41. History Of Salsa 11 1990 to 2000 Full Circle – Salsa returns to africa The indigenousIndian peoples were totally lacking in work ethic and too gentle to withstand http://www.mimat.com/salsayork/html/history_of_salsa.html

site designed by M i M at.com ... 13 : Epilogue : Displacement and reconnection - The spiritual basis of Salsa 1 : Introduction The first use of the word ‘Salsa’, to describe the contemporary form, is attributed to a Venezuelan radio DJ in 1966. To understand the colourful diversity of the music, however, the story of its development must be traced back more than two thousand years to its beginnings in the complex cultural history of modern Spain! 2 : Celts to 1500 : The making of modern Spain - a brief history The indigenous Neolithic Celtic tribes of the Iberian peninsular were over-run firstly by the Romans before the time of Christ. This empire was already breaking up when in 383AD Magnus Maximus, ruler of Britain at the time, declared himself Emperor and crossed the Channel to conquer Gaul and Spain. In 388 he was defeated and killed at Aquileia. The Roman Empire continued to be over-run by fierce, marauding barbarians from Northern and Eastern Europe. By 425, Spain was being settled by Vandals, in the South, and by Suevi and Visigoths, in the North. Today’s Basque peoples, with a language more akin to modern Hungarian than Spanish, may well be descended from these early migrants. The ‘Eastern’ Roman, or Byzantine Empire (Byzantium-Constantinople-Istanbul) grew strong from this time, driving the Vandals from North Africa in 534 and the Goths from Italy in 552. This paved the way for a migration of Turkish tribes, from the Balkans, across the region bringing the influences of Romany music to Spain. Check out the guitar jazz of Django Reinhart or, in more popular idiom, The Gypsy Kings.

42. AfricAvenir - Research - Chronology Of African History - Africa Between 1880-193 Of all the external traumas that africa has experienced, Colonialism has beenthe most bembeZulu rebellion; Petition against German colonial policies http://africavenir.com/research/chronology/1880.php

Home AfricAvenir People Exchange ... African Diaspora Africa Between 1880 and 1935 Of all the external traumas that Africa has experienced, Colonialism has been the most profound. Until as late as 1880, European influence and direct political control were confined to the Southern tip of the continent, the coastal areas of North Africa and some small coastal enclaves. An overwhelming majority of Africans were still enjoying their sovereign existence in their respective states, empires, kingdoms and polities. During the short period between 1880 and 1914, the whole continent except Ethiopia and Liberia was carved up among the imperial powers. In sharp contrast to the much popularised view, Africans never readily accepted colonialism at any time, but resisted and fought the new order from the very beginning of its establishment. First Anglo-Afrikaner (Boer) war Nehemiah Tile founds African Independent Church Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed Mahdi in the Sudan, embarks on recovery of indigenous power. Defense of Alexandria (Urabi) Founding of the Deutschen Kolonialverein (German Colonial Association) in Munich British bombard Alexandria Germans occupy Togo and Cameroon Somali armed resistance against various colonialist powers (British, Italians, French) begins

43. African Roots In The Martial Arts: An Interview With Kilindi Iyi I blend the systems from africa and from different people, because I think It was an indigenous african dance to Ogun (EN6) with a machete that could be http://ejmas.com/jalt/2004jalt/jcsart_green_1104.html

InYo: Journal of Alternative Perspectives Nov 2004 Our Sponsor, SDKsupplies African Roots in the Martial Arts: An Interview with Kilindi Iyi Interview by Thomas A. Green Introduction By means of his groundbreaking essay "African Roots in Asian Martial Arts" ( Journal of African Civilizations , 7, 1: 138-143), his two-part video ( The World of African Marital Arts CFW Enterprises, 2000), his television appearances ("Strange Universe," "Masters of the Martial Arts"), and his teaching (at the Ta-Merrian Institute in Detroit, Michigan and at seminars internationally), Kilindi Iyi has become an important North American spokesperson for the African martial arts. Kilindi Iyi, 2004 Beginning with the rise of African consciousness among African-Americans in the late 1960s, Iyi’s attempts to re-connect with what he prefers to call African martial sciences have led him to explore not only fighting systems, but also dance, music, philosophy, and ethno-medicine. His work has generated both controversy and a dedicated following. Green: Would you begin by telling us how you were introduced to martial arts?

44. Fairfield County Weekly The Young Lions These slaves not only replaced the quickly decimated indigenous populations, The West African groove known as bembe also became the term for Santera s http://www.fairfieldweekly.com/gbase/News/content.html?oid=oid:50241

45. Congo, Democratic Republic Of The Land and People The DR Congo has not submitted a core document for use by and, right to nationality related to the status of indigenous peoples in http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/vol2/congodr.htm

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Date of admission to UN: 20 September 1960. Treaties and Reports to Treaty Bodies Land and People: The DR Congo has not submitted a core document for use by the treaty bodies. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Acceded: 1 November 1976. Civil and Political Rights Acceded: 1 November 1976. Optional Protocol: Acceded: 1 November 1976. Racial Discrimination Acceded: 21 April 1976. Discrimination against Women Signed: 17 July 1980; ratified: 17 October 1986 CEDAW/C/ZAR/1 CEDAW/C/1997/L.1/Add.11 Torture Acceded: 18 March 1996. Rights of the Child Signed: 20 March 1990; ratified: 27 September 1990. Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo The CHR, in resolution 1994/87, created a Special Rapporteur to examine the situation of human rights in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), and appointed Roberto Garreton to that position. The report of the SR to the 1997 Commission, plus two addendums ( E/CN.4/1997/6

46. The City Review - Sotheby's Tribal Arts Previews And Recaps RAND AFRICAN ART with indigenous repairs, and highly decorated on the exterior with a Prebembe,Sikasingo. The 17 3/4 -inch high figure has an estimate of $40000 to http://www.randafricanart.com/Sothebys_auctions_results_City_Review.html

http://www.thecityreview.com/home.html Sotheby's Tribal Arts auctions previews and recaps I will include the preview and recap from the most recent auction in it's full text below or you can click on a link below to go to the archive page for previous auctions. They will open in a new window. Archives Preview and recap of Tribal Art auction November 14, 2003 at Sotheby's Preview and recap of Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas auction May 15, 2003 at Sotheby's Recap of Tribal, Oceanic and Northwest Coast Art auction at Sotheby's November 16, 2001 Preview and recap of Arts of Oceania, Africa and the Americas auction at Sotheby's May 19, 2001 ... Recap of Tribal and Oceanic Art auction at Sotheby's, Nov. 22, 1998 I am a little behind on this page, I will update it soon African and Oceanic Art Sotheby's 10:15AM, November 11, 2004 (Lots 1-132) Sale 8029 Lot 22, "Flute-stopper Male Figure," New Guinea, Lower Sepik River, Yuat By Carter B. Horsley Once again Sotheby's has put its Pre-Columbian Art auction into the same catalogue as its African and Oceanic Art auction. See the separate article on the Pre-Columbian Art auction that occurs at 2PM November 11, 2004.

47. CIA - The World Factbook 2002 -- Field Listing - Political Pressure Groups And L Bolivia, Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions; South africa,Congress of South african Trade Unions or COSATU Zwelinzima VAVI, http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/fields/2115.html

Field Listing - Political pressure groups and leaders Home Reference Maps Appendixes Country Political pressure groups and leaders Afghanistan NA; note - ministries formed under the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) include former influential Afghans, diaspora members, and former political leaders Albania NA Algeria NA American Samoa NA Andorra NA Angola Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE] note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province Anguilla NA Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL] Argentina Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); business organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students Armenia Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN] Aruba NA Australia Australian Monarchist League [leader NA]; Australian Republican Movement [leader NA]

48. Angola Information: Facts, Geography, People, Government, Economy, Flag And Ango Religions indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38 local short form Angola formerPeople s Republic of zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento bembe note FLEC http://www.mytravelguide.com/guides-and-advice/fact-book/cia/Angola.php

Home Flights Lodging Rental Cars ... World Map > Angola This page provides up-to-date facts and statistical information on Angola that can be helpful for travelers in their trip preparations. The following Angola information can be found on this page: a Brief history Climate and Terrain Elevation extremes Natural hazards Population HIV Prevalance Ethnic Groups Spoken Languages Literacy National Holiday Legal System Economy Poverty level Currency Telelphone System Radio Stations Internet service providers Military Transnational Issues If you have a question about Angola, you can ask it in the " Ask a Question " section of MyTravelGuide. Facts, Geography, People, Government, Flag, Economy and Angola Map. Warning /var/www/mtg/legacy/includes/factbook_countrypagelayout.php on line Warning : main(http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/ao.html): failed to open stream: No route to host in /var/www/mtg/legacy/includes/factbook_countrypagelayout.php on line Fatal error /var/www/mtg/legacy/includes/factbook_countrypagelayout.php on line

49. WFS/ARC/NGO/REP The resources on which rural peoples food security is based water, land, Mme Charlotte bembe. Pan-African Federation of Agricultural and Food Workers http://www.fao.org/wfs/resource/english/ARCNGOE.HTM

World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996 - Rome, Italy April 1996 WFS/ARC/NGO/REP Report of the Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 14-15 April 1996 1. The Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit was held on 14-15 April 1996 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. More than 70 NGOs and rural peoples' organisations from some 30 countries attended this important meeting. The programme of the Consultation is attached as Appendix 1 . The list of participants is attached as Appendix 2 2. The FAO Regional Representative for Africa opened the meeting by clearly defining the objectives of the World Food Summit. He also highlighted the need to consider the specific aspects of food security and sustainable agricultural development in the context of Africa. The Minister of Agriculture and Animal Resources of Burkina Faso then welcomed the participants. He emphasised the important role of NGOs and rural organisations for food security. He then declared the Consultation officially open. 3. The Consultation then elected its officers:

50. Cameroon Expedition - Concord Monitor Article, 3/2/01 One villager described how a Li’kelabembe coming out of the river in search of food According to indigenous fishermen and hunters, the Ngoko river (a http://www.genesispark.org/genpark/expedition/report.htm

BEHEMOTH OR BUST: AN EXPEDITION INTO CAMEROON INVESTIGATING REPORTS OF A SAUROPOD DINOSAUR Abstract: For many years, researchers and explorers have discussed the possibility of extant dinosaurs in equatorial Africa. In November of 2000 a reconnaissance trip was undertaken to follow up on reports of a creature in the southeast of Cameroon that matched the Mokele-mbembe descriptions historically coming from the Congo. Purported eyewitnesses were interviewed and some interesting details about the mysterious creature were recorded. Sufficiently credible evidence was gathered in the three-week trip to warrant a full-scale expedition scheduled for the spring of 2001. The informant’s descriptions of this creature appear to be quite similar to the biblical “Behemoth.” “Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee;  He is the chief of the ways of God:” (Job 40:15,19). Background: In the late eighteenth century French Catholic missionaries began working with the native African tribes occupying the area that today comprises Gabon, Cameroon, and the People’s Republic of the Congo. The first written record of the mysterious creature which is called Mokele-mbembe (“one who stops the flow of rivers”) appears in a book written in 1776 by the French priest Abbé Lievain Bonaventure Proyart describing the natural history of the Congo Basin of Africa. While passing through the forest, he observed tracks of an animal "which was not seen but which must have been monstrous: the marks of the claws were noted on the ground, and these formed a print about three feet in circumference." This report is sandwiched between a factually accurate account of the African lion and elephant. (Proyart, AbbeLievain Bonaventure

51. Ethnomusicology Research Digest * * Number 174 (Vol 5 No 35) 20 of expressive idioms of indigenous Amerindian people, Africans and Europeans . AfroCuban bembe music is predominantly associated with religious http://www.lib.umd.edu/ETC/ReadingRoom/Newsletters/EthnoMusicology/Digest/94-174

I am preparing to teach transcription and analysis this fall. Can anyone recommend pertinent software, IBM or Mac? Thanks in advance for your help. Lois Wilcken lowhc@cunyvm.cuny.edu NEH Conferences Programs new deadlines 167-186 Volpe Date: Wed, 17 Aug 94 13:06:15 EST From: PO1::"NEHOPA@gwuvm.BITNET" "Suzanne M. Volpe" 17-AUG-1994 13:00:20.95 To: Society for Ethnomusicology

52. Facts About Angola Southern africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.) http://worldfacts.us/Angola.htm

Facts about Angola World Facts Index Civil war has been the norm in Angola since independence from Portugal in 1975. A 1994 peace accord between the government and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces. A national unity government was installed in April of 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century. The death of insurgent leader Jonas SAVIMBI in 2002 and a subsequent cease-fire with UNITA may bode well for the country. Geography of Angola Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo Geographic coordinates: 12 30 S, 18 30 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 1,246,700 sq km water: sq km land: 1,246,700 sq km Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,198 km

53. In The Presence Of Spirits: A group of important artworks from western, central and southern africa Four fine examples of wooden initiation masks from the Chokwe peoples are http://www.artsbma.org/spirits.htm

In the Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology Lisbon October 14 – December 16, 2001 At Birmingham Museum of Art Many Rare Masterpieces On View in United States For First Time A new exhibition of rare and unusual African artworks conveying spiritual and secular power will be on view at the Birmingham Museum of Art (BMA) from October 14 through December 16, 2001 In The Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon provides the first opportunity for many rare masterpieces of African art to be on view in the United States . Culled from the outstanding African art collection of the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon , the exhibition features approximately objects that reflect the influences of the supernatural world in both public and private life throughout sub-Saharan Africa The exhibition focuses primarily, although not exclusively, on artworks from Angola Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau . A group of important artworks from western, central and southern Africa complements this selection. These artifacts demonstrate the rich variety and sculptural inventiveness of the cultures indigenous to these regions and provide insight into many of their spiritual practices.

54. Ochún: [N]either The [M]Other Of All Cubans [N]or The Bleached Virgin(1) to a dominant culture bent on destroying its indigenous African presence. Another example of resistance can be found in the bembe, or trancestate http://www.hope.edu/delatorre/articles/ochun.htm

return to main page Miguel A. De La Torre ABSTRACT: santero and santera . I was a hijo de Ellegua (child of Ellegua) destined to be initiated as a babalawo Yet, I went to Blessed Sacrament, a Catholic elementary school in Queens, New York. I took my first communion, participated in weekly confession, and was confirmed at that church. On nights, however, crowds would visit our apartment to consult the quasi-deities known as the orishas . Because my parents were unable communicate in English, I would serve as interpreter for those "seekers" who did not speak Spanish. There was never any confusion in my mind, my parents mind or that of their "house-congregation" as to the difference between what was done at the Irish church down the street and what was done in our apartment. From an early age, my parents explained that the rituals we participated in could not be revealed to the curas y monjas (priest and nuns) because they are "confused" about how God works, and if they found out that we had el conocimiento (the knowledge), I would be expelled from the school. When I asked what we were, without hesitating, as if by rote, they would reply, "

55. CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Political Pressure Groups And Leader Ecuador, Confederation of indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE LeonidasIZA, South africa, Congress of South african Trade Unions or COSATU http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/factbook/fields/2115.html

Field Listing - Political pressure groups and leaders Home Reference Maps Appendixes Country Political pressure groups and leaders Afghanistan Jamiat-e Islami (Society of Islam), [former President Burhanuddin RABBANIS]; Jombesh-e Milli (National Islamic Movement), [Abdul Rashjid DOSTUM]; Ittihad-e Islami (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), [Abdul Rasul SAYYAF]; there are also small monarchist, communist, and democratic groups Albania Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Omonia [Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA] Algeria NA American Samoa NA Andorra NA Angola Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE] note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province Anguilla NA Antigua and Barbuda Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL] Argentina Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); business organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

56. Aire IRIN Briefing On The Conflict In South Kivu, 10/7/96 In effect, people of Rwandese origin in Zaire were rendered stateless persons . was signed by the Speaker of the Parliament, Anzuluni bembe Isilonyonyi, http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin_10796.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Zaire: IRIN Briefing on the conflict in South Kivu, 10/7/96 U N I T E D N A T I O N S Department of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Regional Information Network Tel: +254 2 441125 Fax: +254 2 448816 e-mail: irin@dha.unon.org 7 October 1996 IRIN BRIEFING: THE CONFLICT IN SOUTH KIVU, ZAIRE AND ITS REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION During September 1996 a growing number of reports testified to human rights abuses against Zairean Tutsis, known as Banyamulenge, by the army and local people in and around Uvira in South Kivu, Zaire. It soon became clear that at the same time a conflict between the Banyamulenge and the army was taking place, and as refugees began to arrive in Rwanda and Burundi, the Governments of Zaire and Rwanda traded accusations over responsibilities for the escalating crisis. As tensions between the two countries mounted, mortar fire was exchanged between Bukavu, Zaire and Cyangugu in Rwanda over several days. This briefing describes developments in September and seeks to put them in their historical context. It gives an account of the immigration of Banyamulenge into Zaire, examines their claims to Zairean nationality and describes how they have been stripped of their nationality and targetted by the local authorities, army and local people since April 1995. Drawing parallels between this crisis and developments in Masisi and Rutshuru over the past year, it examines the accusations of both Zaire and Rwanda, as well as the humanitarian and regional implications of the crisis.

57. Ecoi.net - The Worst Violations Of Human Rights (genocide And ''ethnic Cleansing speaking witnesses and disparaging remarks against indigenous people. comprisingmembers of Fuliro, bembe and other origin and against Roma people, which are http://www.ecoi.net/detail.php?id=3128&linkid=5158&cache=1&iflang=sl&country=all

58. Africana Librarians Council bembe (Congolese (Brazzaville) people) rev. of bembe (West African people)bembe (Congolese (Demo. Rep.) people) rev. of bembe (East African people) http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/afs/alc/catfun103.html

AFRICANA SUBJECT FUNNEL REPORT ALC CATALOGING COMMITTEE Spring 2003 A total of 25 new and 10 revised subject authorities have been submitted to the Library of Congress since the last update (Fall 2002). In some case, the revisions were merely changes to the cross-references. A few of such simple changes were omitted from the Fall 2002 report. NEW HEADINGS SUBMITTED Ahanta (African people) Masks, Bwa Ahanta language Ndau (African people) Awori (African people) Ndunga language Bago (Togolese people) Ngbandi (African people) Bata language Nyungwe (African people) Bwa (African people) Proverbs, Bwa Dzing (African people) Ron (African people) Folk literature, Shi Shi literature Ife (African people) Shu (African people) Kololo (African people) Taneka (African people) Koma (Nigerian people) Tigrinya poetry Kusu language Yemma (African people) Yowa (African people) REVISIONS SUBMITTED Bembe (Congolese (Brazzaville) people) rev. of Bembe (West African people) Bembe (Congolese (Demo. Rep.) people) rev. of Bembe (East African people) Bobo Fing (African people) Bwamu language Mbosi language Nyanja language Nyungwe language Sena language Shi (African people) rev. of Bashi (African people)

59. Historical Text Archive Articles Santeria S Convergence Of Music The music of African descended people of Cuba provides a most compelling historical bembe is the name of a fiesta celebrating the orishas with music, http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=441

60. African Statues, Sculptures, Figures, Fetishes Baule people/tribe from Ivory Coast in Westafrica of the Hemba / Bahemba orBembe or Kusu or Tumbwe or a neighbouring tribe/people from southeastern http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-sta

Pictures / photos / images of some STATUES, figures, fetishes, sculptures, puppets, dolls, door locks, carvings, statuary, in the African tribal, ritual, antique, ethnographic, classical, "primitive" art collection (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Clicking on a small photo brings you a bigger photo. Some of the pieces are available (for exchange for instance). The attributions of the origin of the objects is based on their stylistic characteristics and/or on the data provided by the seller and/or experts, but of course certainty cannot be reached. 1. Bamana / Bambara / (Baumana) / (Banbara) people/tribe from Mali, West-Africa 1.1. Female janiform figure in the style of the Bamana / Bambara / (Baumana) or the neighbouring Marka/Warka and Bozo tribes/people Information about Mali and the art from that country can be found on the WWW: http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/mali_geo_hist.html Information about Bamana/Bambara ceremonies and art can be found for instance in the following sources: Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat, Lucien Stephan, L'art et les grandes civililitations: L'art africain. Paris : Editions Mazenod, 1988, 620 pp.

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