21. African Studies: Art And Archaeology Artwork of various West African peoples, with some Makonde objects from East A collection of illustrated short essays on indigenous sculptural arts of http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/AfArt.html

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22. African Studies: West Africa CEFIKS is committed to the utilization of indigenous knowledge systems and other in all topics of study involving the Mande peoples of West africa, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/West.html

CU Home Libraries Home Search Site Index ... Help Search Library Catalog: Title (start of title) Journal (start of title) Author (last, first) Keyword (and, or, not, "") Subject Go To CLIO >> Find Databases: Title Keywords Title (start of title) Keywords Go To Databases >> Find E-Journals: Title (start of title) Title Keywords Subject Keywords Go To E-Journals >> Search the Libraries Website: Go To Advanced Website Search >> About the Libraries Libraries Collections Digital Collections Hours Directions to Columbia Map of Campus Libraries More... Catalogs CLIO (Columbia's Online Catalog) Other Catalogs at CU and Nearby A-Z List of Library Catalogs Course Reserves More... E-Resources Citation Finder Databases E-Journals E-Books E-Data E-News E-Images Subject Guides More...

23. Traditional Storytelling In Africa In bamana and Maninka it is called ngoni, in Mankinka konting. “Praise poetryis a genre shared by all the peoples of africa South of the Sahara, http://www.timsheppard.co.uk/story/dir/traditions/africa.html

Home FAQ Articles Books ... Wild Times Traditional Storytelling in Africa Storytelling traditions vary all over the world, yet have many things in common. This section is an attempt to gather information on customs of the oral tradition world-wide. Many people today are rediscovering the pleasures of telling stories, after their culture has lost most of its traditional storytelling, yet cannot easily find out much about the countless millennia of oral traditions with all their wisdom and techniques. I hope this site will help you discover and appreciate something of the central role which traditional storytelling has played in most cultures, and in some places still does. Your help will be welcome if you know or come across any facts or resources to add, current or historical. To begin with I'll be adding bits and pieces as I can, mainly from the perspective of musical commentators. Later on we'll have overviews and this page will split into various areas - this is a big subject! One thing to bear in mind is that in many old traditions storytelling is synonymous with song, chant, music, or epic poetry, especially in the bardic traditions. Stories may be chanted or sung, along with musical accompaniment on a certain instrument. Therefore some who would be called folk musicians by foreign music enthusiasts are just as accurately called storytellers - their true roles are more profound, as their names reflect: bards, ashiks, jyrau, griots amongst many more. Their roles in fact are often as much spiritual teachers and exemplars, or healers, for which the stories and music are vehicles, as well as historians and tradition-bearers. For instance

24. Encyclopedia Of African History Central africa, Northern Central Sudanic peoples Central africa, Northern Chadic Literacy and indigenous Scripts Precolonial West africa alMaghili http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/africanhist/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication. Early Pre-History Later Pre-History and Ancient History Iron Age to End of 18th Century: North Africa Iron Age to End of 18th Century: Western Africa ... Pan-African/Comparative Topics and Debates Early Pre-History Climate and Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures back to top Later Pre-History and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of

25. Faculty And Staff Profiles Anthropological Theory, peoples of africa, Language and Culture, Recent publications “Monolingual bamana Dictionary; More than 1000 Mande Proverbs” http://www.cortland.edu/sociology/faculty.html

Overview of Department Mission Statements Degrees Offered Courses ... Contact Us Department Profiles Meet Our Office Staff Gilda Haines Votra Secretary I hainesg@cortland.edu Betsy Zaharis Keyboard Specialist zaharisb@cortland.edu Department Faculty Ph.D., SUNY Binghamton Courses taught: Introduction to Sociology, American Society, Sociology of the Family, Environmental Sociology, Social Welfare Institutions. Author of SUNY Press, 1994. Jamie Faricellia Dangler Associate Professor of Sociology danglerj@cortland.edu Ph.D., Oklahoma State University Courses taught: Introduction to Sociology, Criminology, Juvenile Delinquency, Corrections, Population and Society, Sociology of Law. Latest publications: Book in progress: Current interests: political economy, refuge migrations, law in pre-industrial cultures. Ilyas Ba-Yunus Emeritus Professor of Sociology bayunus@cortland.edu Ph.D., University of Kansas Research in Political Sociology (volume 12, forthcoming); , Oxford University Press, 1996. Research in progress: drug policy reform activism in the United States. Herbert H. Haines

26. Penn African Studies Newsletter, Mar./Apr. 97 The end of the slave trade and the collapse of the bamana state in Karta meantchanges in africa is focused on NGOs, local and indigenous philanthropy, http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/afstd_497.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Penn African Studies Newsletter, Mar./Apr.'97 African Studies to Award Four Prizes Africa Fest will be April 14-19 Day with a Scholar African Language Courses ... Vodu Metaphysics (Kathryn Ceurts) Migration, Jihad, and Muslim Authority.. (Book Review) Calendar of Events News Briefs Opportunities African Studies to Award Four Prizes The African Studies Center is pleased to announce four annual prizes in honor of excellent work in the field. Three prizes will be awarded to students by the African Studies faculty. The fourth will be awarded by students to a faculty member for excellence in teaching. Professors Rita Barnard, Department of English, and Dan Ben-Amos, Department of Folklore and Folklife, initiated and designed the student prizes. The Undergraduate Advisory Board in African Studies, chaired by Veniese Wilkinson and Mark Kahn, are responsible for inaugurating the teaching prize. Penn President Emeritus Martin Meyerson has generously donated prize money for the first year in honor of the famous Penn alumni and former faculty members in whose names the prizes will be given. The fours prizes will be awarded as follows: 1) The Ezekiel Mphahlele African Studies Prize will be awarded annually for the best undergraduate essay on African literature (in any language, written or oral) or the arts. 2) The Nnamdi Azikiwe African Studies Prize will be awarded annually for the best Africa-related essay by an undergraduate in any of the social or natural sciences. 3) The Kwame Nkrumah African Studies Prize will be awarded every three years (starting in 1997) for the best dissertation in African Studies. In the two intervening years, the prize will go to the best graduate student essay in the field. 4) The W.E.B. Du Bois African Studies Prize will be awarded annually by the Undergraduate Advisory Board to honor excellence in teaching by an African Studies faculty member.

27. McNutt - Fathers Of The Empty Spaces; Strangers Forever peoples of the Horn of africa Somali, Afar, and Saho. The bamana BlacksmithsA Study of Sculptors and Their Art. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University http://www.cwru.edu/affil/GAIR/papers/2001papers/mcnutt.htm

Spatiality and Marginal Social Groups in Ancient Israel Paula M. McNutt Canisius College AAR/SBL Constructions of Ancient Space Seminar 2001 Introduction One of the primary difficulties in trying to reconstruct the intended meanings of the writers of biblical texts, and how these were understood by their ancient audiences, is our inability to observe directly their socially shared experiences, and how these were expressed in their beliefs. My aim in this paper is to suggest some possible scenarios for understanding the social location of marginal social groups in ancient Israel, with a particular emphasis on how "otherness" and "difference" are represented spatially. I will be drawing in particular on the ideas of geographer Edward Soja (1996) and French "metaphilosopher" Henri Lefebvre, whose ideas have heavily influenced Soja. I am particularly interested in what Soja has to say about marginality, boundaries, and "otherness" or "difference." Soja's work is particularly interesting because he encourages us to look at space and constructs of spatiality in radically new ways. In doing this, he is not pressing us to give up our old and familiar ways of thinking about space and spatiality, but rather suggesting that we question them in new ways that are aimed at opening up and expanding the scope and critical sensibility of our already established spatial or geographical imaginations (1996: 1). As intrinsically spatial beings, and active participants in the construction of our own spatialities, Soja argues, we need to begin thinking about the spatiality of human life in much the same way that we approach life's historicality and sociality, and to become more aware of the social consequences of our constructions. In his work Soja emphasizes the interdependence and interwoven complexity of the social, the historical, and the spatial as

28. The Wangara, An Old Soninke Diaspora In West Africa? between foreigners and indigenous people, and animists and Moslems in The internal struggles of the bamana realm led to formation of alliances http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/document175.html

Cahiers d'©tudes africaines ©tudes et essais Article Andreas W. Massing The Wangara, an Old Soninke Diaspora in West Africa? R©sum© Les Wangara, une vieille diaspora soninke d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? Abstract The Wangara are a central element of a Soninke diaspora and go back for centuries in history, namely to the Soninke kingdom of Ghana. They were known as Wakor©, who probably obtained royal trade privileges. Certain groups holding the imamates in key settlements such as the Sa(gha)nogo, Kamaghat©, Diaba(gha)t©, Timit©, Ciss©- Haidara, Fofana and Bagayogo are of Soninke origin, but other people identify themselves with them claiming "Wangara" status. Certain identity markers remain stable over the centuries: long-distance trade in precious commodities, Moslem, scholars and imams; the ethnic groups identified with them do shift and are often not Mande but assimilated to their group identity aspiring to integration in the trade network: Bambara, Bobo, Senoufo, Songhay, Hausa, Gonja and others. Texte int©gral M ore than a decade ago an article of mine on the Mande diaspora on the Malagueta coast and Sierra Leone appeared in this journal (Massing 1985). Inspired since then by the Mande colonies further to the east, in Burkina Faso, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, I have investigated some of the older elements, neglected then, which have played an important role in the history and diaspora of the Western Sudan and were important in the exchange between the Guinea coast and the Sahel, and attempted to clarify their identity and context. While Dupuis (1966), Wilks (1982, 1995), Lovejoy (1978), Fuglestead (1978), Law (1995) and others have dealt with the Wangara in specific contexts, namely the trade in Hausaland in the 16th century or in the Mande-Akan borderland in the 19th century

29. The People Of Mali The bamana of Mali use words for sculpture mafile fenw, laje fenw, meaning thingsto look People of africa Critical Inquiry Test Your Knowledge http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/p-ofmali.htm

THE PEOPLE OF MALI Incredible @rt Dept ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans ... Art Home What do the people think about art What are their beliefs What are some masking trends today? Today, most of the population of Mali (estimated at 10,878,000 in 1995) is African. The major groups are the Bambara (the linguistic name for the Bamana and Bamakan people), Fulani (the English name for the Fulfulde or Peul groups), Soninka (which includes the Marka), Senoufo (the linguistic name for groups also referred to as "Senufo"), Songhai, Maninke (includes the Malinka and the Maninka), and the Dogon. Nomadic Tuaregs and other Berbers roam the Sahel and parts of the Sahara. In all, there are thirty-two languages listed for Mali, but French is the official language and Bambara is widely used. The Bambara are the largest cultural segment, but the Dogon (roughly 5% of the population) are world-renowned for their artwork and dance festivals (Grimes 1996; "Mali, Republic" 1998). The influence of the Bambara extends far beyond the areas that they inhabit. Art historians often include in discussion of the Bambara style the works of the Khassonke (of the Kassonke linguistic group- about 1% of the population of Mali), Malinke, Marka (of the Soninke group) and Minianka (the Minianka are of the Senoufo Mamara). Different variants of style cannot be easily identified from pieces that have been collected (Luezinger 1960, p. 76). While there are some distinctive differences, their sculpture was all in the hands of the Nuni (today called

30. Ethnomathematics Digital Library (EDL) African fractals in development indigenous science for education and development a Cultural group African, African American, bamana (Senegal), http://www.ethnomath.org/search/browseResources.asp?type=cultural&id=47

31. Western And Central Sudan, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metrop Headdress bamana peoples; Mali Mask Senufo peoples; Côte d Ivoire early 19th century The agrarian Lobi peoples migrate into the Upper Volta region http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfw/ht10sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Guinea Coast , and Southern Africa Jenne and Timbuktu . By the end of the century, Senegal emerges as France's most productive and populous colony, with important mercantile centers located at Dakar and Saint-Louis along the coast. Building on Islamic Fulani The Mossi kingdoms of Yatenga and Ouagadougou, in what is today Burkina Faso, disintegrate. The agrarian Lobi peoples migrate into the Upper Volta region from present-day Ghana. Due to the British- and French-enforced ban on the international slave trade, slave exports in the region of Senegambia (present-day Senegal and the Gambia) are replaced by local products such as gum, gold, hides, ivory, beeswax, and groundnuts. By the 1830s, the average annual value of gum exports is five times what the slave trade was at its peak. Political stability resulting from the establishment of Islamic states in the Futa Jallon region allows Sudanic peoples access to the West African coast in Senegambia and what is today Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, influencing coastal peoples such as the Baga and Nalu. Sculptural forms and styles associated with inland cultures are integrated into the artistic practices of local peoples. Reflecting the presence of foreign populations are masks such as dimba created by the Baga and Nalu peoples that appear to represent Fulbe women originating from the Futa Jallon area. Other works by Baga and Nalu sculptors exhibit stylistic elements associated with Bamana art in present-day Mali such as horizontally oriented masks representing composites of animal forms.

32. Western And Central Sudan, 1900 A.D.-present | Timeline Of Art History | The Met With the advent of colonialism, African peoples become subjects of European and financial support for African cinema and to cultivate an indigenous http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/sfw/ht11sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Guinea Coast , and Southern Africa With the advent of colonialism, African peoples become subjects of European states. While colonial doctrines differ among the European powers, particularly on the question of direct versus indirect rule, all Africans are affected by the imposition of new legal, religious, and economic codes. The development of anthropology as a scientific discipline coincides with Europe's closer association with African peoples, resulting in a greater understanding and appreciation of African societies, belief systems, and artistic practices. The ethnographic work of Marcel Griaule, among others, inspires Western interest in artworks from Mali created by Dogon and Bamana artists , and later the terracotta sculptures in Dakar, Senegal. Originally introduced as souvenirs from North Africa by Senegalese Muslims returning from the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, paintings on glass become a popular artistic medium in Senegal. Created by applying paint to the reverse sides of glass panels, this method becomes an attractive and durable means of producing portraits and illustrating religious stories and parables. Devotional portraits of Sufi saints and leaders of major Sufi Muslim brotherhoods is the primary genre of Senegalese glass painting.

33. African Art African art, art created by the peoples south of the Sahara. The predominant artforms are masks (African Arts). bamana the art of existence in Mali. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0802669.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 19, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia African art African art, art created by the peoples south of the Sahara. Sections in this article: Introduction Western Sudan and Guinea Coast Nigeria Cameroon and Gabon The Congo Region ... Bibliography The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia

34. African Statues, Sculptures, Figures, Fetishes 1. bamana / Bambara / (Baumana) / (Banbara) people/tribe from Mali, Westafrica Baule people/tribe from Ivory Coast in West-africa http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-sta

Pictures / photos / images of some STATUES, figures, fetishes, sculptures, puppets, dolls, door locks, carvings, statuary, in the African tribal, ritual, antique, ethnographic, classical, "primitive" art collection (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Clicking on a small photo brings you a bigger photo. Some of the pieces are available (for exchange for instance). The attributions of the origin of the objects is based on their stylistic characteristics and/or on the data provided by the seller and/or experts, but of course certainty cannot be reached. 1. Bamana / Bambara / (Baumana) / (Banbara) people/tribe from Mali, West-Africa 1.1. Female janiform figure in the style of the Bamana / Bambara / (Baumana) or the neighbouring Marka/Warka and Bozo tribes/people Information about Mali and the art from that country can be found on the WWW: http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/mali_geo_hist.html Information about Bamana/Bambara ceremonies and art can be found for instance in the following sources: Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat, Lucien Stephan, L'art et les grandes civililitations: L'art africain. Paris : Editions Mazenod, 1988, 620 pp.

35. Human Organization, Summer 2003 Maasai people in East africa are attempting to craft new sustainable livelihoods in I argue that dominant bamana social and cultural patterns lead to a http://www.sfaa.net/ho/2003/summer2003.html

Quick Menu SfAA Home HO Home HO Online Back Issues HO Board Author Information Editor Comments Reviewer Information Reviewer Thanks SfAA Membership HO Rates SfAA Publications Volume 62, No. 2, Summer 2003 Is Sustainability for Development Anthropologists? M. Priscilla Stone Key words : sustainability, common property resources, innovation, persistence, livelihood identities Sustainability and Livelihood Diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania J. Terrence McCabe Maasai people in East Africa are attempting to craft new sustainable livelihoods in response to increasing population pressure, a fluctuating livestock population, reductions in grazing areas, and a modernization process that places increased emphasis on a monetary economy. The adoption of cultivation by pastoral Maasai living in northern Tanzania over the last 40 years has been the most significant step in this livelihood diversification. The rapid social and economic changes that have accompanied diversification have challenged current attempts to integrate people into conservation efforts, especially in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the newly proposed Wildlife Management Areas of Tanzania. This paper examines the addition of agriculture to the livestock-based economy of Maasai people in northern Tanzania, how this relates to the literature on sustainable livelihoods, and the implications for conservation policy. Key words : sustainability, livelihoods, pastoralism, cultivation, conservation, Maasai, Tanzania

36. Africa Then local Malian inhabitants in the Dogon, a bamana village, and the walled The people of southern africa survived the longterm drought of the 1990 s. http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/pwebpaz/Media/SubjAfrica.htm

Africa See also: African Americans Africa, #1: Different But Equal/Mastering A Continent [VHS 1892] 1997 RM Arts/Home Vision 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 57 min. For centuries, Africa was ravished by the slave trade, which has distorted our view of its people. Shows that Africa gave rise to some of the world's greatest civilizations. Subjects - Africa Africa, #2:Mastering A Continent [VHS 1892] 1997 RM Arts/Home Vision 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 57 min. Focuses on three different communities to see how African peoples carve out an existence in an often hostile environment. Subjects - Africa Africa, #3:Caravans Of Gold [VHS 1893] 1997 RM Arts/ Home Vision 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 57 min. Traces the roots of the medieval gold tradewhich reached from Africa to India, China, and Italyand examines its influence on the African continent. Subjects - Africa Africa, #4: Kings And Cities [VHS 1893] 1997 RM Arts/ Home Vision 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 57 min. View the wonderful sculptures and carvings left behind by old Africa's kings and queens. Visit Kano, Nigeria, where a king still holds court in his 15th-century palace, and ancient rituals continue to command the respect of the people.

37. Approaching Africa promises much better understanding of africa’s people and challenges, To pursue research or field work, students need some indigenous language http://www.harvard-magazine.com/on-line/070514.html

Subscribe Donate Editor's Highlights July-August 2005: John Harvard's Journal Search all issues Search classifieds Approaching Africa Since 1969, Such differences, crude as they are, indicate the relative status of African research and teaching at the University. But fresh initiatives are beginning to take hold: a new departmental home for African studies, an expanding languages program, faculty growth, and fresh resources for interdisciplinary work. senior An era ended quietly on June 9, when the last few certificates in African studies were conferred on graduating seniors. Four other students, meanwhile, became the first to complete the African concentration track within the expanded department of African and African American studies authorized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) in May 2003 ( www.fas.harvard.edu/~afroam Suzanne Preston Blier, shown last summer in Ife, Nigeria, in the company of local priests. Courtesy of Suzanne Preston Blier In parallel, something ofan Africanist hiring binge is under way. Du Bois professor of the humanities Henry Louis Gates Jr., long-time chair of the department, said as many as five senior searches are in progress, in fields ranging from anthropology and development economics to literature. Eaton professor of the science of government Robert H. Bates, e-mailing from Nairobi, waxed enthusiastic about two new junior colleagues whose research has centered on Nigeria and Rwanda. (Bates was on one of his twice-yearly Kenyan trips to teach at the African Economic Research Consortium and complete work with a multinational team on a multivolume analysis of growth in each sub-Saharan country during the past 50 years.)

38. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #20 (8/25/98) Reflecting on his fieldwork realized among bamana (or Bambara) diviners, South African Resource Centre for indigenous Knowledge alwyn@aztec.co.za http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_20.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-20 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) Members: Kgomotso Garegae-Garekwe (Botswana), Maassouma Kazim (Egypt), Cornelio Abungu (Kenya), Ahmedou Haouba (Mauritania), Mohamed Aballagh (Morocco), Ruben Ayeni (Nigeria), Abdoulaye Kane (Senegal), David Mosimege (South Africa), Mohamed Souissi (Tunisia), David Mtwetwa (Zimbabwe) TABLE OF CONTENTS AMUCHMA NEWSLETTER #20 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings, exhibitions, events Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS, EXHIBITIONS, EVENTS (GEHIMAB) organised (University Centre of Béjaïa, November 9-11, 1997) an international colloquium on "Béjaïa and environment during the ages: History, Society, Sciences, Culture". Related to the history of mathematics the following papers were presented: * Mustapha Abdelkader-Khaddaoui, E.N.S. d'Alger (Algeria): Arithmetic and its methods in Bougie; * Moktadir Zerrouki, E.N.S. d'Alger (Algeria): Some mathematical algorithms used in the science of inheritance by two mathematicians who lived in Bougie;. * Ettore Picutti, U.M.I., Milan (Italy): Leonardo of Pisa and his "Liber Abaci";

39. Sticks, Stones, Roots And Bones Hoodoo- An American Magical Tradition Kongo, Suku, and Yaka people of Central africa create some excellent examples of indigenous people are vary adaptable. ATR s have been able to adapt, http://altreligion.about.com/library/weekly/aa091603b.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Alternative Religions Alternative Religions Essentials ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Alternative Religions newsletter! See Online Courses Search Alternative Religions Hoodoo- An American magical tradition Email to a friend Printer friendly version Related Resources Hoodoo Afro-Caribbean syncretic religion African religions Glossary Elsewhere on the net Articles by Stephanie Rose Bird Afro-Caribbean Religions: Continuity and Change About Subscribe to the Free Newsletter Your Email Address: Ashe, Mojo, everyday Hoodoo You describe Ashe as the power of nature. Can you elaborate? Ashe is a Yoruban term; Yoruba are a group of people who originated in and around Nigeria. Ashe is the invisible power of nature represented in all natural products and organic objects.

40. Bamana Komo Headdress - RAND AFRICAN ART For the bamana, a people of Mande heritage, the basic form of energy region ofMali, are distinguished by their indigenous method of writing and a http://www.randafricanart.com/Bamana_Komo_headdress_2.html

Bamana Komo (Komokunw) helmet mask Bamana Komo masks and headdresses are of elongated animal head form decorated with actual antelope horns, porcupine quills, bird skulls, feathers and other objects as vessels of power. The headdress are worn horizontally. The sacrificial material seen in the encrustation on the surfaces of these headdresses (also known as a helmet masks) are an indication of their connection with one of the three main Bamana power societies: Komo, Kono and Nama. These headdress are typical of the Komo society, which functions as the custodian of tradition and is concerned with all aspects of community life-agriculture, judicial processes, and passage rites. The Komo is a secret power association of priests, knowledgeable elders, and blacksmiths that forms the central Bamana social institution. Members of the blacksmith clan are born into the Komo society because of their ability to employ the forbidden power of fire to transform matter from one form into another. Blacksmiths of the Komo society wear the society headdress or komo-kun during a dance to invoke nyama, the force that activates the universe.

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