101. NASA - Astronaut Cosmonauts train at the Yuri Gagarin Russian State ScientificResearch Test Centerof Cosmonauts astronaut training + View this interactive feature http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/astronaut_worldbook.html

The nasa.gov site requires that JavaScripts be enabled in your browser. For instructions, click here An astronaut is a person who pilots a spacecraft or works in space, particularly in the space program of the United States. In Russia and the other former republics of the Soviet Union, such men and women are called cosmonauts. The cosmonaut program was a project of the Soviet Union until the country broke up in 1991. Russia then took over the program. China sent its first astronaut into space in 2003. Astronauts and cosmonauts operate spacecraft and space stations, launch and recapture satellites, and conduct scientific experiments. The word astronaut comes from Greek words that mean sailor among the stars. Cosmonaut means sailor of the universe. Astronauts in the Chinese space program are sometimes called taikonauts. Taikonaut comes from the Chinese words tai kong (outer space). Most U.S. astronauts work for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). They live and train at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston. NASA launches astronauts into space aboard space shuttles. NASA selects two kinds of astronauts for space flights: pilot astronauts and mission specialist astronauts. Pilot astronauts command and pilot shuttles. Most pilot astronauts are test pilots from the United States Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps. They are paid according to their military rank.

102. NASAexplores - Express Lessons And Online Resources Every cosmonaut since Gagarin has trained in Star City; Americans began sharing the astronaut Chris Hadfield, Star City s Director of Operations http://nasaexplores.com/search_nav_9_12.php?id=01-082&gl=912

103. International Cooperation In Space Manned Programs Realization Ulf Merbold, a ESA astronaut, was working on orbit for 30 days and 28 days of About 25 cosmonauts trained at the Center from 17 countries worked on the http://www.gctc.ru/eng/direct/exter_coop_e.htm

International cooperation in space manned programs realization "Soyuz-Apollo" US-Soviet space program (APAS) realized in July 1975 started the practical international cooperation in the field of space manned flights. The APAS program approved by bilateral agreement singed between USSR and USA on May 24, 1972 stipulated for mutual cooperation in peaceful space researching and utilizing. Four crews (primary, back up and two reserve) were appointed for the US-Soviet joint mission. They were A.A. Leonov and V.N. Kubasov, A.V. Filipchenko and N.N. Rukavishnikov, Yu. V. Romanenko and A.S. Ivanchenkov, V.A. Dzhanibekov and B.D. Andreyev. All the crews passed the complete training course for the joint flight. The US side assigned two crews: -T. Stafford, V. Brand and D. Slaton (primary crew); -A. Bean, R. Evans and J. Lousma (back up crew) The Soviet crews had three training sessions at Johnson Space Center from March 1973 to April 1975. They had Apollo training flow and joint training with US astronauts as well. In their turn the Apollo crews visited the Center twice with the same purpose. While training for the APAS mission A.V. Filipchenko and N.N. Rukavishnikov Soviet cosmonauts had a space mission to test upgraded Soyuz vehicle fitted with androgynous-peripheral docking assembly.

104. Space Today Online - Amateur Radio Aboard The International Space Station - ARIS NASA photo of US astronaut Susan J. Helms, KC7NHZ, Expedition Two flight engineer, United States and Russian teams train astronauts and cosmonauts to http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/Hamsats/ARISS.html

SPACE TODAY ONLINE C OVERING S PACE FROM E ARTH TO THE E DGE OF THE U NIVERSE COVER SOLAR SYSTEM DEEP SPACE SHUTTLES ... SEARCH Amateur Radio aboard the International Space Station... A R I S S SCHOOL CONTACTS CALLSIGNS FREQUENCIES TRAINING ... BEYOND NASA photo of U.S. astronaut Susan J. Helms, KC7NHZ, Expedition Two flight engineer, talking with Amateur Radio operators on Earth on July 16, 2001, from the Amateur Radio station in the Zarya module of the International Space Station (ISS). Click image for larger picture. More pictures Astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have an Amateur Radio station at hand for recreation and educational activities. The agencies backing ISS and ARISS describe access to Amateur Radio as necessary for psychological crew support. It provides contacts with family and with the general public for men and women working in space for months at a time. Astronauts and cosmonauts will require some 40 shuttle flights over several years to assemble the complete space station. As they work hard on construction in space, those men and women need recreation activities during rest periods. That's where the ham radio station comes into play. Contacting schools.

105. Pravda.RU American Astronaut Frank Calbertson Winds Up Russian Part Of Pre-launc American astronaut Frank Calbertson, 52, commander of the 3rd longduration He will go on it with cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Mikhail Tyurin. http://english.pravda.ru/world/2001/06/08/7230.html

Jun, 08 2001 Made in Pravda.ru Pravda.ru comes forward with working out conceptions and creating new corporative representative sites, as well as with promotion of new products in the Net. More in detail Accidents CIS Companies ... About Pravda.RU:World:More in detail AMERICAN ASTRONAUT FRANK CALBERTSON WINDS UP RUSSIAN PART OF PRE-LAUNCH PREPARATION PROGRAMME American astronaut Frank Calbertson, 52, commander of the 3rd long-duration expedition to the International Space Station, had wound up the Russian programme of preparations for the space flight. He will go on it with cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Mikhail Tyurin. Calbertson said this on Thursday at a meeting with journalists at the Star City (a space center near Moscow). He said that the pre-flight training sessions passed together with the Russian cosmonauts at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. The American astronaut said in an interview with the RIA Novosti correspondent that, when he was 12, Gagarin's flight gave him a turn. I could not even dream that some day I would go to space with Russian cosmonauts, he said. To turn his dream into reality Frank had to work very hard. First, he graduated from the aerospace engineering department of the Naval Academy and got the bachelor degree. Then he was a test pilot and flew 40 kinds of aircraft, getting 5,000 flying hours. In May 1984 he passed exams for a NASA astronaut team. Made two space flights in 1990 and 1993. American astronaut Peggy Whitson, 42, has entered the back-up team of this expedition and is ready to a maiden space flight.

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