 est.): Porto-Novo (official), 231,600 Largest cities: Cotonou (de facto capital) 734,600; Parakou 205,300; Djougou, 184,200 Monetary unit: CFA Franc Languages: French (official), Fon, Yoruba, tribal languages Ethnicity/race: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500 Religions: indigenous 50%, Christian 30%, Islam 20%

97. Benin Bike Tour: Educational, Adventure Travel, Eco Tour, Bicycle Tour Holiday benin cultural, educational, environmentally friendly, rural based, Six People,Five Bikes and an African Panther (a story from a Togo/benin program) http://www.ibike.org/bikeafrica/benin.htm

Bicycle Africa Benin / Togo Program Fact Sheet Unique Programs To Special Places For Memories Of A Lifetime! TOGO / BENIN: West Africa People-To-People The diversity characterizing Togo and Benin is considerable. This explains its ability to offer visitors beautiful sites, colorful fauna and flora, hilly mountainous landscapes, green valleys and dry plains as well as beaches and the sun throughout the year. Togo and Benin offer a surprising diversity of landscapes and localities, ranging from the fevered atmosphere of the streets of Lomé to the serene savannah of the North and abundant coastal vegetation. Lome is known for it beaches of fine sand, its shady trees, and its diverse ambiance. Among the top attractions are the German Cathedral, the Akodessewa fetish market, the National Museum, and the highly reputed Grande Marché, center for much day-to-day commerce. In the central region, many cities and towns are veritable garden cities by virtue of theirs numerous mango and flamboyant trees. In Bassar, in the heart of the central region and adjacent to the Malkafassa forest, are the remains of one of West Africa's oldest iron smelting industries, where clay blast furnaces are still maintained by the local people. Also of interest is the Bapure River, with its sacred crocodiles and the local dance and musical styles are unique.

98. IDST 2310 The Fine And Applied Arts In Civilization Many African cultures were not literate and, consequently, the African The arrival of the Portuguese in 1486 in benin, a kingdom on the West coast of http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~dvess/ids/fap/benin.htm

THE MUDFISH AND THE EUROPEAN: AN AFRICAN RECORD OF THE AGE OF DISCOVERY Some of this material is excerpted from Dr. Vess's article in Teaching History The Voyages of Discovery opened vast new worlds for European exploration, including the mysterious Dark Continent. The Portuguese left ample written records of their "discovery" of Africa, which have dominated the historian's approach to the Age of Discovery. Many African cultures were not literate and, consequently, the African perspective on the European explorations is often largely lost in introductory surveys. Although European records provide much valuable insight into African history, they are embodiments of European perceptions and European experiences. There is, however, another portrait of the Age of Discovery that Africans created for the benefit of Africans, and which provides a more complete view of the interaction of Europe and Africa in the early modern period. The arrival of the Portuguese in 1486 in Benin, a kingdom on the West coast of Africa near modern Nigeria, prompted a renaissance in art. Images of the Portuguese are abundant in the art of Benin, and contributed to the myths of Benin's national origin and the divine presence of the Oba. A.F.C. Ryder has raised some historical and geographical problems with this account. This early African record lived on in myth and art long after the Portuguese left Benin, providing a rich resource which introduces indigenous African culture and lays a strong foundation for a critical analysis of the success and/or failure of the Europeans in Africa.

99. African Dance Resources From Artslynx Sacred rituals of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo, and benin. Northern California sAfrican Cultural Festival, popularly known as The Africans Are Coming http://www.artslynx.org/dance/afro.htm

DANCE TOPICS African Dance Ballet Rep Notes Books Choreographers ... Video Sources ARTSLYNX DEPARTMENTS DANCE FILM MUSIC THEATRE ... WHAT'S NEW African Dance and African American Dance Resources Page Content: African Dance Master Sites African Dance Companies (note most of the companies also have schools attached) Scholarship/Research Festivals Ballet or Modern Dance Oriented Companies Misc African Dance Master Sites C. K. Ladzekpo African Music and Dance WONDERFUL Site! Full of research, sounds, video, etc! Sacred rituals of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo, and Benin. We are always adding material about the music and culture of the Ewe and other African ethnic groups, along with related graphics, sound, and videos that you can download. Free to Dance Website from the PBS Special offers an extensive collection of links and resources WADaBo (West African Dance in Boston) "We are a group of individuals engaged in a collective effort to promote West African Dancing, Drumming, Music and Culture in and around Boston.

100. Emory University> African Studies > Resources > Search Film, Media And Video Res Intersecting cultures are seen when the car passes to his African cook who uses The film visits Nigeria, benin, and Ghana, three of the nations with the http://www.ias.emory.edu/catalog.cfm?keyword=Benin

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